John Cage: Three Dances For Two Prepared Pianos: No. 1 (For Component 3: Appraising)
John Cage: Three Dances For Two Prepared Pianos: No. 1 (For Component 3: Appraising)
John Cage: Three Dances For Two Prepared Pianos: No. 1 (For Component 3: Appraising)
Background
John Cage was one of the leading American experimental composers of the twentieth century. Many
composers of the first half of the century were exploring new ways of organising musical material after
what they saw as the death of traditional tonality and harmony. Whereas Schoenberg and his followers
went in the direction of serial technique based on a 12‐note chromatic row of notes, Cage sought to
base his structures on new rhythmic directions. Cage also explored new sound worlds in terms of the
possible timbres of the piano and other instruments.
Like Debussy before him, Cage was influenced by the sounds of oriental music. There is a clear relation
to the sound world of the Javanese/Balinese gamelan, where all the main instruments are percussive.
Indian rhythmic structures, particularly the tala were also an important influence.
A number of Cage’s pieces were specifically written for ballet performances in New York. This work was
composed in 1944 and premiered in early 1945. It was written for a dance piece called ‘Dromenon’ by
the chorographer Merce Cunningham. The dance had an African emphasis. A piano was available but
Cage felt a standard piano wouldn’t be suitable to produce the ethnic quality required.
Timbre
Cage began composing for the prepared piano in 1938. His first pieces resulted from the need for a
percussion ensemble where there wasn’t room, and only a piano available. Cage experimented with
inserting various everyday items between the strings of the notes. Most notes on a piano have three
strings each. Only the bass strings have either two or one, so it’s easy to wedge items between the
strings to affect the sound quality.
In most cases the ‘preparing’ results in either changing the timbre but retaining some sense of pitch, or
making the sound entirely percussive, removing all sense of pitch.
Cage specified items such as screws, rubbers, coins, bolts, pieces of plastic and a ‘weather strip’ (plastic
items that help seal doors and windows from drafts). He decided on these items having first
experimented with using implements such as plates on top of the strings. These moved around and
didn’t provide the fixed sound he wanted.
He also specified which of the three strings would be affected and how near the bridge or dampers the
items would be placed. Using the una corda (‘soft’) pedal, he could also change the sound because the
hammer could strike just one of the strings affected by the preparation. On a grand piano, when the soft
pedal is pressed, all the hammers move to the left, so that only one of the three strings is hit. Without
the soft pedal, depending on the preparation, one of the three strings could be unaffected by the
implement.
Each piano has its own separate set of preparations. The pianos are amplified in performance, using
microphones.
Structure
This dance is the first of a set of three that form the ballet. The second dance is slower and more
thoughtful in character. The last one is fast and frenetic.
The structure is based on tempo and rhythm. The tempo is 88 crotchets to the minute. This determines
the lengths of the sections. Each main section lasts for exactly 30 bars. There are eight sections, with the
last being repeated, making nine sections of 30 bars in total.
The end of each section is shown by a double bar line. The sections are broken up into smaller units of
bars. Each of these units is shown by a figure in a box above the score. The number of bars in each
section is 2–5–2; 2–6–2; 2–7–2. So each time the groups of three units are repeated, the central group is
extended by one bar – from 5 to 6 to 7.
Each section has exactly the same groupings. So the second section, beginning at figure 10 again starts
with groups of 2, 5 and 2 bars. Each small group has its own type of rhythm. So the first piano in the very
first two‐bar grouping has continuous quavers in groups of three in the right hand. This changes to a
more varied rhythmic scheme at figure 2. Some rhythmic aspects are nevertheless continued from one
small group to the next, like the first piano left‐hand quavers in threes lasting for the first 11 bars.
This kind of structure idea is related to the Indian tala idea, though the Indian version groups beats
rather than bars. The Joomra Tal for instance has beats grouped in 3+4+3+4 beats.
The contents of each section are always different – apart from the ninth section, which is a repeat of the
eighth. Even so, some ideas return from time to time. At figure 13 for instance, the second piano briefly
has the same music it had at the beginning. The note G above the stave as a crotchet is an important
recurring note, e.g. figures 2, 5, 14, etc.
Note values consist almost entirely of just crotchets and quavers. Longer notes or rests are often used
to mark the end of a section or group, e.g. before figures 5 and 10.
There are occasional ornamental groups of notes, such as the septuplets at figure 20. Cage normally
shows these as just ornaments without rhythmic value, e.g. figure 20, but at figure 22 he shows it as
having an extra beat in the bar – giving it a time signature of 5/4 (quintuple time). It’s not completely
clear whether Cage really expects the extra beat.
The often continuous quaver movement as at the end and elsewhere gives the feeling of moto perpetuo
(continuous motion). There is certainly a sense of continuous musical drive.
Sometimes phrases are repeated at different positions in the bar, giving a metrical shift effect. So the
phrase beginning with the pair of G crotchets at figure 14, shifts from the first beat of the bar, to the
second and then fourth before returning to the first beat.
Texture
There are occasional ‘chords’ in the sense of having a group of different sounds sounding together, as at
figure 17, though the ‘chords’ do not of course have any harmonic function.
Much of the music has a four‐part texture, as at figure 5. Cage varies the texture constantly. Some
examples are:
Monophonic texture third bar of figure 5 (first piano only).
Two‐part texture at figure 6.
Three‐part texture at figure 7.
Occasional silences, e.g. just before the final sections at figure 64 and 73. These give extra
power to the music immediately following.
Melody
Cage was attempting to move away from traditional Western concepts of melody and harmony. The
piano preparations mean that any sense of either of these elements is almost entirely missing.
Ostinato is the most important melodic feature. Short repeated figures are important as in the three‐
note figure in the right hand of the first piano at the beginning. Sometimes there is more of a sense of
pitch. In the last section (figure 64/73), the first five notes of the right hand sound clearly as a melodic
ostinato figure, repeated after every two bars, while all the other notes are quieter and percussive. The
ostinato continues for 16 bars before a new quaver ostinato figure begins at figure 69/78. This time the
figure lasts for one and a half bars, so, when it is repeated for the first time it starts in the middle of the
bar, instead of at the beginning. This new idea continues until the end of the section.
Sometimes Cage uses a system of note addition and note subtraction. At figure 55 we have a seven‐
note motif in the first piano right hand. An extra upbeat is added at figure 56 to make the motif eight
notes long. The position of the motif is also shifted later by one beat. In the third bar of figure 56 we are
left with just the last five notes of the motif. These are repeated and then followed by just four of the
notes.
The range used is not extensive for either piano. Some relatively high notes are used but the lower
ranges are not explored.
Dynamics
Dynamics are important in the piece, though the preparations often mean that the sounds are much
quieter than they would normally be. There is a forzando accent at the beginning, and numerous accent
marks. There are a number of crescendos, e.g. figure 9. Cage uses dynamic surprise, as at figure 38
where we suddenly have ff fortissimo markings after a piano passage. A more powerful effect is
achieved by using pianissimo followed by rests then a sudden fortissimo, as just before the final sections
at 64/73.