____________________________________________________________________________________________________

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA
RESERVOIR AND GAS LAB
(CGE 617)

EXPERIMENT : GAS FLOWMETER

DATE PERFORMED : 18 MAY 2020
SEMESTER :6
PROGRAMME/CODE : RESERVOIR AND GAS LAB (CGE 617)
GROUP : EH2436B

NAME STUDENT ID
SITI NURINA ADLINA BINTI ROSLAN 2017466054

ALLOCATED MARKS
NO. TITLE MARKS
%
1 Abstract / Summary 5
2 Introduction 5
3 Aims / Objectives 5
4 Theory 5
5 Apparatus 5
6 Procedures 10
7 Result 10
8 Calculations 10
9 Discussion 20
10 Conclusions 10
11 Recommendations 5
12 References 5
13 Appendices 5
TOTAL 100

Remarks :
Checked by :
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENT PAGES

ABSTRACT 3

INTRODUCTION 4

OBJECTIVES 5

THEORY 6

APPARATUS / MATERIALS 7

PROCEDURE 8-9

RESULT 10-11

CALCULATIONS 12-21

DISCUSSION 22

CONCLUSION 23

RECOMMENDATIONS 24

REFERENCES 25

APPENDICES 26-27

2
ABSTRACTS

The gas flowmeter experiment is done with the objective of obtaining and comparing
the flow rate measurement with the utilization of mass flow rate and rotameter. Besides, the
experiment is also being conducted to determine the operation and characteristics of rotameter.
The rotameter being used in this experiment is venturi meter and orifice meter. The
flowrate in the 2nd and 3rd part of the experiment is determined at pressure 1 bar and 3 bar of
compressed gas. For the 1st part of the experiment, all valves except V1, V2, and V13 is closed
to determine the operation and characteristics of mass flow meter and rotameter. While for the
2nd and 3rd part of the experiment, all valves are closed except V4, V5, V9 and V10 for venturi
meter and V7, V8, V11, V12 for orifice meter.

3
INTRODUCTION

The operating flow measurement abilities for both venturi meter and orifice meter is
conducted in the experiment in order to compare the discharged coefficient, cd. The flow
measurement is an important aspect that need to be controlled in every industry, thus the
movement of fluid in certain pipes are able to be calculated. The flowmeter is one of the
instruments being used to calculate the fluid movement in the pipes, the fluid can either be
liquid or gas, liner or non-linear, mass or volumetric.

In this gas flowmeter experiment, various types of measuring apparatus can be

compared, for example, venturi meter, orifice meter and rotameter. The obtained result can be
further proceeded with the hydraulic bench calculation. Moreover, the instrument in this
experiment operates more likely by the same concept, whereas when the flow area of pipe
decrease, the flow rate of fluid inside the pipeline will increase simultaneously with decrease
in pressure. Bernoulli equation can be used to provide better understanding of the flowmeter
working principle. Next, to obtain the differential pressure flow meter, the formula shown
below is used;

4
OBJECTIVES

1. To obtain the flow rate measurement by utilizing mass flow meter and rotameter (venturi
meter and orifice meter) at different pressure.

2. To compare flow rate measurement by utilizing mass flow rate and rotameter.

3. To determine the differential pressure of venturi meter and orifice meter.

5
THEORY

The gas flowmeter experiment utilized the compressed gas to be used in obtaining and
comparing the characteristics of the orifice meter and the venturi meter. The compressed gas
can be in three state of condition;

(1) It is a confined gas or mixture of gases having an absolute pressure of at least 40 psi at
70oF (21oC).

(2) It is a confined gas or mixture of gases having an absolute pressure of at least 104 psi at
130oF (54oC).

(3) It is a liquid having a vapor pressure of at least 40 psi at 100oF (38oC).

In determining the operational condition and characteristics of the mass flowmeter and
rotameter, the theoretical and experimental value is compared. The value of the volume of mass
flowmeter and rotameter, the gas combination law is applied. The product of the pressure and
volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature in the
combined gas law. Below are the equation used by taking the usage of same substance with
two different conditions;

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

Besides, in the real industrial condition the loss of pressure due to friction on the wall
of the venturi meter tube occur, therefore the pressure is measured using a pressure tapping and
so static-hole error need to be consider as it can be a limitation for certain processes. Thus,
there is a need to multiplied the flowrate by the discharged coefficient, Cd which is the ratio
between the actual flowrate and the theoretical flowrate. The equation below shows the formula
for calculating the mass flow rate;

CdEεπ𝐷2 2 √2𝜌𝛥𝑃
𝑞𝑚 = 4

qm - mass flow rate 𝜌 - density

𝑃
Cd - discharge coefficient -𝜌= 𝑅𝑇

E - velocity of approach factor ΔP - differential pressure

ε - incompressible fluid = 1 - ΔP = 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
D2 - outer diameter

6
APPARATUS

• Air compressor

• SOLTEQ Gas Flow Measurement Bench (Model: FM 120)

4
2

Figure 1 : SOLTEQ Gas Flow Measurement Bench (Model: FM 120)

1. Mass flow meter

2. Venturi meter

3. Orifice meter

4. Rotameter

7
PROCEDURES
General Start-up Procedures
1) All valves are closed.
2) The compressor is connected to the gas flow measurement bench using PU tubes.
3) The compressor pressure is regulated to 1 bar.
4) The main switch on the panel is turned on.
5) Desired valves are opened accordingly to the experimental procedures.
General Shut-down Procedures

1) All the pressure in the piping are released.

2) The main switch on the panel is turned off.
Experiment 1: Determination of the operation and characteristics of mass flow meter
and rotameter.

1) The pressure tubing is connected and the compressor pressure is set to 1 bar.
2) Valve V1, V2 and V3 is opened.
3) Valve V13 is regulated to 10 LPM.
4) The temperature reading (TT1), pressure reading (PT1) and mass flow meter (FT1) is
recorded after the reading has stabilized, as shown in Appendix A.
5) Step 3 and 4 are repeated with different flow rates.
6) The experiment is repeated with different compressor pressure.
Experiment 2: Determination of the operation and characteristics of venturi meter.

1) The pressure tubing is connected and the compressor pressure is set to 1 bar.
2) Valve V4, V5, V9 and V10 is opened.
3) The rotameter is set to 10 LPM by regulating valve V13.
4) The temperature reading (TT1), mass flow meter (FT1) and differential pressure
reading (DPT1) is recorded after the reading has stabilized, as shown in Appendix A.
5) Step 3 and 4 are repeated with different flow rates.
6) The experiment is repeated with different compressor pressure.

8
Experiment 3: Determination of the operation and characteristics of orifice meter.

1) The pressure tubing is connected and the compressor pressure is set to 1 bar.
2) Valve V7, V8, V11 and V12 is opened.
3) The rotameter is set to 10 LPM by regulating valve V13.
4) The temperature reading (TT1), pressure reading (PT1), mass flow meter (FT1) and
differential pressure reading (DPT1) is recorded after the reading has stabilized, as
shown in Appendix A.
5) Step 3 and 4 are repeated with different flow rates.
6) The experiment is repeated with different compressor pressure.

9
RESULTS

For pressure 1 bar

Table 1: Experiment 1 data for pressure 1 bar

Pressure, Mass Flow Rotameter Temperature, Mass Flow Rotameter

PT1 Meter, FT1 (LPM) TT1 Meter Reading at
(bar) (LPM) (° C) Reading, standard
FT1 at condition
standard
condition
0.72 11.1 10 26.7 17.30 18.56
0.68 25.2 20 27.0 38.32 41.13
0.65 35.5 30 27.1 53.02 56.90
0.61 44.1 40 27.3 64.24 68.93

Table 2: Experiment 2 data for pressure 1 bar

Pressure, Rotameter Temperature, Differential Calculated

PT1 (LPM) TT1 pressure, flowrate, Q
(bar) (°C) DPT1 (LPM)
(mbar)
0.73 10 26.5 0.31 0.9966
0.69 20 26.8 0.53 1.267
0.67 30 26.8 1.71 2.241
0.65 40 26.9 3.12 2.981

Table 3: Experiment 3 data for pressure 1 bar

Pressure, Rotameter Temperature, Differential Calculated

PT1 (LPM) TT1 pressure, flowrate, Q
(bar) (°C) DPT1 (LPM)
(mbar)
0.73 10 26.5 0.41 1.146
0.69 20 26.8 0.53 1.267
0.67 30 26.8 3.21 3.071
0.65 40 26.9 4.42 3.549

10
For pressure 3 bar

Table 4: Experiment 1 data for pressure 3 bar

Pressure, Mass Flow Rotameter Temperature, Mass Flow Rotameter

PT1 Meter, FT1 (LPM) TT1 Meter Reading at
(bar) (LPM) (° C) Reading, standard
FT1 at condition
standard
condition
2.61 20.1 10 26.6 65.5 70.29
2.70 40.1 20 28.0 133.3 143.06
2.89 61.2 30 28.1 213.77 229.42
2.90 70.0 40 28.3 244.97 262.91

Table 5: Experiment 2 data for pressure 3 bar

Pressure, Rotameter Temperature, Differential Calculated

PT1 (LPM) TT1 pressure, flowrate, Q
(bar) (°C) DPT1 (LPM)
(mbar)
2.98 10 29.2 2.59 5.794
2.78 20 29.7 3.01 6.028
2.60 30 30.3 3.20 6.005
2.60 40 30.8 4.16 6.841

Table 6: Experiment 3 data for pressure 3 bar

Pressure, Rotameter Temperature, Differential Calculated

PT1 (LPM) TT1 pressure, flowrate, Q
(bar) (°C) DPT1 (LPM)
(mbar)
3.00 10 29.0 2.10 5.236
3.00 20 30.1 3.56 6.806
2.79 30 30.4 5.78 8.359
2.91 40 30.2 6.80 9.262

11
 CALCULATION

Experiment 1: Determination of the operation and characteristic of mass flow meter

and rotameter

The mass flow meter, FT1 unit LPM is defined at conditions 0 °C, 1.0132 bar (abs).

P1V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2

• FOR PRESSURE COMPRESSOR AT 1 BAR

Pressure, Mass Rotameter Temperature Mass Flow Meter Reading, FT1 at standard Rotameter Reading at standard condition
PT1 Flow (LPM) , condition
(bar) Meter, TT1
FT1 (° C)
(LPM)

0.72 11.1 10 26.7 1.0132𝑥𝑉1 (1.0132 + 0.72)𝑥11.1 1.0132𝑥𝑉1 (1.0132 + 0.72)𝑥11.1

= =
273.15 26.7 + 273.15 293.15 26.7 + 273.15
V1=17.30 V1=18.56

0.68 25.2 20 27.0 1.0132𝑥𝑉1 (1.0132 + 0.68)𝑥25.2 1.0132𝑥𝑉1 (1.0132 + 0.68)𝑥25.2

= =
273.15 27.0 + 273.15 293.15 27.0 + 273.15
V1=38.32 V1=41.13

0.65 35.5 30 27.1 1.0132𝑥𝑉1 (1.0132 + 0.65)𝑥35.5 1.0132𝑥𝑉1 (1.0132 + 0.65)𝑥35.5

= =
273.15 27.1 + 273.15 293.15 27.1 + 273.15
V1=53.02 V1=56.90

0.61 44.1 40 27.3 1.0132𝑥𝑉1 (1.0132 + 0.61)𝑥44.1 1.0132𝑥𝑉1 (1.0132 + 0.61)𝑥44.1

= =
273.15 27.3 + 273.15 293.15 27.3 + 273.15
V1=64.24 V1=68.93

12
 • FOR PRESSURE COMPRESSOR AT 3 BAR

Pressure, Mass Rotameter Temperature Mass Flow Meter Reading, FT1 at standard Rotameter Reading at standard condition
PT1 Flow (LPM) , condition
(bar) Meter, TT1
FT1 (° C)
(LPM)

2.61 20.1 10 26.6 1.0132𝑥𝑉1 (1.0132 + 2.61)𝑥20.1 1.0132𝑥𝑉1 (1.0132 + 2.61)𝑥20.1

= =
273.15 26.6 + 273.15 293.15 26.6 + 273.15
V1=65.50 V1=70.29

2.70 40.1 20 28.0 1.0132𝑥𝑉1 (1.0132 + 2.70)𝑥40.1 1.0132𝑥𝑉1 (1.0132 + 2.70)𝑥40.1

= =
273.15 28.0 + 273.15 293.15 28.0 + 273.15
V1=133.30 V1=143.06

2.89 61.2 30 28.1 1.0132𝑥𝑉1 (1.0132 + 2.89)𝑥61.2 1.0132𝑥𝑉1 (1.0132 + 2.89)𝑥61.2

= =
273.15 28.1 + 273.15 293.15 28.1 + 273.15
V1=213.77 V1=229.42

2.90 70.0 40 28.3 1.0132𝑥𝑉1 (1.0132 + 2.90)𝑥70.0 1.0132𝑥𝑉1 (1.0132 + 2.90)𝑥70.0

= =
273.15 28.3 + 273.15 293.15 28.3 + 273.15
V1=244.97 V1=262.91

13
 Experiment 2: Determination of the operation and characteristic of venturi meter

Pressure of compressor 1 bar:

D1=0.0127 m

D2=0.00635 m

0.00635
β= 0.0127

=0.5

E = (1- β4)-1/2

= (1-0.54)-1/2

=1.0328

𝑃
Density,ρ =𝑅𝑇

CdEεπD2^2√2𝜌𝛥𝑃
Q=
4

Experiment 2 data for pressure 1 bar

Rotameter Temperature, Differential Calculated flowrate, Q

Pressure, (LPM) TT1 pressure, (LPM)
PT1 (°C) DPT1
(bar) (mbar)

0.73 10 26.5 0.31 𝑃

ρ =𝑅𝑇

0.73𝑥105 𝑁/𝑚2
=
𝐽
287 . 𝐾 𝑥 (26.5 + 273.15)𝐾
𝑘𝑔
= 0.8488kg/m3

CdEεπD2^2√2𝜌𝛥𝑃
Q= 4
0.006352 x√2x0.8488x0.31
= 0.7𝑥1.0328𝑥π x 𝑥1000𝑥60
4

= 0.9966 LPM

14
0.69 20 26.8 0.53 𝑃
ρ =𝑅𝑇

0.69𝑥105 𝑁/𝑚2
=
𝐽
287 . 𝐾 𝑥 (26.8 + 273.15)𝐾
𝑘𝑔
= 0.8020kg/m3

CdEεπD2^2√2𝜌𝛥𝑃
Q= 4
0.006352 x√2x0.8020x0.53
= 0.7𝑥1.0328𝑥π x 𝑥1000𝑥60
4

= 1.267 LPM
0.67 30 26.8 1.71 𝑃
ρ =𝑅𝑇

0.67𝑥105 𝑁/𝑚2
=
𝐽
287 . 𝐾 𝑥 (26.8 + 273.15)𝐾
𝑘𝑔
= 0.7783kg/m3

CdEεπD2^2√2𝜌𝛥𝑃
Q= 4
0.006352 x√2x0.7783x1.71
= 0.7𝑥1.0328𝑥π x 𝑥1000𝑥60
4

= 2.241 LPM
0.65 40 26.9 3.12 𝑃
ρ =𝑅𝑇

0.65𝑥105 𝑁/𝑚2
=
𝐽
287 . 𝐾 𝑥 (26.9 + 273.15)𝐾
𝑘𝑔
= 0.7548kg/m3

CdEεπD2^2√2𝜌𝛥𝑃
Q= 4
0.006352 x√2x0.7548x3.12
= 0.7𝑥1.0328𝑥π x 𝑥1000𝑥60
4

= 2.981 LPM

15
 Experiment 2 data for pressure 3 bar

Rotameter Temperature, Differential Calculated flowrate, Q

Pressure, (LPM) TT1 pressure, (LPM)
PT1 (°C) DPT1
(bar) (mbar)

2.98 10 29.2 2.59 𝑃

ρ =𝑅𝑇

2.98𝑥105 𝑁/𝑚2
=
𝐽
287 . 𝐾 𝑥 (29.2 + 273.15)𝐾
𝑘𝑔
= 3.4341 kg/m3

CdEεπD2^2√2𝜌𝛥𝑃
Q= 4
0.006352 x√2x3.4341 x2.59
= 0.7𝑥1.0328𝑥π x 𝑥1000𝑥60
4

= 5.794 LPM
2.78 20 29.7 3.01 𝑃
ρ =𝑅𝑇

2.78𝑥105 𝑁/𝑚2
=
𝐽
287 . 𝐾 𝑥 (29.7 + 273.15)𝐾
𝑘𝑔
= 3.1984kg/m3

CdEεπD2^2√2𝜌𝛥𝑃
Q= 4
0.006352 x√2x3.1984x3.01
= 0.7𝑥1.0328𝑥π x 𝑥1000𝑥60
4

= 6.028 LPM
2.60 30 30.3 3.20 𝑃
ρ =𝑅𝑇

2.60𝑥105 𝑁/𝑚2
=
𝐽
287 . 𝐾 𝑥 (30.3 + 273.15)𝐾
𝑘𝑔
= 2.9854 kg/m3

CdEεπD2^2√2𝜌𝛥𝑃
Q= 4
0.006352 x√2x2.9854x3.2
= 0.7𝑥1.0328𝑥π x 𝑥1000𝑥60
4

= 6.005 LPM

16
2.60 40 30.8 4.16 𝑃
ρ =𝑅𝑇

2.60𝑥105 𝑁/𝑚2
=
𝐽
287 . 𝐾 𝑥 (30.8 + 273.15)𝐾
𝑘𝑔
= 2.9805kg/m3

CdEεπD2^2√2𝜌𝛥𝑃
Q= 4
0.006352 x√2x2.9805x4.16
= 0.7𝑥1.0328𝑥π x 𝑥1000𝑥60
4

= 6.841 LPM

17
 Experiment 3: Determination of the operation and characteristic of orifice meter

Pressure of compressor 1 bar:

D1=0.0127 m

D2=0.00635 m

0.00635
β= 0.0127

=0.5

E = (1- β4)-1/2

= (1-0.54)-1/2

=1.0328

𝑃
Ρ =𝑅𝑇

Experiment 3 data for pressure 1 bar

Rotameter Temperature, Differential Calculated flowrate, Q

Pressure, (LPM) TT1 pressure, (LPM)
PT1 (°C) DPT1
(bar) (mbar)

𝑃
0.73 10 26.5 0.41 ρ =𝑅𝑇

0.73𝑥105 𝑁/𝑚2
=
𝐽
287 . 𝐾 𝑥 (26.5 + 273.15)𝐾
𝑘𝑔
= 0.8488kg/m3

CdEεπD2^2√2𝜌𝛥𝑃
Q= 4
0.006352 x√2x0.8488x0.41
= 0.7𝑥1.0328𝑥π x 𝑥1000𝑥60
4

= 1.146 LPM

18
 𝑃
0.69 20 26.8 0.53 ρ =𝑅𝑇

0.69𝑥105 𝑁/𝑚2
=
𝐽
287 . 𝐾 𝑥 (26.8 + 273.15)𝐾
𝑘𝑔
= 0.8020kg/m3

CdEεπD2^2√2𝜌𝛥𝑃
Q= 4
0.006352 x√2x0.8020x0.53
= 0.7𝑥1.0328𝑥π x 𝑥1000𝑥60
4

= 1.267 LPM
𝑃
0.67 30 26.8 3.21 ρ =𝑅𝑇

0.67𝑥105 𝑁/𝑚2
=
𝐽
287 . 𝐾 𝑥 (26.8 + 273.15)𝐾
𝑘𝑔
= 0.7783kg/m3

CdEεπD2^2√2𝜌𝛥𝑃
Q= 4
0.006352 x√2x0.7783x3.21
= 0.7𝑥1.0328𝑥π x 𝑥1000𝑥60
4

= 3.071 LPM
𝑃
0.65 40 26.9 4.42 ρ =𝑅𝑇

0.65𝑥105 𝑁/𝑚2
=
𝐽
287 . 𝐾 𝑥 (26.9 + 273.15)𝐾
𝑘𝑔
= 0.7548kg/m3

CdEεπD2^2√2𝜌𝛥𝑃
Q= 4
0.006352 x√2x0.7548x4.42
= 0.7𝑥1.0328𝑥π x 𝑥1000𝑥60
4

= 3.549 LPM

19
 Experiment 3 data for pressure 3 bar

Rotameter Temperature, Differential Calculated flowrate, Q

Pressure, (LPM) TT1 pressure, (LPM)
PT1 (°C) DPT1
(bar) (mbar)

𝑃
3.00 10 29.0 2.10 ρ =𝑅𝑇

3.0𝑥105 𝑁/𝑚2
=
𝐽
287 . 𝐾 𝑥 (29.0 + 273.15)𝐾
𝑘𝑔
= 3.4595 kg/m3

CdEεπD2^2√2𝜌𝛥𝑃
Q= 4
0.006352 x√2x3.4595 x2.10
= 0.7𝑥1.0328𝑥π x 𝑥1000𝑥60
4

= 5.236 LPM
𝑃
3.00 20 30.1 3.56 ρ =𝑅𝑇

3.0𝑥105 𝑁/𝑚2
=
𝐽
287 . 𝐾 𝑥 (30.1 + 273.15)𝐾
𝑘𝑔
= 3.4470kg/m3

CdEεπD2^2√2𝜌𝛥𝑃
Q=
4
0.006352 x√2x3.4470x3.56
= 0.7𝑥1.0328𝑥π x 𝑥1000𝑥60
4

= 6.806 LPM

𝑃
2.79 30 30.4 5.78 ρ =𝑅𝑇

2.79𝑥105 𝑁/𝑚2
=
𝐽
287 . 𝐾 𝑥 (30.4 + 273.15)𝐾
𝑘𝑔
= 3.2026 kg/m3

CdEεπD2^2√2𝜌𝛥𝑃
Q=
4
0.006352 x√2x3.2026 x 5.78
= 0.7𝑥1.0328𝑥π x 𝑥1000𝑥60
4

= 8.359 LPM

20
 𝑃
2.91 40 30.2 6.80 ρ =𝑅𝑇

2.91𝑥105 𝑁/𝑚2
=
𝐽
287 . 𝐾 𝑥 (30.2 + 273.15)𝐾
𝑘𝑔
= 3.3425kg/m3

CdEεπD2^2√2𝜌𝛥𝑃
Q= 4
0.006352 x√2x3.3425x6.80
= 0.7𝑥1.0328𝑥π x 𝑥1000𝑥60
4

= 9.262 LPM

21
DISCUSSSION

From the experiment 1 being conducted, the determination of the operation and
characteristics of mass flow meter rotameter is successfully determined. It is observable from
the table 1 and table 4, as the reading of rotameter increases, the flow rate of the fluid also
increases simultaneously with the decrease in pressure value. This experiment follows the
Bernoulli principle where any increase in the speed of fluid will results in the decrease of
pressure.

Next, the experiment 2 is done in order to determine the operation and the
characteristics of venturi meter. The objective is successfully determined and it is observed that
that based on the table 2 and table 5 in the results section, as the reading of rotameter increases,
the flow rate of the fluid also increases simultaneously with the decrease in pressure supplied
value. This is due to the decrease in the cross-sectional area of the flow passage therefore lead
to pressure difference (at the inlet through throat of venturi meter) being created inside the
venturi meter. By this, the flowrate of fluid is able to be determine.

Moreover, in the experiment 3 which is conducted to determine the operation and

characteristics of the orifice meter. This experiment is more likely the same as experiment 2
and it is observed that based on table 3 and table 6, as the reading of rotameter increases, the
flow rate of the fluid also increases simultaneously with the decrease in pressure supplied value.
The difference between the orifice meter and venturi meter is the orifice plate can be changed
with certain needs whereas the venturi meter throat diameter size is fixed. The fixed diameter
of the venturi meter aid in preventing the major pressure loss from occurring while the orifice
meter usage might results in major pressure loses. This might be the limitation of the orifice
meter instead of venturi meter.

22
CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, it is observed that the venturi meter provide the most accurate results
reading. Venturi meter is known for its wide range of usage, therefore the value obtained is
more precise than using another equipment. The venturi meter is simply more precise than
others due to its sensitivity to the effects of the non-straight upstream piping and the overall
arrangement that aid the solids flowing through rather than accumulating. Besides, its precision
is also affected by the temperature, pressure, viscosity of the fluid hear capacity and flow rate.
Therefore, from the experiments conducted, it is concluded that the experiment follows the
Bernoulli fluids’ potential energy and all the objective of the experiment is successfully
accomplished.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

• The fluid flowing inside the orifice meter is ensure to be free from any impurities as it will
clogged the orifice meter. Therefore, provide less accurate results.
• The orifice meter used is free from any corrosion particle as any corrosion presence will
affect the result value obtained.
• During handling the flowmeter, it is ensure that there is no air bubble presence, by getting
rid of any visible bubble before the experiment is started.
• All tubes from orifice/ venturi meter is disconnected first before changing to venturi/orifice
meter except for the glass manometer
• The students conducting the experiment is provided with suitable protective equipment to
prevent any injuries if accidents happen.
• The experiment is repeated few times to obtain average result. The average value obtained
is more accurate due to more data presence.

24
REFERENCES

Flow Meter Types - Principle. (2016). Maxiflo.co.kr. Retrieved 21 October 2016, from
http://www.maxiflo.co.kr/English/Technology/flowmetertypes.htm#Coriolis
Instrumentation and Control. (2001) (3rd ed., p. 68). USA.
Lowry, G. & Lowry, R. (1985). Handbook of hazard communication and OSHA
requirements. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers.
Steinberg, B. (2016). Mass Flow Meters, Differential Pressure and Air Flow
Measurement. Sage Metering. Retrieved 20 October 2016, from
http://sagemetering.com/combustion-efficiency/flow-meters-differential-pressure-flow-
meters-and-air-flow-meter/#.WAkDqOB97IV
Stoker, H. (2003). Essentials of general, organic, & biological chemistry. Boston, Mass.:
Houghton Mifflin.
Webster, J. (1999). The measurement, instrumentation, and sensors handbook. Boca Raton,
Fla.: CRC Press published in cooperation with IEEE Press

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APPENDICES

Gas Flowmeter Bench

Rotameter

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Venturi meter

Orifice meter

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