Networks 2 PDF

Network Transmission Media
Wired Media Wireless Media

• Twisted pair STP/UTP cables • Infra red
• Coaxial cables • Microwave
• Fiber optics cables • Bluetooth
Wired media commonly used in LANs, some networks will use one type
others will use a variety of cables
Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)
• Low cost and easy to install and has multiple categories with wide
range of bitrate
• Bit rate ranges 1,4,10,16,100 Mbps, 10Gbps
• UTP is classified in the amount of twisting as the twisting increases
the amount of interference decreases
Cat 3
Cat 5
Shielded twisted pair (STP)
• Moderate cost relative to UTP
• Easy to install
• Has a higher bit rate of the same
cat of UTP
• Attenuate over hundred of
meters
• Has braided shield surrounding
the outer layer to protect from
the noise
Connection types: Straight (patch chord)
• 1 & 2 are used in transmit
• 3 & 6 are used in receive
• This type of connection is used
in connecting end device with
switch or hub (different type of
devices)
Connection types: Cross-over
• This type of connection is used
in connecting two devices of
same type together (PC to PC) or
(Switch to Switch)
Connection types: Rolled-over
• Used to connect to serial port in
a networking device console
port
Coaxial
• Moderate cost
• Easy to install
• 100Mbps bit rate
• Attenuate over few hundreds of
meters
Fiber-optic
• Highest cost
• Hard to install
• Tens of Gbps bitrate
• Attenuate over tens of
kilometers
Wireless
• Used when cable is hard to install
• Hybrid environment where wireless components communicate with

network using cables (Home ADSL with PC & Phones)
Internet in Egypt
• Internet service started in 1993 with 9.6Kbps from egyptain
universities and France
• In 1994 Egyptian domain was divided into three major subdomains
providing 64Kbps of internet access to France
• Sci.eg
• Com.eg
• Gov.eg
OSI model (Open Systems Interconnection)
• Protocols are software rules needed between devices to
communicate over network
• Protocols control the message origination, end & quantity over the
network
• The OSI describes how data and network information are
communicated from an application through the media to another
application
• The OSI is defined by the ISO so it’s a standard model and is broken
into layers
OSI Model
OSI Layers
• Application Layer
• Interface to end users such as
• HTTP/HTTPS (Browsing)
• FTP (File transfer)
• SMTP, IMAP, POP3 (Email)
• Presentation Layer
• Transform data to support standardized application interface
• Coding or translation (JPEG, MPEG,ASCII)
• Encryption & compression
OSI Layers
• Session
• Establishes and terminates connections between application
• Synchronize checkpoints into streams of data
• Transport (TCP/UDP)
• Organize data into segments
• Provide reliable transport between end systems
• End to end Error recovery and flow control
• Network (IP) (Routers act in this layer)
• Organize data into datagram (packets)
• Routing & addressing
OSI Layers
• Data Link (Switches and hubs act in this layer)
• Reliable data transfer over physical link (Error control)
• Organize data into frames to be sent over physical medium
• Access control
• Physical
• Transmission of unstructured bit stream over physical link
• Deals with mechanical and electrical specifications of the media
• Convert bits into electrical signals that can be transmitted
Packets
• Fixed information sent across the network
• Packets consist of
• Header : OSI layer information
• Data : The actual data sent
• Trailer : CRC
• CRC : Cyclic redundancy check used for error detection
• Each layer puts its own header to be read by the receiving party’s
same layer
TCP/IP (Transmission control
protocol/internet protocol)
• TCP/IP is open standard not for one vendor
• Uses IPv4 now and next version uses IPv6
• Default protocol for all modern operating systems
• TCP/IP Protocol Suite

• Developed by the US Department of defense
• Used before the OSI model
• Used by the internet
TCP/IP pros and cons
Advantages Disadvantages
• Broad connectivity among all • Difficulty of setup

types of computers and servers
• Slower than other protocols like

• Direct access to the Internet IPX/SPX & NetBEUI
TCP/IP protocol 5 Layers while OSI is 7 Layers
Devices used in networking: NIC
• Network interface card
• Interface between PC and the network
• Resides in the motherboard most of us uses the integrated NIC
• Network adapter
• Communicate with the PC through the device driver
• Contain transceiver
Devices used in networking: Repeater / Hubs
• Repeater
• Used to amplify the electronic signals that travels in cables
• Can connect computers far from each other
• Operate in the physical layer of the OSI
• Hubs
• Operate in the physical layer of the OSI
• One collision domain
• Broadcasts incoming signal to everyone
• One host can transmit at a given time
• 10Mbps LAN
Devices used in networking: Switches
• Switches that connects PCs in star networks
• Faster than hubs and bridges, simple to install, higher speed and
bandwidth
• Each device has dedicated capacity of the LAN
• Each port is separate collision domain
• Can operate on different layers of the OSI
• Layer 1 : Switching hub
• Layer 2 : LAN switch, forwards based on MAC address
• Layer 3 : Routing switch, Forward based on IP addres, used in VLAN routing
and doesn’t have WAN connectivity
Devices used in networking: Routers
• Routers used to redirect packets between networks using routing
tables
• Operates in network layer of the OSI using IP address
• Routers are protocol dependent
• Routers capacity measured by PPS
Devices used in networking: Modems, Patch
panels
• Modems
• enable two PCs to communicate over telephone wires
• Translate digital into analog data
• Receives information from your ISP through phone line in your home and
convert it into digital signal
• Patch panels
• Group of sockets mounted on a rack
• Punch tool is used to punch down the wires to make connection

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Network Transmission Media

Wired Media Wireless Media

• Used when cable is hard to install

• Hybrid environment where wireless components communicate with

• TCP/IP Protocol Suite

• Broad connectivity among all • Difficulty of setup

• Slower than other protocols like

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