Carpentry Shop

In carpentry shop students learn to do wood-work like to make wooden furniture, wooden
articles etc.

Various items and tools used in carpentry shop are:-

1) Wood:- It is obtained from trees, trunk of trees is cut and used as wood. The wood is
seasoned before use. Moisture present in wood makes it heavy and soft so to remove
moisture seasoning is done. In process of seasoning moisture is removed from fresh
timber and reduced from (100-200% to 10-20%).

Tools used in carpentry :-

1) Marking tools:-

a) Pencil:-A normal HB pencil is used for marking on wood, while marking pencil is rotated
so as to maintain conical shape of pencil and point of lead.

b) Marking Gauge: - Marking gauge is wooden tool with a nail at one end and a stock that
is used to make line parallel to edge by keeping the stock intact with edge and moving it
in direction of marking.

c) Mortise Gauge: - It is similar to marking gauge except it has two nails one fixed and
other movable to adjust distance between the nails and to make two parallel lines
preparatory to cutting a mortise and tenon.

2) Try Square: - It consists of a stock and a blade fixed at perpendicular to each other used
to check right angle and test finish of planed surface.

3) Ordinary Bevel: - it consists of a handle and a blade used for setting and checking
angles.

4) Trammel: - It consists of sharp edged pins one fixed and other movable over a bar, used
to scribe large circles and taking large measurements.

5) Measuring tools: - steel foot rule or Measuring tape is used to check and measure size.

6) Holding and supporting tools: -

a) Wood worker’s bench:-It is heavy bench made of hard wood used to work on.

b) Bench Vice: - It is fixed on Wood worker’s bench. It consists of a fixed and other
moveable jaw in which job is held tightly with help of handle and spindle arrangement.

7) Planning Tools: -

a) Jack Plane: It consists of a C.I. body , S.S blade , adjusting knob and handle. It is used for
coarse work

b) Fore Plane: - it is used for straightening the smooth irregular surface.

c) Smoothening Plane: - It is a short plane suitably used for smoothening and finishing
work.

8) Sharp-edged cutting tools or chisels

a) Firmer Chisel: - a general purpose Chisel used for finishing flat surface inside grooves

b) Mortise Chisel: - used for making deep cut for stock removal eg. Making mortises

c) Socket Chisel: - used for heavy stock removal and make a deep hole like surface so as to
act like a socket to fit some other part in it.

d) Gauge Chisel: - It is used for curved surface as blades carry curves.

9) Toothed cutting tools or hand saws:-

a) Cross cut saw: - Used for cutting across the grain of woods.

b) Back saw: - Used for fine cutting and fine operations.

c) Key hole saw: - Used for fine cutting along circular curves.

d) Coping saw: - Used for cutting curves in thin wood.

10) Piercing tools: - Tools used for making holes are known as piercing tools. Some
piercing tools are:-

a) Hand drill: - It consists of a body with handle at top and drill chuck at bottom to hold
drill bits. It uses mechanical motion with gear arrangement to make holes.

b) Bits: - Bits are used in braces for making holes in wooden pieces.

Main bits used are nose bits, spoon bits, counter sink bits.
11) Striking Tools: - Striking tools are used for striking chisel and nails to drive them into
wood.

a) Claw hammer: - Its one face is flat and is used for striking and other end is used to
extract nails out of the wood.

b) Mallet: - This is a wooden hammer used to strike tools with wooden handle.

12) A few commonly used tools

a) Screw Driver: - it contains a plastic handle and a blade at other end used to drive or
unscrew the wood.

b) Pincer: - It is used to extract nails out of wood.

Safety Precautions for working in carpentry shop

1) Every tool when not being used should be kept at a proper place
2) Avoid loose clothing
3) While striking or cutting with chisel its cutting face should be kept in direction away
from your body
4) Shop floor should be kept clean and free from any nails
5) Machine should never be operated without permission of shop in-charge.
6) Before starting machine it should be ensured that all guards are properly secured at
their respective place
7) Never stand in line with plane of cutting blade while working on a circular saw.
8) Don’t try to feed faster than capacity of machine
9) Avoid overload on machine
 Fitting Shop
In fitting shop various processes are performed on metals to give them desired shape and
size and fit them with mating part.

Types of metals

1) Ferrous metals:- contains iron as their essential constituent eg. Steel, cast iron
2) Non-Ferrous metals: - does not contain iron as their essential constituent eg. Brass,
bronze, aluminium etc.

Tools

Safety Precautions
The following safety precautions should be taken when using hand tool and equipments.
Precautions are most important for safety from accident.

1) Keep proper discipline in the shop.

2) Do not play with the tools because they are sharp
3) All files should be fitted with suitable handle at the end of file.
4) When using Hacksaw, check its teeth should be sharp and forward position. When using chisel its
direction should be kept away from other working persons.
5) When files are of forward cut, then only apply the force in forward stroke not in backward and vice
versa.
6) When using Hacksaw check its blade which must be fitted in pins properly.
7) When using the micrometer and vernier caliper, must check its error.
8) Clean up oil and grease or other liquid which spills on the flour otherwise they may be a cause of
accident.
9) Always wear the apron and closed shoes, not loose clothes.
10) Do not wear any neck tie, jewellery, rings, watches during in the working in shops.

Fitting tools
The tools used in fitting shop may be classified into following groups.
Measuring: Steel Rule, Inside Caliper, Outside Caliper and Vernier Caliper
Holding: All types of vices
Cutting: Chisel, Hacksaw and Files
Strickling: All types of Hammers
Drilling: Various types of Drills
Threading: Tap and Dies
Marking: Scriber, Divider and Center Punch
Fixing: Spanner, Wrenches, Keys and Screw Driver
Checking: All types of Gauges
Steel Rule
It is a cliff straight steel strip having all faces machined true. One of flat face graduation mark and
in inches and also in centimeters. It is used to set out dimensions.

Try Square
It consists of steel blade fixed at right angle to the edge of cast iron stock. It is used for checking of
right angles, the squareness and surface and also draw line at right angle.

Combination Sets
It is commonly useful tool. It corporate all essential features of triangle, protector, spirit level and
steel rule. It consist of four parts,
Steel Rule
Square Head
Center Head
Protector Head

Square Rule
On steel rule other parts slide. They are locked in the groove in the blade.
Square Head
It can be used by moving the blade as the try square.
Center Head
The center square head may be used to extend a line around a corner, to find the center of round
piece or to find the center at the end of the shaft.
Protector Head
The protector is used for measuring angle and can be clamped in any direction or position.

Scriber
It is made of steel and one end is sharp pointed and other end is similar but bent. This tool is used
for scribing line on work piece.

Center Punch
A punch is primarily a marking tool used in bench work and known as center punch, this tool is
used for making center for turning on lathe machine as well as for centering of holes for drilling.
Divider
It is used chiefly for spacing, scribing, circling and laying out work. Distance may be taken or
transfered from the steel rule to the work piece.

Holding Tools

Bench Vice
The bench vice is very essential tool in every shop but commonly used in fitting shop. It is used for
holding and attaching the work to the bench. It has two jaws, one is fixed and other is movable.
Parts of the Vice
Cast Iron or Steel Body
Square Threaded Screw
Two Jaws
Nut Handle

Hand Vice
It consist of two hand jaws, a screw and a wind nut. A flat spring is fixed between the hand jaws,
which helps in opening up the jaws out by its pressure. It is used for holding the work such as metal
sheet for drilling or fitting.

Pipe Vice
It is used for holding pipes, shafts or round jobs. It consists of two jaws, one of which is fixed and
other is movable. The shape of this jaw is like "V" and it grips the work at four points.
Pin Vice
It is used for holding small diameter work or object, such as wires, pins etc. It consist of a fine self
centering chuck.

Cutting Tools
The cutting tools used in fitting shop are:
File
Hacksaw
Cold Chisel
File
The file is a harden piece of high grade steel or high carbon steel with slating saws. It is used for
cut smooth or fit metal parts. It is used to cut the metal expected harden steel and it is used in
forward stroke.

Types of Files

Flat File
It has double cut on both sides and single on both edges. It is mostly used for general work and
filing flat surfaces. A large amount of metal can be removed with this file, and they don't produce
smooth surfaces.

Square File
It is double cut file on all sides, and used for enlarging square holes and filing of slats and key
ways.
Triangular File
Its section is triangular and faces are double cut and edges are single cut. Its each side on 60
degrees. It is used for filing internal angles, shoulders or corners and for sharpening wood working
saws.

Round File
Round file is also usually double cut. It is used for enlarging holes, slots, concave and for enlarging
the holes.