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    CH 2

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    JOEREN JARIN
    The document provides an overview of communications networks including telephony networks, the OSI reference model, the Internet, ATM networks, networking components, and network topologies. Key topics covered include how VoIP networks carry voice traffic more efficiently than PSTN, the seven layers of the OSI model and their functions, how the Internet was originally developed, how ATM networks establish dedicated circuits, common networking cabling and wireless standards, and descriptions of bus, star, ring, mesh and other network topologies.

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    CH 2

    Uploaded by

    JOEREN JARIN
    8 views34 pages
    The document provides an overview of communications networks including telephony networks, the OSI reference model, the Internet, ATM networks, networking components, and network topologies. Key topics covered include how VoIP networks carry voice traffic more efficiently than PSTN, the seven layers of the OSI model and their functions, how the Internet was originally developed, how ATM networks establish dedicated circuits, common networking cabling and wireless standards, and descriptions of bus, star, ring, mesh and other network topologies.

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    The document provides an overview of communications networks including telephony networks, the OSI reference model, the Internet, ATM networks, networking components, and network topologies. Key topics covered include how VoIP networks carry voice traffic more efficiently than PSTN, the seven layers of the OSI model and their functions, how the Internet was originally developed, how ATM networks establish dedicated circuits, common networking cabling and wireless standards, and descriptions of bus, star, ring, mesh and other network topologies.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    8 views34 pages

    CH 2

    Uploaded by

    JOEREN JARIN
    The document provides an overview of communications networks including telephony networks, the OSI reference model, the Internet, ATM networks, networking components, and network topologies. Key topics covered include how VoIP networks carry voice traffic more efficiently than PSTN, the seven layers of the OSI model and their functions, how the Internet was originally developed, how ATM networks establish dedicated circuits, common networking cabling and wireless standards, and descriptions of bus, star, ring, mesh and other network topologies.

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    of 34

    Chapter 2

    Communications Networks
    Introduction

    • Look at:
    – Telephony Networks (2.2)
    – OSI Reference Model(2.3)
    – The Internet (2.4)
    – Asynchronous Transfer Mode Networks
    (2.5)
    – Networking Components (2.6)
    – Network Topologies(2.7)
    Introduction
    • A network is a group of computers that
    can communicate with each other so
    they can share information
    • When computers can communicate with
    each other they can share resources
    • When a server provides a resource for
    a client to access, this is referred to as
    a shared resource
    Telephony Networks

    • IP telephony networks make better use


    of available bandwidth
    • VoIP network carries voice traffic
    cheaper than a switched circuit
    telephone network
    Telephony Networks

    • In a PSTN, a dedicated end-to-end


    circuit is allocated for each call
    • In a VoIP network, data is much more
    compressed and carried in packets
    The OSI Model

    • An architecture that allows the devices


    of different manufacturers to work
    together to communicate with different
    operating systems
    • This architecture determines how
    hardware, software, topologies and
    protocols exist on the network and how
    they operate
    The OSI Model

    • Physical layer: Layer 1 of the OSI


    reference model
    - Defines mechanical, functional, procedural
    and electrical aspects of networking
    - Includes connectors, circuits, voltage levels
    and grounding
    The OSI Model

    • Data Link layer: Layer 2 of the OSI


    reference model
    – This layer packages raw bits from the
    Physical layer into logical, structured data
    packets
    The OSI Model

    • Network layer: Layer 3 of the OSI


    reference model
    – Provides connectivity and path selection
    between two systems
    – Layer at which routing occurs
    The OSI Model

    • Transport layer: Layer 4 of the OSI


    reference model
    – Helps provide a virtual error-free, point to
    point connection so that communication
    between two hosts will arrive un-corrupted
    and in the correct order
    The OSI Model

    • Session layer: Layer 5 of the OSI


    reference model
    – Allows two applications on different
    computers to establish dialog control
    – Regulates which side transmits
    – Determines the time and length of the
    transmission
    The OSI Model

    • Presentation layer: Layer 6 of the OSI


    reference model
    – Translates data from the Application layer
    into an intermediary format
    – Provides services such as data encryption,
    and compresses data
    The OSI Model

    • Application layer: Layer 7 of the OSI


    reference model
    – Provides services to application processes
    to ensure that effective communication with
    other application programs is possible
    The Internet

    • The Internet was originally called


    ARPANET
    – Developed by the Department of Defense
    to provide a way to connect networks
    • Internet is a network of interconnected,
    yet independent networks
    • The language of the Internet is TCP/IP
    Asynchronous Transfer Mode
    (ATM) Networks
    • ATM uses connection-oriented switches
    to permit senders and receivers to
    communicate by establishing a
    dedicated circuit
    – Data travels in fixed 53-byte cells
    – Five bytes are used for header information
    and 48 bytes are used for data
    – Data transfer rate can reach up to 9,953
    Mbps
    Networking Components

    • Baseband uses a digital transmission


    pulse at a single fixed frequency
    – Entire bandwidth of the cable is used to
    transmit one data signal
    – Limits any cable strand to either half
    duplex or full duplex
    Networking Components

    • Broadband uses analog transmission


    over a continuous range of values
    – Travels one way only in optical waves
    – Necessary to have two channels, one for
    receiving and one for sending data
    – More than one transmission can operate
    on a single cable
    Networking Components

    • Media: Cables and Wireless


    – Coaxial cable was the first type of cable
    used to network computers
    – Coaxial cables are made of a thick copper
    core with an outer metallic shield used to
    reduce external interference
    – Twisted pair cable comes in seven different
    categories.
    Networking Components

    • Media: Cables and Wireless


    – Twisted-pair cabling is either unshielded
    (UTP) or shielded (STP)
    – Fiber was designed for transmissions at
    higher speeds over longer distances
    – Fiber uses light pulses for signal
    transmission, making it immune to RFI,
    EMI, and eavesdropping
    Networking Components
    • Media: Cables and Wireless
    – Wireless network refers to technology that
    allows two or more computers to
    communicate using standard network
    protocols, but without network cabling
    – Wireless networking hardware requires the
    use of technology that deals with data
    transmission over radio frequencies
    Networking Components

    • Media: Cables and Wireless


    – Most widely used wireless standard is the
    IEEE 802.11 standard
    – The IEEE standards for wireless are
    802.11a and 802.11b
    Networking Components

    • A hub is a multiport repeater that


    retransmits a signal on all ports
    – Operates at Layer 1 of the OSI model
    – Can connect segments or a network
    – Cannot segment a network
    Networking Components

    • A bridge can connect two different types


    of topologies
    – Does not understand anything above the
    Data Link layer
    – Moves data more rapidly
    – Takes longer to transmit because it
    analyzes each packet
    Networking Components

    • Switches operate at the Data Link layer


    of the OSI model
    – Packet forwarding decisions are based on
    MAC addresses
    – Determines from a physical address (MAC
    address) which device a packet is intended
    for and switches it out toward that device
    Networking Components

    • Routers operate at the Network layer of


    the OSI model
    – Forwards information to its destination on
    the network or the Internet
    – Routers maintain tables that are checked
    each time a packet needs to be redirected
    from one interface to another
    Networking Topologies
    • All devices on the network compete for
    access on a single shared piece of media
    • Only one device can transmit or talk on the
    media at a time while all others must listen
    • When more than one device simultaneously
    tries to talk, there is competition for access to
    the media resulting in a collision of
    information
    Networking Topologies

    • Bus topology:
    – Consists of computers connected by a
    single cable called a backbone
    – All the computers share in its capacity
    – Simplest method for connecting computers
    – 10Base2 or10Base5 cable is used
    – The more devices, the slower the network
    Networking Topologies
    • Ring topology:
    – Consists of each computer, connects
    directly to the next one in line, forming a
    circle
    – Data travels in a clockwise direction and
    each machine accepts the information
    intended for it
    – Passes on the information that is for other
    machines
    Networking Topologies

    • Ring topology:
    – Uses a token, which is actually a small
    packet, to send information
    – Every computer in the ring is responsible
    for either passing the token or creating a
    new one  
    Networking Topologies

    • Peer-to-peer network:
    – All machines are equal
    – Each can act as a server and a client
    – There is no central control over shared
    resources
    – Individual users decide what to share and
    with whom
    – Less secure than a server based network
    Networking Topologies
    • Star topology:
    – Computers are connected to a centralized
    hub by a cable segment
    – Require more cabling than ring or bus
    topologies
    – One computer connection goes down, it
    does not affect the rest of the network
    – Much easier to move computers around or
    connect them to other networks
    Networking Topologies

    • Mesh topology:
    – All devices are connected to each other
    more than once to create fault tolerance
    – A single device or cable failure will not
    affect the performance
    – More expensive
    – Requires more hardware and cabling
    Networking Topologies

    • Star bus topology:


    – Computers are connected to hubs in a star
    formation and then the hubs are connected
    via bus topology
    – More expensive to implement
    – Longer distances can be covered
    – Networks can more easily be isolated
    Networking Topologies

    • Star ring topology:


    – Data is sent in a circular motion around the
    star
    – Eliminates the single point of failure that
    happens in a ring topology
    – Uses token passing data transmission with
    the physical layout of a star

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