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Lesson 1
Computers and Operating Systems
Computer Literacy BASICS: A
Comprehensive Guide to IC3,
5th Edition

Morrison / Wells /
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Objectives
• Describe the importance of computers in daily
life.
• Explain the difference between system software
and application software.
• Describe the four major types of operating
systems.
• Identify the tasks an operating system performs.

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Words to Know
• application software • embedded
• boot process operating system
• buffer • graphical user
• command-line interface interface (GUI)
• data • hardware
• driver • icon
• information
processing cycle

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 Words to Know (continued)
• multiuser operating ● server operating
system system
• open-source software ● software
• operating system ● swapping
• random access ● system software
memory (RAM)
● utility program
● virtual memory

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 UNIVAC

ENIAC
Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Computer
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Understanding the Importance of

Computers (continued)
• Today’s smartphones have more processing
power than a UNIVAC, cost less than any of its
components, and fit in the palm of your hand.
• The future promises innovations such as
wearable computers, using human thought as
input, and computer-controlled, micro-
controlled robots that treat and possibly cure
cancer.

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 • Micro SD card
(Present)
• 32gb storage capacity
• Size of a fingertip

• IBM 305 (1956)

• 3.75mb storage capacity
• Size of a room
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Understanding the Importance of

Computers (continued)
• Understanding what a computer is and how it
works can help you appreciate and use it more
effectively.
• A computer is an electronic device that
receives data (input), processes data, stores data,
and produces a result (output).
• Data is a collection of raw unprocessed facts,
including text, numbers, sound, images, and
video.

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• Alan Mathison Turing
• Father of modern computer science
• Cracked the Enigma
Questions?
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Understanding the Importance of

Computers (continued)
• The actual machine—wires, transistors, and
circuits—is called hardware.
• Software consists of instructions or programs
for controlling the computer.
• Data is text, numbers, sound, images, or video.
• The computer receives data through an input
device, processes the data, produces the output
information on an output device, and stores
the information on a storage device.
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Understanding the Importance of

Computers (continued)
• The input and output devices, such as keyboards
and monitors, are types of hardware called
peripherals.
• Data transformed into meaningful form becomes
information.

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Understanding the Importance of

Computers (continued)
• Input, processing, output, and storage (IPOS) is
called the information processing cycle.

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Understanding the Importance of

Computers (continued)
• Computer Literacy
• To be computer literate means that you can
use today’s computers efficiently to enhance your
life and the lives of those around you.
• Computer literacy also means you understand a
wide range of information about current
technology and how it is used to solve problems.
• A digital divide is an economic gap between
those who are computer literate and have access
to computer technology, and those who do not.

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Types of Software
• Software provides the
means for you to
interact with the
computer’s hardware.
• A graphical user
interface (GUI)
displays pictures called
icons that allow you to
interact with data and
execute commands.

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Types of Software (continued)

• Some software uses a command-line
interface, which requires you to type text
commands to interact with the computer.
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Types of Software (continued)

• System Software and Application
Software
• A computer relies on two types of software:
system software and application software.
• System software runs a computer and
includes the operating system and utility
programs.
▫ An operating system is software that coordinates
the resources and activities on a computer.
▫ A utility program helps the operating system set
up, maintain, and protect a computer.
Operating Systems
Utility Programs
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Types of Software (continued)

• System Software and Application
Software (continued)
• Application software is the software used
to directly complete a specific task or to
create something electronically.
• Application software helps you perform tasks
such as writing a report, creating a video,
viewing a Web page, or sending photos to a
friend.
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Types of Software (continued)

● System Software
and Application
Software (continued)
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Types of Operating Systems

• Operating systems fall into four major categories
depending on the type of device for which they
are designed:
▫ Personal computers
▫ Mobile computing devices
▫ Servers
▫ Devices other than computers
 Examples
PC OS Server OS
- Windows XP - Windows 2000,
- Windows Vista - Windows 2003,
- Windows 7 - Windows 2008,
- Windows 8 - Windows 2012,
- Windwos 10 - Windows 2016,
- Ubuntu - Windows 2019
- Mac - CentOS, RHEL(Red Hat
- Kali Enterprise Linux), Arch
- Etc. Linux
- Etc.
Questions?
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Types of Operating Systems

(continued)
• Personal Computer Operating Systems
• Personal or desktop operating systems are installed
on a single computer and are called single-user
operating systems because one user interacts with
the operating system at a time.
• They are multitasking operating systems, which
means they let you work with more than one
program at a time.
• The three most popular personal computer
operating systems are Windows, Mac OS, and Linux.
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Types of Operating Systems

(continued)
• Personal Computer Operating Systems
(continued)
• Windows XP (2001) and Windows 7 (2009) were
both widely used Windows versions. Windows 8
(2012) is the most recent version of Windows.
• Windows became widespread because it ran on
inexpensive personal computers created by a variety
of computer manufacturers.
• Windows is easy to use and to personalize, and it
runs more types of applications than other operating
systems.
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Types of Operating Systems

(continued)
• Personal Computer Operating Systems
(continued)
• Mac OS runs only on Apple Macintosh
computers.
• Mac OS X is the current version of the
operating system.
• Mac OS set the standard for GUI operating
systems and is liked by its users for being a very
secure, reliable, and easy-to-maintain operating
system.
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Types of Operating Systems

(continued)
• Personal Computer Operating Systems
(continued)
• Linux is a personal computer operating system
related to UNIX, which is an operating system
developed in the late 1960s that is frequently used by
scientists and programmers.
• Linux is released to the public as open-source
software, meaning anyone can use, modify, and
distribute it.
• Linux is available in versions called distributions,
including commercial and noncommercial
distributions.
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Types of Operating Systems

(continued)
• Mobile Operating Systems
• A mobile operating system is designed for small
handheld computing devices.
• It includes features similar to a personal
operating system but is simpler and smaller.
• A smartphone is a cell phone that includes
many features of a computer.
• Tablets are one-piece mobile computers that
usually include a touchscreen, which is a
screen you touch to interact with the GUI.
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Types of Operating Systems

(continued)
• Mobile Operating Systems (continued)
• iOS is a version of Mac OS X written for Apple’s
mobile devices, including iPhones and iPads.
• Google’s Android is an open-source operating
system designed to run on many types of
smartphones and tablets, and is derived from Linux.
• Windows Phone and Windows RT are similar
to Windows 8.
• Mobile operating systems primarily work as single-
user, single-tasking operating systems.
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Types of Operating Systems

(continued)
• Embedded Operating
Systems
• Embedded operating
systems run devices such
as ATMs, navigation
systems, portable media
players, and digital
recorders.
• They are designed to meet a
specific purpose and
perform a single task, such
as providing maps and
directions.
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Types of Operating Systems

(continued)
• Server Operating
Systems
• A server operating
system resides on a
server and is used to
manage a network (a
group of two or more
computers linked
together).
• A server is a computer
that provides network
services such as e-mail to
other computers, or
clients.
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Types of Operating Systems

(continued)
• Server Operating Systems (continued)
• Server operating systems are sometimes called
network operating systems.
• Each client on a network has its own personal
operating system.
• The server operating system manages the
requests for services from the client computers.
• An expert called the network administrator uses
the server operating system to manage the
network and its users.
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Types of Operating Systems

(continued)
• Server Operating Systems (continued)
• Server operating systems are multiuser
operating systems because they allow many
users to run programs and use the server’s
resources at the same time.
• Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and UNIX all have
server versions of their operating systems.
• UNIX is used for many servers that handle
e-mail and Internet access.
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Operating System Tasks

• The operating system controls your computer
from the time you turn on the power to the time
you turn it off.
• It takes care of technical tasks such as start-up
steps, managing memory, processing input and
output, controlling hardware, and ending a
computer session.
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Operating System Tasks (continued)

• Completing Start-Up Steps
• The boot process is a series of steps the
operating system must complete before you can
interact with the operating system.
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Operating System Tasks (continued)

• Managing Memory
• After starting up, the operating system manages
computer resources.
• A resource is any component the system
requires to do work.
• The main resources are memory, processing
components, storage space, and peripherals.
Questions?
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Operating System Tasks (continued)

• Managing Memory (continued)
• The operating system manages random
access memory (RAM) efficiently.
• All programs need space in RAM to run.
• When you start an application, the operating
system allocates RAM to the program. When you
close the application, the operating system
reclaims the RAM.
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Operating System Tasks

(continued)
• Managing Memory (continued)
• If you run too many applications at a time, the
computer can run out of RAM.
• In that case, the operating system might close an
application or shut down the computer unexpectedly
(called a crash).
• Operating systems can take advantage of virtual
memory, a part of a computer’s hard disk that can
work as additional RAM.
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Operating System Tasks

(continued)
• Managing Memory (continued)
• To gain memory, Windows moves data from one running
application out of RAM and into virtual memory, a
process called swapping.
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Operating System Tasks

(continued)
• Processing Input and Output
• Another major task of the operating system is processing
input and output.
• Often, the operating system must handle many input
and output tasks at the same time.
• To keep your computer running smoothly, the operating
system sets a sequence for processing input and output
tasks.
• The operating system places data into a buffer, which is
part of memory or storage where data waits until it can
be transferred to a device.
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Operating System Tasks

(continued)
• Controlling Hardware
• The operating system considers every hardware device
connected to the computer as an input or output device.
• The operating system communicates with a driver (aka
device driver), which is a small program that enables the
operating system to interact with the device.
• Each device must have a driver and is typically provided
by the device manufacturer.
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Operating System Tasks

(continued)
• Controlling Hardware (continued)
• The operating system includes drivers for
common devices.
• When you install new hardware, the operating
system searches for the correct driver and installs
it so you can use the new hardware right away.
This feature is called Plug and Play.
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Summary
In this lesson, you learned:
• A computer is an electronic device that receives
data (input), processes data, stores data, and
produces a result (output).
• A computer includes hardware (physical
equipment such as wires and circuits) and
software (instructions or programs for
controlling the computer).
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Summary (continued)
• To keep up with the changes in computer
technology, you need to be computer literate,
which means that you can use today’s computer
hardware and software efficiently to enhance
your life and the lives of those around you.

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Summary (continued)
• You interact with software through its user interface,
which allows you to enter and receive information.
• Most contemporary software has a graphical user
interface (GUI), which uses icons and other graphics
to accept data and commands.
• Other software uses a command-line interface,
which requires you to type text commands to
interact with the computer.

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Summary (continued)
• A computer runs two main types of software:
system software and application software.
• System software is the software that runs a
computer, and includes the operating system
and utility programs.
• A utility program helps the operating system set
up, maintain, and protect a computer.

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Summary (continued)
• An operating system is software that coordinates
the resources and activities on a computer.
• Application software is software you use to carry
out your work or personal tasks.

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Summary (continued)
• Personal computer operating systems run on
personal computers.
• Mobile operating systems are designed for
handheld computers such as tablets and
smartphones.
• Embedded operating systems are part of an
electronic device or system other than a
computer. Server operating systems run servers,
which are the computers that coordinate
networks.
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Summary (continued)
• Single-user, single-tasking operating systems let
only one user perform a single task at one time.
Most mobile and embedded operating systems fall
into this category.
• Single-user multitasking operating systems let one
user run many programs at the same time, and
include all personal computer operating systems.
• Multiuser operating systems, such as server
operating systems, let many users run programs
and take advantage of the computer’s resources at
the same time.

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Summary (continued)
• The technical tasks an operating system
performs include completing start-up steps,
managing memory, processing input and output,
controlling hardware, and ending a computer
session.
• The boot process is a series of steps the
computer and operating system must complete
before you can interact with the operating
system.
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Summary (continued)
• The resources an operating system manages
include memory (RAM), processing
components, storage space, and peripheral
devices.
• To supplement RAM, operating systems take
advantage of virtual memory, which is part of a
computer’s storage space that can work as
additional memory.
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Summary (continued)
• To keep your computer running smoothly, the
operating system sets a sequence for processing input
and output tasks and uses buffers, which are parts of
memory or storage where data waits until it can be
transferred to a device.
• To control a hardware resource, the operating system
communicates with a device driver, a small program
that tells the operating system how to interact with
the device.
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