Assignment 3 Automobile

ASSIGNMENT-3
NAME – PAWAN SHARMA

ENROLLMENT NO. – 8816106008
SUBJECT - AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED TO - MR.ARNAV PRAKASH
Que1:-what is the need of suspension in automobile, discuss sprung weight and
unsprang weight ?
Ans:- Suspension is very often incorrectly considered as the shock absorber only.
It actually comprises of tires and wheels, tire air pressure, springs, shock
absorbers and linkages that connect the vehicle chassis to its wheels.
Suspensions are required for

1. Keeping the wheel in contact with the road surface as much as possible.
2. Absorbing and isolating the cabin from vertical ground forces which emanate
from uneven road surface.
3. Absorb energy during hard braking.
4. Changing drive characteristics of the vehicle (soft suspension / hard
suspension).
1. Sprung weight:-
Sprung mass (or sprung weight), in a vehicle with a suspension, such as
an automobile, motorcycle, or a tank, is the portion of the vehicle's
total mass that is supported by the suspension, including in most applications
approximately half of the weight of the suspension itself. The sprung mass
typically includes the body, frame, the internal components, passengers,
and cargo.
2. Unsprung weight:-
In a ground vehicle with a suspension, the unsprung mass (or the unsprung
weight) is the mass of the suspension, wheels or tracks (as applicable), and other
components directly connected to them, rather than supported by the suspension
(the mass of the body and other components supported by the suspension is
the sprung mass). Unsprung mass includes the mass of components such as the
wheel axles, wheel bearings, wheel hubs, tires and a portion of the weight
of driveshafts, springs, shock absorbers, and suspension links. If the
vehicle's brakes are mounted outboard (i.e., within the wheel), their mass
(weight) is also considered part of the unsprung mass.
Que2:-Explain construction and working of differential drive?
Ans:-
Construction of differential :-
The standard differential mainly consists of 3 parts –
1. The pinion gear
2. The ring gear &
3. The spider gear
The pinion gear transfers the power from engine to the ring gear.The
spider gear lies at the inner edge of the ring gear.The spider gear is free
to rotate on 2 axes-
1. along with the rotation of ring gear &
2. on its own axis(spin)

Also the spider gear is connected to two more side gears.
Working of Differential:-
So, first the power is transferred from engine’s drive shaft to pinion
gear, since the pinion gear & ring gear are meshed, power flows to ring
gear.As the spider gear is connected with the ring gear, power flows to
it. Finally from the spider gear, power gets transferred to both the side
gears.
–When the vehicle moves straight, the spider gear doesn’t spin & will
make BOTH the side gears rotate at same speed.
–When the vehicle moves on a curve road, the spider gear itself spins &
either of the side gears move slower or faster than other one.Which will
be faster & which will be slower is decided by the turn.
Que3:-What is the function of propeller shaft in power train , discuss

advantages of two piece propeller shaft ?
Ans3:- FUNCTIONS OF THE PROPELLER SHAFT

In most of the automotive vehicles, the engine is located at the front and the rear
wheels of the vehicle are being driven. This arrangement stipulates a longer
propeller shaft to be used. In some arrangements two or three propeller shafts
are used to make up the length.
In some vehicles, the engine is kept at the front and the front wheels of the
vehicle are being driven. In some other vehicles, the engine is at the rear and the
rear wheels are being driven. For such arrangements a short propeller shaft is
used to drive each wheel.
The engine and the transmission unit are attached to the vehicle frame with some
flexible mounting. The rear axle housing with differential and wheels are attached
to the vehicle frame by suspension springs.
Due to the above arrangement, the transmission output shaft and the input shaft
to the rear axle housing are in different planes. This compels the propeller shaft
that connects these two shafts to be kept inclined.
Further, whenever the rear wheels encounter irregularities in the road, the rear
axle housing moves up and down, compressing and expanding the suspension
springs. As this happens, the angle between the transmission output shaft and the
propeller shaft changes.
Further, the length to be occupied by the propeller shaft also changesThe
variation in the length of the propeller shaft happens because the propeller shaft
and the rear axle housing rotate on arcs with different points as their centres of
rotation.
The rear axle housing moves in the shorter arc than that of the propeller shaft.
This is because the centre of the rear axle housing arc is the point of attachment
of the rear spring or control arm to the vehicle frame. This aspect causes a
reduction in the length occupied by the propeller shaft as the angle between the
transmission and the propeller shaft increases.
Advantages of two piece propeller shaft-
1. The 2 piece drive shaft (DS) is meant to prevent the drive shaft from pulling out
under extreme axle movement.
2. The front of the DS slips into the transmission.
3. The rear of the DS bolts to the rear axle.
4. A 2 piece DS fixes the shaft at a central point, preventing the "slip sleeve" from
coming out as the rear axle moves around.
5. Also, a 2 piece DS will absorb some of the vibrations when a DS is out of

alignment (due to dirt or getting bent).
6. A two piece shaft is used to prevent the shaft from bending at high RPM. This
is know as the whipping effect. As the shaft will not bend, therefore the
transmission tunnel or floor above the shaft can be lower allowing more room for
passengers or goods
Que4:- what is universal joint and where it is used , describe constant velocity and
variable velocity universal joint?
Ans4:- A universal joint is a mechanical device that allows one or more rotating
shafts to be linked together, allowing the transmission of torque and/or rotary
motion. It also allows for transmission of power between two points that are not
in line with each other.
Universal joints come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes and configurations to
accommodate the infinite amount of applications they can go into. You should
always consult a professional before selecting a universal joint.
Constant velocity joint:- constant velocity joints are also known with name of
homokinetic or CV joints and allow a drive shaft to transmit power through a
variable angle. The transmission also happens at constant rotational speed and
without any appreciable decrease in play of friction.
Constant velocity joints are mainly used in vehicles with front wheel drive, but
also in several modern rear wheel drive cars with independent rear suspension. In
this last case, constant velocity joints are used at the ends of the rear axle
halfshafts or on the drive shafts.
Variable velocity joint:- It consists of two Y-shaped yokes and a cross piece
(spider). One yoke is connected to driving shaft and other is connected to driven
shaft. The cross-piece has four-arms which are known as trunnions and are
attached to the ends of yokes. Four needle bearings are provided – one for each
arm of cross-piece. These bearings allow the yoke to swing around the trunnion
when driving and driven shaft remove together at an angle.
Que5:-What are the requirement of good steering system , discuss various

steering mechanism?
Ans5:- Requirements of steering:
 Steering system is primarily used to achieve the angular motion of the front
wheels of a vehicle to negotiate a turn. This is done through linkage and
steering gear which convert the rotary motion of the steering wheel into
angular motion of the front wheels.
 The requirements of a good steering system are:
o The steering mechanism should be very accurate and easy to handle.
o The effort required to steer should be minimal and must not be
tiresome to the driver.
o The steering mechanism should also provide directional stability. This
implies that the vehicle should have a tendency to return to its
straight ahead position after turning.
Types of steering system
1.Recirculating ball type steering system:

 Figure shows the recirculating ball system.
 In this system, a nut is meshed onto the worm gear by means of a
continuous row of ball bearings.
 As the worm turns, the nut moves up and down the worm threads.
 The ball bearings not only reduce the friction between the worm and nut,
but they greatly reduce the wear because the balls continually recirculate
through the system, thereby preventing any one area from bearing the
brunt of the wear.
 The primary advantage of all worm-type steering systems is reduced
steering effort on the part of the driver. However, due to the worm gear,
the driver receives no feedback from the wheels.
 For these reasons, worm-type steering systems are found primarily on large
vehicles such as luxury cars, sport utility vehicles, pickup trucks, and
commercial vehicles.
Rack and Pinion Steering system:

 The rack and pinion steering system is simpler, lighter, and generally
cheaper than worm-type systems.
 The steering column rotates a pinion gear that is meshed to a rack.
 The rack converts the rotary motion directly to side-to-side motion and is
connected to the tie rods.
 The tie rods cause the wheels to pivot about the kingpins, thus turning the
front wheels.
 Rack and pinion systems have the advantage of providing feedback to the
driver.
 Furthermore, rack and pinion systems tend to be more responsive to driver
input, and for this reason, rack and pinion steering is found on most small
and sports cars.
Que6:-Differentiate between dependent and independent steering system ,

discuss Macpherson strut suspension and wishbone type suspension?
Ans:-
1)INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION SYSTEM
This system means that the suspension is set-up in such a way that allows the wheel
on the left and right side of the vehicle to move vertically independent up and down
while driving on uneven surface. A force acting on the single wheel does not affect
the other as there is no mechanical linkage present between the two hubs of the
same vehicle. In most of the vehicle it is employed in front wheels.
This types of suspension usually offers better ride quality and handling due to less
unsprung weight. The main advantage of independent suspension are that they
require less space, they provide easier steer ability, low weight etc.
2)DEPENDENT SUSPENSION SYSTEM
IN Dependent Suspension there is a rigid linkage between the two wheels of the
same axle. A force acting on one wheel will effect the opposite wheel. For each
motion of the wheel caused by road irregularities affects the coupled wheel as well.
It is mostly employed in heavy vehicles. It can bear shocks with a great capacity
than independent suspension.
Double Wishbones
It is a independent suspension system design using two wishbone-shaped arms(called A-ARM in USA and
WISHBONE in UNITED KINGDOM)to locate the wheel. Each wishbone or arm has two mounting points to
the chassis and one joint at the knuckle. The angle movements of the compressing and rebounding wheels
can be managed by using arms of unequal length.
The main advantage of the double wishbone suspensions are that they allow easy adjustments of camber,
toe and other properties. This type of suspension also provide increasing negative camber gain all the way
to full jounce travel. On the other hand, it take more space and is slightly more complex than the other
system like Macpherson strut. It also offers less design choice.
MacPherson Strut
This type of independent suspension got its name from Earle S. McPherson who developed this design.
The MacPherson strut is a further development of the double wishbone suspension. The main advantage
of the the MacPherson is that all the parts providing the suspension and the wheel control can be
combined into the one assembly.
It makes it easy to fit in transverse engine. This design is very popular due to its simplicity and low
manufacturing cost. The disadvantage is that it is more difficult to insulate against road noise. for this an
upper strut mount is necessary, which should be decoupled as possible. It also require greater clearance
height.

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ASSIGNMENT-3

NAME – PAWAN SHARMA

Suspensions are required for

1. along with the rotation of ring gear &

2. on its own axis(spin)

Que3:-What is the function of propeller shaft in power train , discuss

Ans3:- FUNCTIONS OF THE PROPELLER SHAFT

3. The rear of the DS bolts to the rear axle.

5. Also, a 2 piece DS will absorb some of the vibrations when a DS is out of

Que5:-What are the requirement of good steering system , discuss various

Ans5:- Requirements of steering:

Types of steering system

1.Recirculating ball type steering system:

Rack and Pinion Steering system:

Que6:-Differentiate between dependent and independent steering system ,

2)DEPENDENT SUSPENSION SYSTEM

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