CompTIA A+

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The key takeaways are an overview of the CompTIA A+ certification syllabus which covers various hardware and software topics related to personal computers.

The main types of computers discussed are microcomputers, mainframe computers, minicomputers, and super computers.

Some of the applications of IoT discussed include home and building automation, smart cities, smart manufacturing, healthcare, and automotive.

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CompTIA A+ Syllabus

1. CompTIA A+ Scope, Salary & Certification 11. Input Devices & output Devices
2. What is Computer (Hardware & Software) 12. Monitors with types
3. Types of Software's (Examples Included) 13. Printers with types
4. What is OS with Requirements & types 14. Scanners with types
5. Installation of Windows 10 & Ubuntu Linux 15. Storage Devices
6. Firewall, Defender, Disk Mgmt. & CLI 16. Motherboard & SMPS
7. Types of Malwares (Included 6 Types) 17. I/O Interface & Connectors
8. User Management in Windows 10 18. Expansion Cards & Adapters
9. Some Important commands User may know 19. Types of cables in Hardware (All)
10. Connecting Computer to the Internet 20. Microprocessor Explained
CompTIA A+ Syllabus

21. RAM & ROM Explained 31. Network Utilities (Tracert & nslookup)
22. HDD & SSD Explained 32. Mobile Devices Overview (iOS & Android)
23. BIOS, CMOS & BSOD Explained 33. Installation of Printers & Scanners
24. File Systems Explained 34. Explanation of 480p, 720p, 1080p & 4k
25. Antivirus & Internet Security 35. Introduction to IoT Devices & Technology
26. Networking (Types of Network) 36. Troubleshooting-1 – Cleaning Junk files
27. Networking Devices (All) 37. Troubleshooting-2 – Fixing Display Resol.
28. IP Address, Subnet Mask & Gateway 38. Troubleshooting-3 – Beep Sounds
29. RAID System Explained 39. Troubleshooting-4 – Reset Win Password
30. SOHO Network Explained 40. Troubleshooting-5 – BIOS info while boot
1. CompTIA A+ Scope, Salary & Certification
CompTIA A+ Certification jobs
CompTIA A+ is the industry standard for establishing a career in IT and is the
preferred qualifying credential for technical support and IT operational roles.
Jobs like support specialist, field service technician, desktop support analyst
and help desk tier 2 support use the skills validated by CompTIA A+
certification.
•Service desk analyst
•Technical support specialist
•Field service technician
•Associate network engineer
•Data support technician
•Desktop support administrator*
•End-user computing technician
•Help desk technician
•System support specialist
Why this Course?

 Better Future Ahead


 Great Opportunities
 Demanding Skill
 Network Admininstrator
 First Step to Security
 Medium Salary Packages
2. What is Computer (Hardware & Software)
What is Computer???
THE COMPUTER DEFINED
IN BASIC TERM, A COMPUTER IS AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE
THAT PROCESSES DATA, CONVERTING IT INTO INFORMATION THAT
IS USEFUL TO PEOPLE. ANY COMPUTER- REGARDLESS OF ITS
TYPE- IS CONTROLLED BY PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTIONS, WHICH
GIVES THE MACHINE A PURPOSE AND TELL IT WHAT TO DO.
TYPES OF COMPUTER
1. MICRO COMPUTER
2. MAINFRAME COMPUTER
3. MINICOMPUTER
4. SUPER COMPUTER
Micro COMPUTER
Desktop computers, laptops, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablets &
smartphones are all types of microcomputers. The micro-computers are
widely used & the fastest growing computers. These computers are the
cheapest among the other three types of computers. The Micro-computers
are specially designed for general usage like entertainment, education and
work purposes. Well known manufacturers of Micro-computer are Dell,
Apple, Samsung, Sony & Toshiba.
Desktop computers, Gaming consoles, Sound & Navigation system of a car,
Netbooks, Notebooks, PDA’s, Tablet PC’s, Smartphones, Calculators are all
type of Microcomputers.
MAINFRAME COMPUTER
Although Mainframes are not as powerful as
supercomputers, but certainly they are quite
expensive nonetheless, and many large firms &
government organizations uses Mainframes to
run their business operations. The Mainframe
computers can be accommodated in large air-
conditioned rooms because of its size. Super-
computers are the fastest computers with large
data storage capacity, Mainframes can also
process & store large amount of data. Banks
educational institutions & insurance companies
use mainframe computers tostore data about
their customers, students & insurance policy
holders.
MINICOMPUTER
Minicomputers are used by small businesses & firms. Minicomputers are also
called as “Midrange Computers”. These are small machines and can be
accommodated on a disk with not as processing and data storage
capabilities as super-computers & Mainframes. These computers are not
designed for a single user. Individual departments of a large company or
organizations use Mini-computers for specific purposes. For example, a
production department can use Mini-computers for monitoring certain
production process.
SUPERCOMPUTER
Supercomputers are the most powerful computers made, and physically they
are some of the largest. These systems can process huge amounts of data,
and the fastest supercomputers can perform more than one trillion
calculations per second. They are using for Space Exploration, ​Earthquake
Studies, ​Weather Forecasting and ​Nuclear Weapons Testing
PARTS OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
A complete computer system consists of mainly three parts.
1. Hardware (The computer)
2. Software (Programs)
3. Data (Information)
HARDWARE
The mechanical devices that make up the computer are called
Hardware. A computer’s hardware consists of interconnected
electronic devices that you can use to control the computer’s
operation, input, and output.

CATEGORISATION
1. PERIPHERALS
2. COMPONENTS
SOFTWARE
Software is a set of instructions that makes the computer perform tasks. In other
words we can say that, software tells the
computer what to do. Here the program refers to any piece of software

TYPES OF SOFTWARE
1. System Software
2. Application Software
3. Utility Software
3. Types of Software's (Examples Included)
System Software
Those Software which are Used to provide interface
between user and hardware is known as system software
ex. Operating System

Application Software
Those Software which are Used to Perform a Particular Task
is known as Application Software ex. Adobe Flash Player

Utility Software
Those Software which are Used as a helping tool for our
convenience is known as utility software ex. Antivirus
Other Software's
1. Freeware Software - Freeware software is available without any cost. Any user can
download it from the internet and use it without paying any fee. Ex. Adobe Reader

2. Shareware Software - It is a software that is freely distributed to users on a trial


basis. It usually comes with a time limit and when the time limit expires, the user
is asked to pay for the continued services. Ex. WinZip

3. Open Source Software - These kinds of software are available to users with the
source code which means that a user can freely distribute and modify the
software and add additional features to the software. Ex. Linux OS

4. Proprietary Software - Proprietary software is any software that is copyrighted


and bears limits against use, distribution and modification that are imposed by its
publisher, vendor or developer. Ex. MS Office
4. What is OS with Requirements & types
Operating System
Operating System
• The operating system is the most important program that runs on
a computer.
• Operating system is an interface between computer and user.
• It is responsible for the management and coordination of activities
and the sharing of the resources of the computer.

2
Operating Systems

2
Types of Operating System
NOS COS
• MS Windows 2012 Server • MS Windows 10
• MS Windows 2016 Server • MS Windows 8.1
• MS Windows 2008 Server • MS Windows 7
• Linux • MS Windows XP
• UNIX Based • MS DOS
• Netware • Android

2
8
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface
• Command line interface
• Graphical user interface
Types of User Interface
Command Line Interface (CLI)

15
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface

Pointer
• A symbol that appears on the display
screen and that you move to select
objects and commands.
• Usually, the pointer appears as a small
angled arrow.
Windows
• Used to divide the screen into different areas.
• In each window, you can run a different
program or display a different file.
32

Operating Systems
Examples of Operating System
• MS-DOS
• Windows
• Mac OS
• Linux
• Solaris
• Android
Windows

31
WINDOW
10
INTRODUCTION WINDOW 10

 Developed by Microsoft
 Frist presented in April 2014 at
the build Conference
 Scheduled to be released in late
2015
 FREE upgrade to Window 10
 Goal of Window 10 is to unify the
Window pc, Window phone,
Window Embedded and Xbox one
product families, Surface Hub and
HoloLens, etc.
NEW FEATURES
 Start Menu
 Cortana
 Edge Browser
 Improved Multitasking
 AI Settings
 App Store
 X-Box Gaming
 OneDrive
 Hyper-V
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
 Processor : 1 Ghz or Faster
 RAM : 1 GB (32-bit) or 2 GB (64 bit)
 Free hard disk : 16GB
space
: Microsoft DirectX 9 graphics
 Graphics card device
What is Linux
Linux is a true 32 bit UNIX-like OS developed originally for home PCs. The
source code for Linux is freely available to everyone. Linux was created by
Linus Torvalds in 1991, and it has been developed with the help of many
programmers across the Internet. Now it has evolved into a very functional,
powerful and usable clone of Unix which has at least 10 million users
worldwide.
Why Linux
✖ A Linux Distribution has thousands of dollars worth of software for no cost.
✖ Linux is a complete operating system:
○ stable - the crash of an application is much less likely to bring down the OS
under Linux.
○ Reliable - Linux servers are often up for hundreds of days compared with
the regular reboots required with a Windows system.
○ extremely powerful
✖ Linux provides a complete development environment.
Why Linux (continued)
✖ Excellent networking facilities
✖ Ideal environment to run servers such as a web server, or an ftp server.
✖ A wide variety of commercial software is available if not satisfied by the free software
✖ Easily upgradeable.
✖ Supports multiple processors.
✖ True multi-tasking, multi-user OS.
✖ An excellent window system called X, the equivalent of Windows but much more flexible.
✖ Full source code is provided and free.
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
 Processor : 2 Ghz or Faster
 RAM : 2 GB (32-bit) or 4 GB (64 bit)
 Free hard disk : 25 GB
space : VGA capable of 1024x768 screen resolution
 Graphics card
5. Installation of Windows 10 & Ubuntu Linux
Let’s Begin
Installation
6. Firewall, Defender, Disk Mgmt. & CLI
What is a Firewall?
 A Firewall is simply a program or hardware device that filters the information
coming through the internet connection into your private network or
computer system.
Host-based firewall vs Network-based firewall?

 A host-based firewall is installed on an individual computer to


protect it from activity occurring on its network.

 A network-based firewall is implemented at a specified point in


the network path and protects all computers on the “internal” side
of the firewall from all computers on the “external” side of the
firewall.
Hardware firewall vs Software firewall
 Hardware firewalls are integrated into the router that sits
between a computer and the Internet.

 Software firewalls are installed on individual servers. They intercept


each connection request and then determine whether the request is
valid or not.
Advantage Disadvantage

1. Monitor Traffic 1. User Restriction


2. Protection against Trojans  2. New Malware Attacks 
3. Prevent Authorization 3. Complex Operations
4. Better Privacy in Network 4. Cost Issue & Maintenance
5. Protection from Unknown 5. Packet Transfer Issue
Networks
What is a Windows Defender?
 Microsoft Defender is antivirus software developed by Microsoft to
protect computers running Windows. It detects and
removes viruses, spyware, and malware, helping to protect
the operating system from infection.
What is a Disk Management?
Disk Management is a system utility in Windows that enables you to
perform advanced storage tasks. Here are some of the things Disk
Management is good for: To setup a new drive, see Initializing a new
drive. ... To shrink a partition, usually so that you can extend a
neighboring partition, see Shrink a basic volume
What is a CLI?
CLI is a command line program that accepts text input to execute
operating system functions. In the 1960s, using only computer
terminals, this was the only way to interact with computers. In the 1970s
an 1980s, command line input was commonly used by Unix systems
and PC systems like MS-DOS and Apple DOS.

CMD POWERSHELL
7. Types of Malwares (Included 6 Types)
INTRODUCTION
Malware is a malicious software that gets installed in your
device and performs unwanted tasks. Mainly designed to
transmit information about your web browsing habits to the
third party
Types of Malwares
• Viruses
• Spyware
• Adware
• Scareware
• Worms
• Trojan Horse
• Spam
• Rootkits
Viruses
• Software that replicates itself and
spreads by damaging and deleting
the files.

• Virus enters your device via attached


images, greeting, audio/video files ,
downloads etc.
Spyware
• Spyware is a program that gets
installed without the user’s
permission.

• It monitors the user’s activities on the


internet and transmits that information
to the third party.
Adware
• Software where advertising
banners are displayed while
any program is running.

• It automatically downloads to your


device while browsing any website

• It is used by companies for


marketing purposes
Scareware

Software that is designed to


trick the user into buying or
downloading unwanted
software.
Worms
• Malicious program that make copies of
itself on local device, network shares
etc.

• They make the working of your device


slower.
Trojan Horse
• A Trojan Horse is a
program containing
malicious or harmful code.

• Entering a computer, it performs


various tasks like corrupting files
and sending out personal
information.
Spam
• Method of flooding the internet with
the copies of the same message

• It is for the purpose of advertising,


phishing, spreading malware etc.
Rootkits

• Software hidden deep inside


your device which remains
undetected.

• It transmits all your sensitive


information
SOLUTION
8. User Management in Windows 10
Types of Users in Windows 10
1. Local User or built in Account
2. Domain User Account
3. Microsoft User Account
Let’s See User
Management
9. Some Important commands User may know
CMD RUN

+
Commands
1. systeminfo
2. winver
3. msinfo32
4. Net user
5. diskpart
6. mspaint, calc & notepad
7. winword, powerpnt & excel
8. diskmgmt.msc
9. firewall.cpl
10. services.msc
10. Connecting Computer to the Internet
Web Browser
• A web browser is a software
application for accessing information
on the World Wide Web. When a
user requests a web page from a
particular website, the web browser
retrieves the necessary content from
a web server and then displays the
page on the screen.
Google Chrome
• Google Chrome is a cross-platform
web browser developed by Google. It
was first released in 2008 for
Microsoft Windows, and was later
ported to Linux, macOS, iOS, and
Android where it is the default
browser built into the OS.
Google Account
✖ A Google account lets you log in on
computers, smartphones and tablets using a
single password. 
✖ Google synchronises all your data from
across all your devices, so things like email,
photos and documents can be accessible
wherever you are. There are a host of
other benefits too, and best of all, it's simple
to set up.
+
Lets Install Chrome and Signup Google
11. Input Devices & output Devices
Assembling a Computer
We have two Option to assemble a PC. We also assemble a Computer System
with same brand Peripherals and also different different brands Peripherals.
And for Components we have many choice.

COMPUTER = PERIPHERALS + COMPONENTS


COMPONENTS
Components are those Hardware items which are Hard, Visible & Touchable. The
Hard Components of a computer system are placed under a Cabinet. The
Components which are usually popular is like – Hard disk Drive, Microprocessor
and RAM etc.
COMPONENTS
• Microprocessor
• Hard Disk Drive
• Random Access Memory
• Power Supply
• Motherboard
• DVD Writer
• Graphics Card
PERIPHERALS
Peripherals are those Hardware items which are Hard, Visible & Touchable. The
Hard Components of a computer system which are used by User. The Peripherals
which are usually popular is like – Mouse, Keyboard & Monitor etc.
Types of Peripherals Devices
1. Input Devices :- Those Devices Which are used to give input in computer
system are known as Input Devices

2. Output Devices :- Those Devices Which are used to take Output as result
of our Input in our Computer System are known as Output Devices
INPUT DEVICES
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Trackball
• Graphics tablet
• Game Controllers
• Touch screen
• Webcam
• Microphone
OUTPUT DEVICES
• Monitor
• Printer
• Audio Speaker
• Headphones
• Projector
• GPS
• Sound Card
• Video Card
What is Mouse?
A Mouse is a Input Device used to Input in Computer System using a
Pointer Arrow

There are 5 Basic Types of Mouse are:-

1. Mechanical Mouse
2. Trackball Mouse
3. Optical mouse
4. Wireless Mouse
5. G-Stick Mouse

Connectors – PS2 & USB


1. Mechanical Mouse
2. Trackball Mouse
3. Optical mouse
4. Wireless Mouse
5. G-Stick Mouse
What is Keyboard?
A Keyboard is a Input Device used to Input in Computer System using
some Key Strokes.

There are 5 Basic Types of Keyboards:-

1. Mechanical Keyboard
2. Gaming Keyboard
3. Standard Keyboard
4. Wireless Keyboard
5. Multimedia Keyboard

Connectors – PS2 & USB


Gaming Mechanical 1. Mechanical Keyboard
2. Gaming Keyboard
3. Standard Keyboard
4. Wireless Keyboard
5. Multimedia Keyboard

Standard
Multimedia

Wireless
TYPES OF SUPPORTED PORTS?

PS2 USB
What is Webcam?
A Webcam is a Input Device used to Input Videos in Computer System
using a Camera.

There are 3 Basic Types of Webcam are:-

1. Stand-alone Webcam
2. Integrated Webcam
3. Webcam with Microphone

Connectors – USB & Wireless


Stand-alone Integrated With Microphone
TYPES OF SUPPORTED PORTS?

WiFi USB
What is Microphone?
A Microphone is a Input Device used to Input voice in Computer System
using small mic

There are Many Types of Microphone are:-

We are Considering a simple Microphone

Connectors – Audio Jack


TYPES OF SUPPORTED PORTS?

Audio Mic Jack Stereo Jack


What is Speaker?
A Speaker is a Output Device used to Output Audio in Computer System
using a Woofer.

There are 3 Basic Types of Speaker are:-

1. Theatre Based Speakers


2. Integrated Speakers
3. Wireless Speakers

Connectors – Wireless & Audio Jack


Theatre-Based Integrated Wireless
TYPES OF SUPPORTED PORTS?

Bluetooth Audio Jack


What is Headphone?
A Headphone is a Output Device used to Output voice in Computer System
using lite Speakers

There are Many Types of Headphone:-

We are Considering a simple Headphone

Connectors – Audio Jack & Wireless


TYPES OF SUPPORTED PORTS?

Headphone Jack Bluetooth


12. Monitors with types
✖Output devices
✖ “monitor”
 Output Devices :- Those Devices Which are used to give Output in computer system
are known as Output Devices
What is Monitor?
A Monitor is an Output Device used to display the output as result.

There are 5 Basic Types of Monitors :-

1. CRT – (Cathode Ray Tube)


2. LCD – (Liquid Crystal Display)
3. LED – (Light Emitting Diode)
4. TFT – ( Thin Film Transistor)
5. AMOLED – (Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode)
MONITORS
 CRT- Cathode - Ray Tube The
cathode ray tube (CRT)
 vacuum tube containing an electron
gun (a source of electrons)
 fluorescent screen with internal or
external means to accelerate and
deflect the electron beam
 LCD Display - Liquid Crystal
Display A liquid crystal display
(LCD)
 thin, flat panel used for
electronically displaying information
 LED – Light Emitting Diode
 instead of having a normal CCFL
backlight, it uses light-emitting diodes
(LEDs) as a source of light behind
the screen. 

 TFT – Thin Film Transistor


 each pixel is controlled by from
one to
four transistors.
 Uses chemical and electrical
properties
to create a visible image on a screen. 
 AMOLED – Active Matrix
Organic Light Emitting Diode
 The OLED display contains an LED
which is comprised of an organic
material that emits light when the
current is passed through it. It is used
to display rich and vibrant colors. 
Types of Connectors in Monitors
1. VGA – (Video Graphics Array)
15 pins Only VIDEO

2. DVI – (Digital Video Interface)


24 pins VIDEO & AUDIO

3. HDMI – (High Definition Multimedia Interface)


19 pins HD VIDEO & AUDIO
13. Printers with types
✖Output devices
✖ “PRINTER”
 Output Devices :- Those Devices Which are used to give Output in computer
system are known as Output Devices
What is Printer?
A Printer is an Output Device which converts the Soft copy into Hard copy. It
converts Digital copy into Physical Copy.

There are 2 Basic Types of Printer are:-

1. Impact Printers
• Line Printer
• Character Printer

2. Non-Impact Printer
• Page Printer
• Character Printer
Types of Printers :-

1. Impact Printer :- Impact Printers are those


Printers which have physical contact between the print head, ribbon on

Cartilage and Paper.

2. Non-Impact Printer :- Non-Impact Printers are those


Printers which do not have physical contact between the print head, ribbon

Cartilage and Paper.


Character Printer :- Those Printer Which Print Paper Character Wise ex. typewriter.
Line Printer :- Those Printer Which Print Paper Line Wise ex. Chain, Drum & Band
Page Printer :- Those Printer Which Print Whole Paper at a Time ex. Laser
Impact Printers
Dot-Matrix Printer
It has an array of pins which helps to print the paper
with tiny Dots ex. Railway Ticket Printer
Speed up to 100 to 600 CPS having 9 to 24 Pins

Line Printer
They are used by Offices where they need to print
data at large scale ex. Poster Drum Printer
Speed up to 1200 to 6000 LPM
Non-Impact Printers
Ink-Jet Printer
Ink-jet Printer is similar as Dot-Matrix but it doesn’t have
any physical contact with External media. It gives Printout
with the help of Spray Speed up to 250 CPS.

Laser Printer
Laser Printer Which uses Laser Beam and Heated
Toner to produce Printout on a Paper
Speed up to 6000 to 12000 pages per hour
Thermal Printers
A Thermal Printer is one that uses heat to transfer an
Impression into paper types of thermal printer

1. Thermal Wax Transfer Printer – Where a thermal


print head melts ink and transfer with the help of ribbon
onto paper. After cooling the wax is permanent ex. DTDC
Bus Ticket

2. Direct Thermal – Where a printer prints the image by


burning dots onto a coated paper ex. Barcode Generator
Other Printers
1. Virtual Printer – A Virtual Printer is a simulated device
whose user interface and API are similar to a printer driver,
but the device is not connected with a physical printer ex.
Microsoft XPS Document Writer, Cute PDF Writer

2. Multi Functional Device(MFD) – It is also known as


all in one Printer. This is a combination of various
functionalities like Printer, Scanner and Photocopy etc.

TIP -
Type SERVICES.MSC in cmd to show the running Printing processes also allow
to restart and stop processess
Types of Connectors in Printers
1. Serial/Com Port – 9 & 25 pins connector

2. Parallel Port - 40 pins connector

3. USB Port – 4 pins connector

4. LAN Port – 8 pins connector

5. Wireless – without connector


14. Scanners with types
✖Input devices
✖ “Scanner”
 Input Devices :- Those Devices Which are used to give Input in computer system
are known as Input Devices
What is Scanner?
A Scanner is an Input Device which converts the hard copy into soft copy. It
converts Hard copy into Digital Copy.

Types of Scanners :-

1. Specialized Scanner
2. Handheld Scanner
3. Standard Scanner (Flatbed & Sheet fed)
4. Scanning Applications
Specialized Scanner
Those Scanners which are used to scan some
special documents like. Business card & Metro Card

Handheld Scanner
Those Scanners which are Smaller and easy to hand
held and uses to scan a lot of things very quickly
like. Barcode Scanner
Standard Scanner
Flatbed Scanner
In a Flatbed Scanner the Documents or pages are
placed on the screen for scanning. These maybe
standalone or integrated in a printer
Sheetfed Scanner
A Sheetfed scanner is a smaller and Portable
scanner in comparing of Flatbed You can scan a
whole book using sheetfed scanner
Application Scanner
Those Scanners which need Mobile Phone to be
Operate like CamScan & Genius Cam
Types of Connectors in Scanners
1. Serial/Com Port – 9 & 25 pins connector

2. Parallel Port - 40 pins connector

3. USB Port – 4 pins connector

4. LAN Port – 8 pins connector

5. Wireless – without connector


15. Storage Devices
✖Storage Mediums
✖ “pendrive & memory cards”

 USB

 PENDRIVE

 MEMORY CARDS
USB?
✖ A USB drive is a data storage device that includes flash memory with
an integrated Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface

✖ They are smaller, faster, have thousands of times more capacity, and are
more durable and reliable then CD because they have no moving parts

✖ Comes with different different sizes and differebt different speed


TYPES OF USB PORT?

External Internal
What is pendrive
A USB flash drive is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an
integrated Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface. USB flash drives are typically
removable and rewritable, and physically much smaller than an optical disc.
Function of pendrive
Pen drives act as permanent storage drives that interface with the computer through a USB or Firewire port. These Pen drives
store information for any of the same uses an internal hard drive. The Pen drives use flash memory modules that hold data in a
NAND memory configuration, which have increased sequential read and write speeds but reduced random access times.

Features of pendrive
1. These products are made of plastic & steel.
2. The capacity of my pendrive is 8gb to 1tb.

Characteristics
3. These are able to store large amounts of data in a small chip.
4. Next, my product can store data such as pictures, songs, files, and etc.
5. Pendrive are Portable and plug and play device.
6. It can only be connected to a device that has a usb port
What is Memory Card
A memory card or memory cartridge is an electronic data storage device used for storing
digital information, typically using flash memory.You can store music, pictures, videos &
documents etc in memory cards. It uses in different different devices like mobiles,
camera, ipod & home theatres etc.
There are different types of memory cards

1 PCMCIA
(Personal Computer Memory
Card International Association)

2 Compact Flash (CF)

3 Multimedia Card (MMC)


4- Secure Digital Card (SD card)

5-Mini SD Card

6- Micro SD (the smallest memory card available)


Different sizes
How Card is Readed?
✖ Devices Slots

✖ Card Adapters

✖ Card Readers
Audio Casetes
Video Casetes
VCR
Floppy Disc
CD A audio
Video CD
CD-R
CD-RW
DVD-ROM
DVD-R
DVD-RW
BD-R
BD-RE
BD-XL
16. Motherboard & SMPS
PCB

MOTHERBOARD OR PRINTED CIRCUIT


BOARD
It is known as the Interconnection of Components in a computer

WHAT IS
MOTHERBOARD It is a Circuit board which have ports and sockets with transistors coating to
connect components together

It is responsible for contact of flow of data and instruction with the help
of BUSES

Two types of Motherboard 1. Plane 2. Mark


SEGMENTS OF MOTHERBOARD
CATEGROIZED INTO 2 DIFFERENT SEGMENTS

INTEGRATED NON-INTEGRATED MBOARD


MOTHERBOARD
ADD SOME OTHER PARTS OR
COMES WITH ALL PARTS INTEGRATED WITH
PARTS AS PER REQUIREMENT.
IT
MAJOR BRANDS

DESKTOP LAPTOP SERVER


MBOARD MBOARD MBOARD
1. 2. 3.

It is used in Desktop It is used in Laptop. It is used in Server.


Systems. It comes All components are Bigger in size
with Upgradation placed in limited having many ports
Capability. We can space. Rare and designed for
Upgrade it Easily mboard allows high end works
Upgradation
TYPES OF PCB
1. Mini ATX
2. Flex ATX
3. Micro ATX
4. EATX
5. Pico ATX
6. ITX
7. NLX
8. BTX
9. Mobile ATX
10. WATX
BUSES in Motherboard

DATA BUS :- It Sends and Receives data to Memory.

ADDRESS BUS :- It Sends Address of Inputs to the Memory or RAM

CONTROL BUS :- It Makes the Communication between CPU and Components


CPU SOCKET
A CPU socket or CPU slot is a mechanical
component(s) that provides mechanical and
electrical connections between a
microprocessor and a printed circuit board
(PCB). This allows the CPU to be replaced
without soldering.
MEMORY SLOTS
A memory slot, memory socket, or RAM slot is what
allows computer memory (RAM) to be inserted into the
computer. Depending on the motherboard, there will
usually be 2 to 4 memory slots (sometimes more on
high-end motherboards) and are what determine the
type of RAM used with the computer. The most
common types of RAM are SDRAM and DDR for desktop
computers and SODIMM for laptop computers, each
having various types and speeds. In the below picture,
is an example of what memory slots may look like
inside a desktop computer. In this picture, there are
three open available slots for three memory sticks.
CMOS BATTERY
Nonvolatile BIOS memory refers to a
small memory on PC motherboards that
is used to store BIOS settings. It was
traditionally called CMOS RAM because it
used a volatile, low-power
complementary metal- oxide-
semiconductor (CMOS) SRAM (such as
Motorola MC146818 or similar) powered
by a small battery when system power
was off.
ISA PCI & AGP SLOTS
ISA, or Industry Standard Architecture, is an
8bit or 16bit parallel bus system that allowed
up to 6 devices to be connected to a PC.
Virtually all IBM-compatible PCs made before
the Pentium were based on the ISA (IBM's PC
AT) bus. This asynchronous bus architecture
uses
16-bit addresses and an 8-MHz clock and
handles a maximum data throughput of 2
MB/s to 3 MB/s.
AGP, Accelerates Graphics Port is a high-speed
point-to-point channel for attaching a video card to
a computer's motherboard. The primary advantage
of AGP over PCI is that it provides a dedicated
pathway between the slot and the processor rather
than sharing the PCI bus.

PCI, Peripheral Component Interconnect bus uses


a local bus system; this system is independent of
the processor bus speed. The PCI architecture
incorporates its own chip set which link the local
bus to the main bus, these links are called
bridges, there are two bridges which "north and
south bridge”
CHIPSET
A chipset is a set of electronic components
in an integrated circuit that manages the
data flow between the processor, memory
and peripherals. It is usually found in the
motherboard of a computer.
Chipsets are usually designed to work with a
specific family of microprocessors. Because
it controls communications between the
processor and external devices, the chipset
plays a crucial role in determining system
performance.
SOUTHBRIDGE
The southbridge is one of the two chips in
the core logic chipset on a personal
computer (PC) motherboard, the other
being the northbridge. The southbridge
typically implements the slower
capabilities of the motherboard in a
northbridge/southbridge chipset computer
architecture.
NORTHBRIDGE
The northbridge typically handles
communications among the CPU, in some
cases RAM, and PCI Express (or AGP) video
cards, and the southbridge.[4][5] Some
northbridges also contain integrated video
controllers, also known as a Graphics and
Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) in Intel
systems. Because different processors and RAM
require different signaling, a given
northbridge will typically work with only one
or two classes of CPUs and generally only one
type of RAM.
BACK PANEL CONNECTORS AND PORTS
17. I/O Interface & Connectors
What is a Connector?
A Connector is generally a specific
Interface which is used to connect a
device physically with a computer
systemm with staibility

It is used to install the Cable or interface


of external media or devices to a computer
system.
PORTS
1. PS2 MOUSE
2. LAN
3. AUDIO PORT
4. PS2 KEYBOARD
5. USB 3.0
6. SERIAL
7. VGA
8. USB 2.0
SOME OTHER PORTS

1. DVI
2. PARALLEL
3. HDMI
4. AUDIO
5. USB 2.0
Types of Connector?
• BNC Connector

• DB Connectors (DB9, DB15, DB25, DB37 and DB50)

• RJ connectors (RJ-11, RJ-12, RJ-45))

• Fiber-optic connectors (ST/SC)

• SCSI connectors (SCSI-1, SCSI-2, SCSI-3, SCSI-5)


Types of Connectors in Monitors
1. VGA – (Video Graphics Array)
15 pins Only VIDEO

2. DVI – (Digital Video Interface)


24 pins VIDEO & AUDIO

3. HDMI – (High Definition Multimedia Interface)


19 pins HD VIDEO & AUDIO
Types of Connectors in Printers
1. Serial/Com Port – 9 & 25 pins connector

2. Parallel Port - 40 pins connector

3. USB Port – 4 pins connector

4. LAN Port – 8 pins connector

5. Wireless – without connector


18. Expansion Cards & Adapters
AUDIO or SOUND Card
A sound card is an expansion card or IC
for producing sound on a computer that
can be heard through speakers or
headphones. Although the
computer does not need a sound device
to function, they are included on every
machine in one form or another, either in
an expansion slot or built into the
motherboard
Sound card may be connected to:
✖ Headphones
✖ Amplified speakers
✖ An analog input source
✖ Microphone
✖ Radio
✖ Tape deck
✖ CD player
✖ A digital input source
✖ Digital audiotape (DAT)
✖ CD-ROM drive
✖ An analog output device - tape deck
✖ A digital output device
✖ DAT
✖ CD recordable (CD-R)
NIC Card
A network interface card (NIC) is a
hardware component without which a
computer cannot be connected over
a network. It is a circuit board
installed in a computer that provides
a dedicated network connection to
the computer. It is also
called network interface
controller, network adapter or LAN
adapter.
Features:
✖ The NIC Card also known as Hardware Card or Network Card of
your system

✖ It contains your 12 digit alphanumeric MAC Address which


uniquely identify your system

✖ Network Card contains Ethernet Port to connect Ethernet Cable


with RJ-45 Port to be a part of Network

✖ Network Card can also with 2 different segments Wired or


Wireless adapters
VIDEO
CARD
What is VIDEO
CARD
 A video card (also called a video adapter, display card, graphics
card, graphics board, display adapter or graphics adapter and
sometimes preceded by the word discrete or dedicated to
emphasize the distinction between this implementation and
integrated graphics) is an expansion card which generates a feed
of output images to a display (such as a computer monitor).
GRAPHIC
CARD
Graphics card or video card is
display adaptor or hardware
component whose function is to
generate output images to display. It
is also called as dedicated expansion
card. It is of 2 types :

1. Internal
2. External
Motherboard Interface :
It is the connection system which connects
graphics card with motherboard system.
Although there are many connection system since
1974.Nowdays AGP and PCI-Express slot are most
widely used connection system.

Cooling Devices:
Graphics card uses lot of electricity which is
converted into heat. If heat isn’t dissipated then
card could get overheated and get damaged.
Cooling devices are incorporated to transfer heat
elsewhere.
Wi-Fi
 What is Wi-Fi
 Short for “Wireless Fidelity”
 A trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance
 The brand name for products using the IEEE 802.11 family of
standards
 Commonly used for “wireless local area network” (WLAN)
Bluetooth
 Wireless Personal Area Networks
(WPAN)
 Design goal
 Cable replacement
 Low cost
 Low power
 Small size
 For mobile devices
 Standard: IEEE 802.15.1
Wi-Fi CARD
 Internal
 External

Internal External
Bluetooth CARD
 Internal
 External

Internal External
19. Types of cables in Hardware (All)
1. VGA Cable

Also known as D-sub cable, analog video cable

Connect one end to: computer monitor, television (PC input port)
Connect other end to: VGA port on computer (see image below)
2. DVI Cable
Connect one end to: computer monitor
Connect other end to: DVI port on computer (see image below)

However there are 2 types of DVI, DVI-I and DVI-D.


DVI-D does not have the extra pins around the long pin, this is also a pure digital signal over DVI-I.
3. HDMI Cable

Connect one end to: computer monitor, television


Connect other end to: HDMI port on computer (see image below)
It can transmit HD audio and Video both and uses in Playstation also
4. PS/2 Cable

Connect one end to: PS/2 keyboard, PS/2 mouse


Connect other end to: PS/2 ports on computer (see image below)
•Purple PS/2 port: keyboard
•Green PS/2 port: mouse
5. Ethernet Cable

Also known as RJ-45 cable

Connect one end to: router, network switch


Connect other end to: Ethernet port on computer (see image below)
6. 3.5mm Audio Cable
Also known as phone connector (since 3.5mm jacks are often found on mobile phones too)

Connect one end to: computer speakers, 3.5mm headphones, 3.5mm microphone
Connect other end to: audio ports on computer (see image below use Green socket)
•Green audio port: computer speakers or headphones
•Pink audio port: microphone
•Blue audio port: MP3 player, CD player, DVD player, turntable, electric guitar etc
(line-in port to play and record sounds from the above devices)
7. USB Cable

For USB computer cable connections, there are two popular formats: USB 2.0 and the newer USB 3.0
How to tell USB 2.0 and 3.0 cables apart: USB 3.0 cables have a blue tip, and sometimes you can find a
SS "Super Speed" label on it. 
8. Computer Power Cord (Kettle Plug)

Connect one end to: AC power socket


Connect other end to: power supply unit (see image below), computer monitor
Note: Always turn off your power supply unit (with the 1-0 switch at the back) before connecting a
power cord to it.
9. HDD Wires

SATA Cable IDE Cable Molex Cable


These Cables are used to Connect Hard Disk Drive to Computer
10. SMPS Wires

1. CPU Power
2. ATX Power
3. SATA Power
4. Floppy Power
5. PCI Power
6. ODD Power
20. Microprocessor Explained
CPU

Control Processing Unit


It is known as the brain of the Computer. It is first priority to run Machine

WHAT IS
MICROPROCESSOR It is a chip based structure made up of millions of transistors and logic
gates

It receives the incoming instructions as input from Memory or RAM,


Procced it and gives result as Output

It is Responsible for the Speed and Capacity to execute tasks in


computer systems

These Microprocessor are Categorized into 2 different architecture 32 BIT


and 64 BIT
SEGMENTS OF CPU

CATEGROIZED INTO 2 DIFFERENT SEGMENTS

ARITHMETIC LOGICAL UNIT CONTROL UNIT


Known as ALU Known as CU
It is responsible for controlling the flow
It performs all the Arithmetic, mathematical,
of data between Microprocessor and
algebraical and logical tasks like Addition, Divide,
the external components of the
Multiplication, Subtraction and Modulus. It also
computer using the CPU Buses.
performs Logic tasks like OR, AND and NOT

THESE ARE THE FACTORS WHICH MAKES A PROCESSOR TO PERFORM TASKS


FREQUENTLY!
BUSES in MICROPROCESSOR

CPU consists 3 Buses mention below. Basically Buses are


used as medium or carrier of information or data between
the microprocessor and the memory and components of the
system. It carries the instruction from memory to CPU &
back CPU to memory after processing….

 DATA BUS :- It Sends and Receives data to Memory.

 ADDRESS BUS :- It Sends Address of Inputs to the Memory or RAM

 CONTROL BUS :- It Makes the Communication between CPU and Components


Specifications of CPU MAJOR SPECIFICATION OF MICROPROCESSOR

 Clock Speed :- Clock Speed is a unit to measures the


number of instructions executes by the working
microprocessor within a second is called Clock speed.
It is measured in GHz.

 Cache Memory :- It is Static natured and Quick


responsive memory, by structural it is made up of 6
Transistors and 1 Capacitors in each cell block. cache
Memory are categorized into 3 types L!, L2 and L3

 Operating Voltage :- It means how much Power or


Voltage a microprocessor needs to performs tasks.

 FSB :- It stands for Front Side Bus. It is a data bus


which carries the data from RAM to Processor and
then back processor to RAM as a procced instruction.

All the Information mentioned upon the Processor


MAJOR BRANDS

INTEL AMD NVIDIA


1. 2. 3.

Intel Corporation AMD (Advanced Micro NVIDIA


Intel Corporation is an Devices)
Advanced Micro Devices is NVIDIA is an American
American multinational an American multinational technology company It
corporation and technology semiconductor company designs graphics
company and the biggest which also makes GPU processing units for the
manufacturer of and the second most gaming and
microprocessor in the selling microprocessor microprocessor units for
planet earth brand across the Globe everyone. 
HISTORY & PRESENT

INTEL’S 1st Processor


Intel’s 1st Processor was INTEL 4004
which was designed for Calculators

AMD’S 1st Processor


AMD’s 1st Processor was AMD AM9300
which was designed as Competitor of
INTEL

INTEL’S Latest Processor


Intel’s latest Processor is INTEL i9 10 TH
Generation (Socket LGA 2066)

AMD’S Latest Processor


AMD’s latest Processor is RYZEN 9
3000+ Series (Socket AM4)
PACKAGING???
The process of installing the microprocessor in
motherboard is known as packaging. In
Motherboard there are different different types of
packaging for different different types of micro
processor……

Packaging is based upon which micro processor


you want to install in your system. The processor
is install and fix with the Socket in
Motherboard….

CPU Installation
SOCKETS FOR CPU
 According to Structure Sockets are a collection or a Array of Pins which holds Microprocessor.

 Sockets are used to adjust the position of Microprocessor in the Motherboard. These are
Categorized according to the Brands and Version of Microprocessors…

 For Latest Intel 10th Generation Core i9 Processor Supports LGA 2066 Socket.

INTEL No. of pins Processor AMD No. of pins Processor

LGA 1151 to 1155 I3, i5 & i7 C Series Socket C32 Opteron

Ryzen 3, 5, 7, Phenom, Athlon


PGA 478 Pentium I AM Series AM 1 to 4
& Sempron
PPGA 775 Pentium II A Series Socket A462 Duron & Athlon

FC-PGA 479 Pentium III FM Series FM 1 to 2 Trinity & Llano


WHY AMD?

Here are some reasons why AMD is AMD Performance?


Better?
SPECIFICATIONS of AMD

Over Clocking
Over Clocking is the process in which we consume more performance then the processor have. you can Simply Over Clock the
Performance of AMD Processor up to 4.2 GHz in the latest technology.

Graphics
AMD provide their processor an onboard GPU which provides Superior Graphics without GPU Unit. We can also play Mid range
Games and perform High end works like Video Rendering.

EVP (Enhanced Virus Protection)

AMD provides EVP in their processors which makes an anti malware protection from the viruses and protect Microprocessor.

Gaming & Graphics Tasks

AMD is Better for Gaming and Media Production Works because it has full control of threats at a time. Which makes High end
performance

Cost
AMD is much cheaper then INTEL and also provides a good performance. If you have lower Budget go with AMD.
Why
How?
INTEL?

Why INTEL is the


Here are some
Biggest Brand of
reasons why INTEL
Microprocessors?
is Better
SPECIFICATION of INTEL

Over Clocking
Over Clocking is the process in which we consume more performance then the processor have. you can Simply Over Clock the
Performance of INTEL Processor up to 4.4 GHz in the latest technology.

HYPERTHREADING
It is a technology developed by INTEL in which a single physical processor can works as two logical processors.

EDB (Execute Disable Bit)

INTEL provides EDB in their processors which makes a protection from the viruses and protect Microprocessor as similar as
AMD’s EVP.
Cores & Threats

INTEL gives 32 Threats of 14 nm technology and 12 Cores in their Latest processor which gives a better experience to the user in
multitasking. This is much more in comparing of AMD.

EIST (Enhanced Intel Speedstep Technology)


EIST is a thermal based technology which enhance the microprocessor performance as per the requirement which the users need
while work. It can fluctuate performance according to needs just like low performance while office works and high performance for
gaming and high end purposes it prevents heat and remove load from processor while we don’t need it.
CONCLUSION
If you are using Laptop go with INTEL because AMD consumes a lots of power and also release a lots of
heat. So for Laptops INTEL is Ideal

If you are looking a Budget PC with a High end Performance go with AMD because it is much cheaper
then INTEL and also provide onboard Graphics Unit.

If you are a multitasker and runs multiple tasks at same time so, you can go with INTEL because Intel
provides more Threats and Cores then AMD which gives you a better Performance.

Both are comes with Virtualization & Turbo Boost Technology Inbuilt which helps to give more then their
ability and also runs two OS at a Time.

INTEL have much Better Service in INDIA in Comparing of AMD if you are Purchasing for Company
Purposes go with INTEL because In companies work load is too high where processors needs
maintenance time by time.
HEAT SINK
SOLUTION FOR
OVERHEATING

When we use system it release a lots of


heat. To prevent and Release heat we
install Heatsink in our Motherboard.

Types of Heatsinks :-

Active Heatsink :- Heatsink which have


Fan Installed is known as Active Heatsink

Passive Heatsink :- Heatsink which have


Fan Installed is known as Passive Heatsink

Heatsink is attached with Microprocessor


with the contact of Thermal Paste or
Grease Which extremely absorb heat
from microprocessor.
21. RAM & ROM Explained
MEMORY TYPES:
RAM Overview
• RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It gets the word
"random" because information can be accessed in non-sequential
order. Though the data itself is stored together, it could be
anywhere in the "container" or amount of RAM available. RAM is
measured in "bits", and 8 bits equals 1 byte. A kilobyte equals 1024
bits, and a megabyte equals 1024 kilobytes.
Two Main Form of RAM

SRAM DRAM
(Static Ram) (Dynamic Ram)
SRAM (Static Ram)
• Static RAM is a type of RAM that holds its data without external
refresh, for as long as power is supplied to the circuit. This is
contrasted to dynamic RAM (DRAM), which must be refreshed
many times per second in order to hold its data contents. SRAMs
are used for specific applications within the PC, where their
strengths outweigh their weaknesses compared to DRAM:
• Simplicity: SRAMs don't require external refresh circuitry or other
work in order for them to keep their data intact.

• Speed: SRAM is faster than DRAM.


• Compared to DRAM, SRAM is more power- efficient when
idle.

• SRAM is several times more expensive than DRAM.


DRAM (Dynamic Ram)
• Dynamic RAM is the standard computer memory of the vast
majority of modern desktop computers. It is a volatile memory
that needs to be refreshed with voltage regularly, otherwise it
loses the information stored on it. Dynamic RAM is also referred
to as DRAM. Volatile means that it loses the information stored
on it as soon as power is withdrawn.
• Dynamic RAM is referred to by its size and speed. For example, the
packaging or description of the memory module might list 1066
Mhz 1 Gb DRAM. The 1066 Mhz is the speed at which a computer
can read and write to the memory, and the higher number the
better. The 1 Gb is the usable space on the chip; in this example, the
chip can store 1 gigabyte of information on it while it has power.
There are several different types of DRAM.

• Example of DRAM is DIMM, SO-DIMM and DDR Memory


Sticks.
Difference's:

• Requires less memory. • Requires more memory.

• Access time is low. • Access time is more.

• Do not refresh. • Needs to be refreshed.

• Faster access time. • Slower access time.


• More power consumption. • Less power consumption.

• Used in cache memory. • Used in main memory.


Technologies Of Ram:

SDRAM (Single dynamic RAM) 1996


RDRAM 1998
DDR SDRAM 2000
DDR2 SDRAM 2003
DDR3 SDRAM 2007

DDR4 SDRAM 2012


Technologies Of Ram:
Position Of Ram:
Structure of Ram:
Notches for socket
”Handles”

Socket Edge connector

profile
ROM Overview
✖ Read-only memory is a type of storage medium that permanently stores
data on personal computers and other electronic devices. It contains the
programming needed to start a PC, which is essential for boot-up; it
performs major input/output tasks and holds programs or software
instructions because ROM is read-only, it cannot be changed; it is
permanent and non-volatile, meaning it also holds its memory even when
power is removed. By contrast, random access memory is volatile. it is
lost when power is removed.
ROM
◦ Read only memory
◦ Also known as firmware
◦ Data stored in this memory cannot be modified.
◦ Non-volatile memory
◦ ROM usually stores the startup instructions
◦When computer is switched on , the first piece of instruction of a
program accessed by the CPU is BIOS which is a ROM pre-programmed
to start the computer operations
Two Main Form of RoM

PROM EPROM EEPROM FLASH MEMORY


PROM
◦ Programmable read-only memory (PROM), or one-time
programmable ROM (OTP),
◦ Empty of data when the chip is manufactured,
◦ can be programmed by the user.
◦ Once programmed the data cannot be erased.
EPRO
M
◦ Erasable programmable read-only
memory (EPROM)
◦ can be written to or programmed.
◦ can be erased
EEPROM
◦ Electrically Erasable programmable read-only
memory (EEPROM)
◦ Can be written to or programmed.
◦ can be erased with the help of electrical devices
◦ So data can be easily modified
22. HDD & SSD Explained
INTRODUCTION
 WHAT IS HARD DISK?
A HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD) is a data storage device used for storing
and retrieving digital information using rapidly rotating disks
(platters) coated with magnetic material. An HDD retains its data
even when powered off. Data is read in a random-access manner,
meaning individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any
order rather than sequentially EX. Of Secondary Memory
TYPES OF HDD
• SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) – 7 pins for data 15 pins
power 4 pins molex speed upto 600MBPS
SATA 1 - 150 MBPS
SATA 2 - 300 MBPS
SATA 3 - 600 MBPS
• IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) - 40 pins for data 4 pins for Power 4
pins molex speed uto 133MBPS
ATAPI – I - 100MBPS
ATAPI – II - 133MBPS
PARTS OF HDD
COMPONETS
1. DISK PLATTER
 The platter is made up of a magnetic material, in the flat disk part of the
drive.
 The data stored in the platter.
 Each set of magnetic particles is collection a unit called a bit.

2. STEPPER MOTOR
 Use stepper motors for controlling read/write head
position.
 Stepper motors usually use +12V power, but some new low-power
drives use +5V power source.
3. SPINDLE MOTOR

 It control the platter.


 This motor rotates at a speed of 3600 to 10,000 R.P.M
 All the platter moves in the same direction.

4. READ AND WRITE HEAD


 The heads read and write the information to the drive platter.
 The head writes magnetic information on the platter.
DISK STRUCTURE
TRACK
The HDD is divided into number of concentric circles called tracks. Circular path in
sector is called track.

SECTOR
Data storage area in one track multiple divided into the multiple block is called
sector. Each sector can have 512 bytes of the data.
FILE SYSTEMS
1.FAT (File Allocation Table)
 It’s not a security.
 Partition size is max 32GB.
 Does not support data compression.
 Does not support disk quota.

2.NTFS (New Technology File System)


 It’s a security.
 Partition size is 1 (Tera Bytes).
 It support data compression.
 It support disk quota.
Solid state
Drive (SSD)
What is SSD?
 A solid-state drive(SSD) is a data storage device that uses solid state
memory to store persistent data. It is flash based storage device and
It uses same I/O interface developed for hard disk drives.
 SSDs do not have any moving mechanical components, which
distinguishes them from traditional magnetic disks such as hard disk
drives(HDDs).
 SSDs use microchips that retain data in non-volatile memory chips.
 SSD uses non volatile NAND Flash Memory , which enables it to
retain data when the power is removed.
SSD Structure
Memory
 Use non volatile NAND flash memory.
 Ability to retain the data without a constant power supply.
 Lower cost compared to DRAM.
 Flash memory SSDs are slower than DRAM solution.
 NAND Flash components come in densities from 1Gb to
64Gb per chip.
 NAND Flash components have structures called pages and
blocks.
Advantages
 High performance-Significantly faster than a standard HDD.
 Faster seek time-Up to 60x faster than HDD.
 Higher reliability-No moving parts.
 Lower power-Lesser power consumption, cooler operation.
 Silent Operation-Ideal for post production environments.
 Light weight-Perfect for portable devices.
 Wider Operating Temp.
Disadvantages
 They are more expansive than traditional hard drives.
 They currently offer less storage space then traditional hard
drives.
 Flash memory SSDs are slower than DRAM solution.
SSD Applications
 Desktop Computers
 Laptops
 Ultra books
 HD Camcorder, CCTV Digital Video Recorder (DVR)
 Smart TV
 Set Top Boxes
 Mobile Phones
 Servers - SSD are used as cache at server side of
Enterprises.
SSD vs. HDD
Solid-State Drive Hard Disk Drive
Random access time 0.1 ms. Random access time 5-10 ms.

Read latency time very low. Read latency time high.

100MB/s to 500MB/s. 50MB/s to 100MB/s.

High Reliability. Low reliability.

SSDs have no moving parts to fail mechanically. HDDs have moving parts and are subject to
sudden failure.
Small and light weight. Relatively large and heavy.

Till now SSDs are available in size up to 2TB. Till now HDDs are available up to 4TB .

Power Consumption 2watts 6-12 watts.


Conclusion

 Faster Data
Access
 Less Power Usage
 Higher Reliability

 Latest high-end Laptops and Ultra books now comes with SSD

 ”In coming years SSD will replace HDD”


23. BIOS & CMOS Explained
BIOS - UEFI
BIOS –Basic Input / Output System
• The software used to start your computer
-The firmware
-system BIOS, ROM BIOS
-ROM or flash memory

• POST
-Power-On Self-Test

• Look for a boot loader


-Start the operating system
Legacy BIOS
• The original / traditional BIOS It’s
been around for than 25 years

• Older OS talked to hardware


through the BIOS

• Limited hardware support

• No drivers for modern network,


video, and storage devices
UEFI-Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
• Started late 90’s by INTEL
• Released October 2002 by INTEL for Itanium x64 Systems
• 2005 UEFI Forum is born and take care about UEFI
• UEFI is a Firmware Specification, NOT a Firmware Implementation!
UEFI BIOS
• Unified Extensible Firmware
Interface
- Based on Intel’s EFI
(Extensible Firmware
Interface)
• A defined standard
-Implemented by the
manufacturers
• Designed to replace the legacy
BIOS
-Need a modern BIOS for
modern computers
The “CMOS” battery
• Not needed for today’s flash-based
storage
-Maintains older BIOS
configurations
-May only be used to maintain
date/time
• A bad battery will require a BIOS
configuration on every boot
LEGACY
BIOS
UEFI BIOS
Difference
24. File Systems Explained
Introduction to File Systems
All file systems consist of structures necessary for storing and managing
data. These structures typically include an operating system boot record,
directories, and files.
Functions of a File System:
 Tracking allocated and free space
 Maintaining directories and file names
 Tracking where each file is physically stored on the disk
Definition
 Definition : Computers use particular kinds of file systems to store and
organize data on media, such as a hard drive, the CDs, DVDs, and BDs in
an optical drive or on a flash drive. Any place that a PC stores data is
employing the use of some type of file system. A file system can be
thought of as an index or database containing the physical location of
every piece of data on a hard drive.

 A file system is setup on a drive during a format


Types of File Systems

FAT File System


NTFS File System
ReFS File System
FAT File System
 FAT12 - The initial version of the FAT file system, FAT12 was introduced in
1977, even before MS-DOS, and was the primary file system for Microsoft
operating systems up to MS-DOS 4.0. FAT12 supports drive sizes up to 32MB.

 FAT16 - The second implementation of FAT was FAT16, introduced in 1988.


FAT16 was the primary file system for MS-DOS 4.0 up to Windows 95. FAT16
supports drive sizes up to 2GB.

 FAT32 - FAT32 is the latest version of the FAT file system. It was introduced
in 1996 for Windows 95 OSR2 users and was the primary file system for
consumer Windows versions through Windows ME. FAT32 supports drive
sizes up to 8TB.
NTFS File System
 Definition: New Technology File System (NTFS) is a file system that was
introduced by Microsoft in 1993 with Windows NT 3.1. NTFS supports hard
drive sizes up to 256TB. NTFS is the primary file system used in Microsoft's
Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP, Windows 2000 and Windows NT
operating systems. The Windows Server line of operating systems also
primarily use NTFS.

 The File Allocation Table (FAT) file system was the primary file system in
Microsoft's older operating systems but it is still supported today along with
NTFS.
ReFS File System
 Definition: The Resilient File System (ReFS) is Microsoft's newest file
system, designed to maximize data availability, scale efficiently to large data
sets across diverse workloads, and provide data integrity by means of
resiliency to corruption. It seeks to address an expanding set of storage
scenarios and establish a foundation for future innovations.

 ReFS detects corrupted data and doesn’t have an alternate copy it can
restore from, the file system can immediately remove the corrupted data
from the drive. It doesn’t require you reboot your system or take the drive
offline, as NTFS does.
Ext File System
 Ext4 is the evolution of the most used Linux filesystem, Ext3. In many
ways, Ext4 is a deeper improvement over Ext3 than Ext3 was over Ext2.
Ext3 was mostly about adding journaling to Ext2, but Ext4 modifies
important data structures of the filesystem such as the ones destined to
store the file data.
Max. file size: 16 TiB (for 4 KiB block size)
Max. volume size: 1 EiB (for 4 KiB block size)
Max. number of files: 4 billion (specified at files..
25. Antivirus & Internet Security
INTRODUCTION
• Antivirus software is a type of program designed and developed to
protect computers from malware like viruses, computer worms,
spyware, botnets, rootkits, key loggers and such. Antivirus programs
function to scan, detect and remove viruses from your computer.

• There is some Free Antivirus which are Freely Available which are
totally Worthless they provide Security just by name only actually they
are spy software's which are spying your system only.
What is Antivirus Program?
Antivirus Software is a computer program that identify and remove
computer viruses, and other malicious software like Worms and Trojans from
an infected computer. Not only this, an antivirus software also protects the
computer from further virus attacks.

The first anti-virus software in 1987. Fix, a German astrophysicist and


amateur computer programmer developed software to combat the first
computer virus “in the wild," which means that the virus had escaped the
confines of the lab or network .
How an Antivirus works ?
✖ An Antivirus works Using dictionary Approach The antivirus software
examines each and every file in a computer and examines its content with
the virus definitions stored in its virus dictionary. A virus dictionary is an
inbuilt file belonging to an antivirus software that contains code
identified as a virus by the antivirus authors.
Symptoms of Infected computer
1. Unexpected pop-up windows
2. Slow start up and slow performance
3. Suspicious hard drive activity
4. Lack of storage space
5. Missing files
6. Crashes and error messages
7. High network activity
8. Email is hijacked
9. Security attacks
10. Background Data Processing
Some popular Antivirus:
26. Networking (Types of Network)
What is Network ?
 A network consists of two or more computers that
are linked in order to share resources (such as
printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow
electronic communications.

 The computers on a network may be linked


through cables, telephone lines, radio waves,
satellites, or infrared light beams.
Basic Types of Networks
1. Local Area Network (LAN)
2. Personal Area Network (PAN)
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
4. Wide Area Network (WAN)
5. Campus Area Network (CAN)
6. Storage Area Network (SAN)
27. Networking Devices (All)
Introduction
• To connect LANs, connecting devices are needed and various
connecting devices are such as bridge, switch, router, hub, repeater.
• Types of Networking Devices :-
1. NIC Card
2. Repeater
3. Hub
4. Bridge
5. Switch
6. Gateway
7. Router
8. Modem
NIC or Network Card
It stands for Network Interface Controller. NIC used to connect the ethernet
cable (RJ-45), (SC,ST Connector) with the PC. It is a Card which have Mac
Address written on it.

Components of NIC :-

1. Metal Expansion Card


2. Boot ROM Chip
3. 32 bit PCI Controller
4. Activity LED
5. RJ-45 LAN Port
Repeaters
Repeater used to regenerate or replicate a signal. It removes the unwanted noise
in an incoming signal, it works on Layer 1 of OSI Model

It is used in some scaled area and it refine


the signals and manage the proper speed of
the network
HUB
It is a Networking Device which simply receive data from one port and transfer on all
the other ports. HUBs are commonly used to connect segments of LAN. Hub Works
on Physical layer of OSI Moodel

It used in where you have to create


multiple ethernet with the help of a
nnetworking device. It comes with
different port segment like 6,12 & 24
Bridge
Bridge Devices inspect incoming network traffic and determine whether to
forward or discard it according to its intended destination it operates on data
link layer

A bridge is a type of computer


network device that provides interconnection
with other bridge networks that use the same
protocol.  
Switch
A Switch can recieve input or signal from any of one port and transmit it on all
the ports. Ethernet LAN is used to connect to a switch that correct system. It
works on Data link layer of OSI Model

It is a small device that transfers data packets


between multiple network devices such as
computers, routers, servers or other switches
Gateway
Gateway Connects two networks together with the help of gateway devices
like firewire & router. It is a node between the public network and private
network which makes some security with the help of identification

A gateway is a networking device that


connects two networks using different
protocols together. it also acts as a “gate”
between two networks.
Router
Router is a networking device which is used to provide interaction between
two different networks. Router are also used for provide the routes to the data
and devices that are connected in network. Router are used to establish
internetwork communication
A router inspects a given data packet's
destination Internet Protocol address (IP
address), and provide connection to the nodes
with the main network. It gives you wired and
wireless both connectivities.
MODEM
”Modulator-Demodulator” A modem or broadband modem is a hardware
device that connects a computer or router to a broadband network. It converts
or "modulates" an analog signal from a telephone or cable wire to digital data
(1s and 0s) that a computer can recognize.
The main difference between the two devices
is that a modem lets you connect to the
internet, while a router distributes that
connection to different devices. A modem is
your gateway to the web, while a router is a
central hub for your devices.
28. IP Address, Subnet Mask & Gateway
IP Addressing IPv4
• An IP address basically a 32-bit address that uniquely universally defines
connection of host or a router to the Internet. IP address is unique.
• Introduced by IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority).

• 32 bit is divided into 4 equal parts of 8-8 bits separated by dotted decimal notation.
It is in the range of minimum 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255.
• Each 8 bit group is known by OCTET.
Various IP classes
IP has five different classes differentiated by characteristics.
◦ Class-A ranges from 0 to 127
◦ Class-B ranges from 128 to 191
◦ Class-C ranges from 192 to 223
◦ Class-D ranges from 224 to 239
◦ Class-E ranges from 240 to 255
First Octet is defines the class of particular IP e.g. - 128.11.3.31 is
follow in class –B
127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 is a range of look back IP.
IP Addressing IPv6
• An IP address basically a 128-bit address that uniquely universally defines
connection of host or a router to the Internet. IP address is unique.
• Introduced by IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority).
• total of 4,294,967,296 unique IP addresses can be assigned to hosts.
• IP is like 2001:db8:1234::f350:2256:f3dd/64
• It supports Unicast. Telecast & Multicast.
• It doesn’t have Classes like ipv4
What Is Subnet Mask?
A subnet mask is a 32- or 128-bit number that segments an existing IP address
in a TCP/IP network. It is used by the TCP/IP protocol to determine whether a
host is on the local subnet or on a remote network. Subnet mask divides the IP
address into a network address and host address, hence to identify which part of
IP address is reserved for the network and which part is available for host use.
29. RAID System Explained
RAID : Redundant Array of Independent Disk
RAID, or “Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks” is a technique which makes use of a
combination of multiple disks instead of using a single disk for increased performance,
data redundancy or both.
Why Data Redundancy?
in case of disk failure, if the same data is also backed up
onto another disk, we can retrieve the data and go on with
the operation. On the other hand, if the data is spread
across just multiple disks without the RAID technique, the
loss of a single disk can affect the entire data.
Mirroring
 Duplicate every disk

 Logical disk consists of two physical disks.

 Every write is carried out on both disks.

 If one of the disk fails, data read from the other

Data permanently lost only if the second disk fails before the first
failed disk is replaced.
Parity
Parity computations are used in
RAID drive arrays for fault tolerance
by calculating the data in two drives
and storing the results on a third.
The parity is computed by XOR'ing
a bit from drive 1 with a bit from
drive 2 and storing the result on
drive 3
DATA STRIPING
Fundamental to RAID

A method of concatenating multiple drives into one logical storage unit.

Splitting the bits of each byte across multiple disks : bit – level striping
e.g. an array of eight disks, write bit i of each byte to disk I

 Sectors are eight times the normal size

 Eight times the access rate

 Similarly for blocks of file, block-level striping


RAID
LEVELS
 Data are distributed across the array of disk drives

Redundant disk capacity is used to store parity information, which guarantees data
recoverability in case of a disk failure

Levels decided according to schemes to provide redundancy at lower cost by


using striping and “parity” bits

 Different cost-performance trade-offs


RAID 5

•Spreads data and parity among all N+1 disks,


rather than storing data in N disks and parity in 1
disk

•Avoids potential overuse of a single parity disk

• Most common parity RAID system


30. SOHO Network Explained
SOHO Network 

SOHO network or also termed as


single or small office/home
office network is mainly referred to a
business category involving a small
number of workers usually from 1 to
10. It is a type of local area or
LAN network connection meant to
be used in small businesses.
Let’s make a
infrastructure
31. Network Utilities (Tracert & nslookup)
✖ TRACERT
Traceroute is a network diagnostic tool used to track in real-
time the pathway taken by a packet on an IP network from
source to destination, reporting the IP addresses of all the
routers it pinged in between. Traceroute also records the time
taken for each hop the packet makes during its route to the
destination.
✖ nsLookup
nslookup is a network administration command-line tool
available in many computer operating systems for querying
the Domain Name System to obtain domain name or IP
address mapping, or other DNS records. The name
"nslookup" means "name server lookup".
32. Mobile Devices Overview (iOS & Android)
Mobile Device Hardware
✖ Processor
✖ Touchscreen
✖ DDR memory
✖ Lithium Ion Polymer
○ Often integrated into the device and nonreplaceable
✖ Micro USB ports
○ Battery charge via micro-USB port
✖ Mobile devices are not generally upgradeable except for software
Mobile Operating Systems
✖ Android versus iOS
✖ Android:
○ Open Source code
○ Google sponsored OS
○ Linux-based
○ Used on smartphones, tablets
✖ iOS:
○ Closed-Source code
○ Apple sponsored
○ Program licensees pay a fee to
create/sell applications
✖ Windows CE or Windows Mobile also
an option
MOBILE OS
GPS and Geotracking
✖ Global Positioning System
○ Worldwide System of Satellites
○ Requires a GPS receiver
✖ Must be enabled on tablet or phone
✖ Geotracking
○ Tracing and recording device location over time
○ Can be disabled by disabling GPS receiver
Mobile Network Connectivity
✖ Global System for Mobile Communications
○ GSM Cellular Connectivity
■ 3G/4G
■ Transmitter/Receiver adapt to slowest device
✖ Wi-Fi Networks
○ Uses WLAN antenna
■ 802.11b/g/n
■ Searches for available networks (SSID)
■ Select appropriate SSID and enter password
■ Troubleshooting involves
● Adjusting range to be closer to wireless transmitter
● Selecting correct SSID
● Matching the encryption method
Add a Wi-Fi Network
✖ Settings  Wireless & Networks.
✖ Wi-Fi Settings.
✖ Scan for networks.
✖ Enter the SSID if required.
✖ Enter the passcode.
BlueTooth
✖ Used for short distances
✖ Useful for adding input/output
devices
○ Keyboard/mouse
○ Microphone
○ Headphone
○ Printer
✖ Troubleshooting involves
○ Checking other device for
BlueTooth-enabled connection
○ Checking charging levels of
batteries
○ Checking range (10 meters)
○ Restarting the device
Email Configuration

✖ Web Based email


✖ POP3, IMAP, Exchange
✖ Troubleshooting email issues
○ Check Internet access.
○ Verify username passwords are typed correctly.
○ Check port numbers to see if default or other port is used.
○ Check security settings for SSL or TLS.
Mobile Synchronization
✖ Synchronizing an Android
Device to a PC
✖ Synchronizing an iPad2 to a PC
✖ Other Devices
MOBILE SCREENS
Mobile phones may use two types of input devices. ...
Whereas in touch screen cellphones, a touch screen is a
cellphone display screen that also acts as an input
device
MOBILE PROCESSORS
Mobile Processors are similar as Laptop or Desktop Processors but
are smaller in size power and capacity. They are specially designed
for Portable Devices such as Mobiles, tablet and Calculators etc.
They don’t have specs like Overclocking and Turbo Boost. They are
Designed for Simple Tasks like Messaging, watching Video or
Playing Games etc.

Most Common Processors of


Mobile Phones are :-
 Huawei Kirin
 Qualcomm Snapdragon
 Apple A series manufactured by. Samsung
 MediaTek Helio
 Samsung Exynos

Their Speed is depends upon the size of transistors. The fastest mobile processor
transistors size is 11nm introduced by Apple A13
Troubleshooting Tips
✖ Turning Off Applications and
Resets
○ Soft Reset
○ Hard Reset
✖ On Android
○ Settings  Application s
Running Services
○ This figure shows running
processes. These can be
individually disabled or turned
off.
✖ Hard reset returns unit to factory
defaults. All settings and data are
lost.
33. Installation of Printers & Scanners
✖ Here is the Video
34. Explanation of 480p, 720p, 1080p & 4k
Video Resolution
• Video Resolution. In
digital video, resolution means the
number of pixels displayed on screen.
Technically speaking there are two types
of resolution: Spatial resolution means
the width and height of the displayed
image, measured in pixels. In other words,
the total number of pixels contained in each
individual frame.
How to Categorise it
35. Introduction to IoT Devices & Technology
What is IoT ?
 Uniquely Identifiable objects or things( Things refer to
anything living or non living things with an unique
identity) communicate or transfer data over a network
without requiring human-to-human or human-to-
computer interaction.
What is the IoT ?
 Many definitions / examples:

Devices / Objects Services

Collect Visualize Remote Smart


Information Data Control
Control
One Example
More examples…
Current Trend
 Aiming 26 billion objects to be connected together by 2020.

 Three-quarters (76%) of IoT decision makers have either


deployed or plan to deploy IoT systems within the next 12
months.

 Healthcare industry leads the field with 72% followed by


transportation& manufacturing at 67% and 66% respectively.
Benefits of IoT
 Tracking behaviour for real-time marketing
 Enhanced situational awareness
 Sensor-driven decision analytics
 Process optimization
 Optimized resource consumption
 Instantaneous control and response in complex
autonomous systems
Challenges in IoT
 Security is vital
 Adoption Rate
 Compatibility
 Power is critical
 Connectivity

13
Main Application areas for the IoT
 Home& Building Automation
 Smart cities
 Smart manufacturing
 Wearables
 Healthcare
 Automotive
 etc
Devices that can Communicate
 Microcontroller/Arduino
 The ‘brain’ controls everything
 Reads input from sensors
 Drives outputs
 LED, Switch, Motor,…
 Communicates!
 Network interfaces
 Power source
How can we build them?
What the future shall bring?
36. Troubleshooting-1 – Cleaning Junk files
✖Let’s Clean Junk Files
37. Troubleshooting-2 – Fixing Display Resol.
✖Let’s Check Resolution
38. Troubleshooting-3 – Beep Sounds
Beep sounds
✖ Beep Sounds are indication of some issues mentioned on table below in this
slide. Take a look in the table.
39. Troubleshooting-4 – Reset Win Password
✖Let’s Break Password
40. Troubleshooting-5 – BIOS info while boot
✖Let’s Boot
Hope Guys You got the point of the Video

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