L4S1. Water Resources and Soil Resources

Hello!
Water
Resources
Teacher
Nash
© MSU-College of Engineering.
2020
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the learners will be able to:
Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

Identify the various water resources on Earth.
Explain how different activities affect the quality and 1. Describe how water is distributed on earth;
availability of water for human use. 2. Identify the various water resources on earth;
S11ES-If-g-15
S11ES-Ig-16 3. Explain how different activities affect the quality and
availability of water for human use.
DISCOVER DISCOVER
Main Idea:
The composition, state, as well as uses
of water stored in different reservoirs

vary.
Essential Question:
How is water distributed?
© USGS.
Earth’s Water
The Earth is a watery place. But just how much water exists on, in,

and above our planet? About 71% of the Earth's surface is water-
covered, and the oceans hold about 97.5% of all Earth's water.
Water also exists in the air as water vapor, in rivers and lakes, in
icecaps and glaciers, in the ground as soil moisture and in aquifers,
and even in you and your cat.
© Academic Journal.
References:
https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/how-much-water-there-earth?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects
Residence Time
Is the average length of time spent by water
molecules in a reservoir. In a large reservoir,
the residence time of water is longer.
❑ The volume of water present in a reservoir

varies and their volumes affect other
reservoir.
© Exploring Life Through Science –Earth Science
References:
Olivar II, Rodolfo, and Cabria, 2016. Exploring Life Through Science –Earth Science .
Saltwater Reservoir
An ocean is a vast body of saline water. There is
only one world ocean and it covers 71% of Earth.
Total volume of water in world ocean is about
1340 million km3.
❑ Salinity – saltiness of saltwater. And it varies from 33 to

37 parts per thousand.
❑ Major chemical elements of saltwater are sodium and
chloride ions others are in very low concentrations. © The MarineBio Conservation Society.
❑ When evaporated, three quarters of dissolved materials

is comprised of NaCl (common salt).
❑ Weathering and volcanic eruptions (both land and
submarine are sources of geologic materials such as
sodium, potassium, and sulfur. And compounds through
volcanic gases and hot springs.
References:
Saltwater Reservoir
Surface layer/surface ocean - referring to the top 200

meters of the ocean which consist of relatively warm, low-
density water.

Thermocline- zone of falling seawater temperatures
and increased density. © Time Scavengers
Deep ocean/zone- where the temperature is uniformly

low.
References:
Saltwater Reservoir

© NASA
Winds drive ocean currents in the upper 100 meters of the ocean’s surface. However, ocean
currents also flow thousands of meters below the surface. These deep-ocean currents are driven
by differences in the water’s density, which is controlled by temperature (thermo) and salinity
(haline). This process is known as thermohaline circulation.
References:
Freshwater Reservoir
Most of the fresh water on Earth is stored in
glaciers situated in inaccessible areas such as the
Polar Regions and high mountains. The readily
available freshwater sources are the surface
water reservoir and groundwater reservoir.

❑ Glacier – is a huge mass of ice that moves slowly over
land which consists of largely crystallized snow. Stored
© Eric E. Castro/CC-BY-3.0.
estimated to exceed 24 million km3 of freshwater.
❑ Ice Sheets – mass of glacial land ice extending more
than 50,000 km2.
❑ Permafrost – a soil, rock, or sediments that is frozen for
more than two consecutive years. The total freshwater
stored is estimated to be 300,000 km3.
References: © National Geographic.

Surface Water Reservoir
Includes streams, lakes and wetlands where water from
rainfall, melting snow and ice, and ground water flows.
❑ Streams – is a moving body of water that flows

downslope toward sea level because of gravity.
❑ Channels – defined passageway where particle and

dissolved substances are transported.
❑ River – is a stream with a considerable volume and a
well-defined channel.
❑ Tributaries – smaller streams.
❑ Drainage basin/watershed – land area in which the
water flow into a particular stream.
❑ Drainage divide – the line that separates individual
drainage basin.
❑ Interfluve – the narrow, elongated landform
separating streams within a basins.
© Earth Science 14th Edition by Tarbuck and Lutgens, 2015.
References:
Streams – is a moving body of water that flows downslope
toward sea level because of gravity.
❑ Overflow – a process of how water move downhill
during heavy rain. After a short distance, the water
enters the channels and becomes streamflow.
• Rivers constitute about 1.6% of the total surface and

atmospheric water.
• 2,120 km3 – estimated total volume of water stored in
streams.
• Drainage basins like Amazon River, and the Nile River
Basin.
• Cagayan River Basin – Philippines largest drainage
© Exploring Life Through Science –Earth Science
basin bounded by Cordillera, and Sierra Madre
mountain ranges with total length of 505 km from
Nueva Vizcaya to Aparri.
References:
Lakes – large inland bodies of freshwater or saline water. Its
upper surface is exposed to atmosphere and essentially flat.
* Lakes store 67% of the total surface and atmospheric
water.
❑ Ponds – are small and shallow lakes.
• Geologic processes form lakes.

e.g. Pinatubo and Taal crater lakes.
© Potpot Pinili/Rappler.
References:
Wetlands – land areas where water covers the surface for
significant periods.
*Wetland constitute about 8.5% of the total land
surface and atmospheric water.
*Ligawasan Marsh – largest wetland in the
Philippines found in the provinces of Maguindanao, North

Cotabato, and Sultan Kudarat, covering 2,200 km2.
❑ Marsh – shallow wetland around lakes, streams, and

oceans where grasses and reeds are the dominant
vegetation.
e.g. wetland in Candapa, Pampanga.
© Diana Lhyd Suelto/Mindanation.
References:
Wetlands – land areas where water covers the surface for
significant periods.
❑ Swamp – wetland with lush trees and vegetation found
in low-lying areas beside slow-moving rivers, oxygen
in the water is typically low and swamp plants and
animals are adapted to these low-oxygen conditions.
❑ Estuary – partly enclosed coastal body of water where

freshwater from stream meets the saltwater from the
© Kate Scott.
sea.
e.g. Pampanga River in Manila Bay.
© MarineBio.
References:
Floods – natural event wherein an area that is usually dry is submerged under water.
❑ Fluvial/riverine flood – when a stream’s discharge is greater than the capacity of the channel. Causing the stream to
overflow.
❑ Flashfloods – characterized by intense, high-velocity torrent of water that occurs in an existing river with little to no
notice.
❑ Coastal flooding – when water overwhelms in low-lying area along the coasts, usually due to severe weather
conditions.
❑ Pluvial/surface water flood – when heavy rainfall creates a flood event independent of an overflowing stream.

Common in urban areas when drainage system are clogged.
© Zurich
References:
Groundwater – freshwater found in the rock and soil layers
beneath the surface.
*It constitute 30.1% of the total freshwater on the
planet.
❑ Aquifers – water bearing rock layers, akin to a
“sponge” that holds groundwater in tiny cracks,

cavities, and pores between mineral grains.
© Reep Green Solutions.
*Porosity – the total amount of empty pore spaces in
the rock. It determines the amount of groundwater that
an aquifers can hold.
*Permeability – ability of the rock or sediments to allow
water to pass though it.
References: ©Joseferd, R., & Mahmood, S.M. (2015).

Groundwater Profile Groundwater Profile
Water beneath the land surface occurs in two principal
zones, the unsaturated zone and the saturated zone.
❑ Zone of Aeration/Unsaturated zone - the spaces between

particle grains and the cracks in rocks contain both air
and water.
❑ Saturated zone – zone of aeration where the spaces

between the particles are filled with water.
❑ Water table – boundary between the zone of aeration and
zone of saturation.
❑ Capillary fringe – directly above the water table, wherein
groundwater seeps up to fill the pore spaces in the zone
aeration by capillary action.
© USGS.
References:
Aquifers, Artesian Wells, and Springs
❑ Unconfined aquifer – an aquifer in which the groundwater
is free to rise to its natural level.
Groundwater flow in the different types of aquifer
❑ Confined aquifer – the water in trapped and held down by
pressure between impermeable rocks called aquiclude.
❑ Artesian well – in this well water could rise without
pumping if the well is located at an elevation which is

below the recharge zone of confine aquifer.
❑ Recharge zone – land area where water enters the
ground and replenish the groundwater.
❑ Discharge zone – area where the groundwater flows out
of the aquifer and onto land surface or even in submarine
environment.
© USGS.
❑ Springs – will be created when groundwater emerges to
the ground surface.
References:
Groundwater-Stream Relationship
There is an interaction between groundwater flow and
stream flow.
❑ Losing/Influent stream – losing water to the

groundwater system by leakage to the aquifer.
❑ Gaining/Effluent –

stream receiving inflow of
groundwater.
References: © Commonwealth of Australia.

Let's discuss and
analyze together
Question
How is water distributed?

Main Idea:
Humans needed water in order to exist.

Essential Question:
© RAI Amsterdam.
What could be done to take care of the

water resources?
Water as a Resource
Most of early human civilizations were developed along the world’s

greatest river – the Tigris and Euphrates of Mesopotamia, the Nile
River of the Egyptians, and the Yellow River of the Huang-He
civilization. Theis vast floodplains supported agriculture and the
large channels allowed commerce to flourish. Today, billions of
people are still dependent on water channels for food, water,
transportation, recreation, and religious activities.
© SNC-Lavalin Group.
References:
Activities Affecting the Quality of Water
The human activities affecting water Aral Sea, Central Asia, 1989-2014.
resources include the ff:

1. Population growth, particularly in water-short
regions.
2. Movement of large number of people from the

countryside to towns and cities.
3. Demands for greater food security and higher
living standards.
4. Increased competition between different uses of
water resources.
5. Pollution from factories, cities, and farmlands.
© thesourcemagazine
References:
Water Resources Management and Conservation
In the Philippines, several laws and regulations have been enacted for
the protection of, conservation and management of freshwater
resources.
1. Presidential Decree (PD) No. 424 of 1974 created National Water
Resources Council (NWRC) to coordinate and integrate water
resources development.

2. PD No. 1067 (1976) instituted the Water Code which consolidated
the laws governing the ownership, appropriation, utilization,
exploitation, development, conservation, and protection of the water
resources subject to regulation by the NWRC.
© Niamh Michail/William Reed Business Media Ltd.
References:
Water Resources Management and Conservation
3. Executive Order (EO) No. 222 of 1995 established the Presidential
Committee on Water Conservation and Demand Management which
was tasked to prepare a nationwide Water Conservation Plan.
4. Republic Act (R.A) No. 8041 or the National Water Crisis Act of 1995
addressed the country’s water problems through an integrated water

management program and development of new water resources and
conservation of identified watersheds, among other provinces.
5. The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 also provided a
comprehensive water quality management.
*Aside from these various laws, local city and municipal ordinances are © Niamh Michail/William Reed Business Media Ltd.
also created for the specific water resources conservation and

protection.
References:
analyze together
Let's discuss and Question
What could be done to take care of the water resources?

Hello!
Soil and Soil
Quality
Teacher
Nash
© daij/Fotolia
2020
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the learners will be able to:

Identify human activities such as farming,
1. Identify human activities such as farming, construction
construction of structure, and waste disposal, that
of structure, and waste disposal, that affect the quality
affect the quality and quantity of soil. and quantity of soil.
D I S C O V E D I S C O V E
R R
Main Idea:
Soil provides services which are essential
for the survival of humans and other

organisms.
EQ:
What human activities are dependent on
the use of soil and how do these activities
© New Food Magazine..
affect soil quality?
Soil and Soil Quality
Soil is not dirt – it is a resource. It is a main component of land
resources, agriculture, and ecological sustainability. It provides food

and foundation for shelter.
© The Santa Clarita Valley Signal.
References:
1. Arable land for agriculture
Latin arabilis meaning “able to be plowed”.
Thus arable lands are plowable lands which
could be used to grow crops.

❑ Arable land can sustain plant and animal
life.
❑ The agricultural land in the Philippines
from 2011-2015 is 41.7% of its total land
© Greenlife Crop Protection Africa.
area.
- World Bank.
References:
2. Regulating water and filtering potential pollutants
Absorbs water and store it as groundwater.

Water and dissolve solutes also flow over the
land or into and through the soil.

❑ Minerals and microbes in soil are also
responsible for filtering, degrading, immobilizing,
and detoxifying organic and inorganic materials
© Alan Dixon/ResearchGate
References:
3. Nutrient cycling
Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and other
essential nutrients are stored, transformed, and
cycle in the soil.

❑ For example nitrogen cycle.
© BYJU’s
References:
4. Foundation and support
Soil structure provides a base for plant roots.
❑ Bedrocks also provide foundation and support

for human shelter and structures.
© Aaron Escobar
References:
5. Mineral deposits
Laterites is a residual product of rock decay
with mostly rusty-red color and has high
content of oxides of iron and hydroxide of
aluminum.

❑ Soils are mined for their mineral content-
whether it be iron, nickel, or aluminum.
© Siim Sepp/sandatlas.org
References:
How Human Activities Degrade Soil Quality

© Sam Thompson / DFID Rwanda / russavia / CC / © Georgina Smith/CIAT.
Wikimedia Commons
Soil is a nonrenewable, finite resources which is generally not recoverable within a human lifespan.
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UN FAO) define soil degradation as a
change in the soil health status resulting in a diminished capacity of the ecosystem to provide goods
and services for its beneficiaries.
References:
1. Soil erosion
Is the absolute soil losses in terms of topsoil and
nutrients.
❑ Soils erosion is a natural process but is often

made much worse by poor management

practices.
© S. Marahrens / Umweltbundesamt
References:
2. Soil compaction
Reduces the rate of water infiltration and
drainage – two component suitable for plant
growth.

❑ Example – repeated traffic of traveling on wet
soil.
© Glacier FarmMedia Limited Partnership.
References:
3. Desertification
Is the irreversible change of the land to such a
state where it can no longer be recovered for its
original use.

❑ Characterized by drought and arid conditions as
a result of human activities.
©V. Tan/ACNUR.
References:
4. Intensive agriculture
Led to the loss of organic matter, soil
compaction, and damage to soil physical
properties.

❑ Over-application of nutrients with fertilizers and
pesticides contaminate soil and water supplies
leading to loss of soil for fauna and flora.
© NightThree.
References:
5. Urbanization
Increasing population has led to the conversion of
land to urban centers which are generally
characterized by concrete structures, roads, and
pavements.
❑ Loss of soil is more less permanent as soil is sealed

with concrete.
❑ Sealing hinders the soil’s interaction with the
atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere which
affects nutrients cycling.
❑ 33% of global soil is moderately to highly degraded © Charles Kazilek/ ASU.
through erosion, salinization, compaction acidification,

chemical pollution, and nutrient depletion.
- UN FAO
References:
Conservation of Soil Resource

© Global Posts Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences and University of Florida.
The effects of human activities on soil can be mitigated through sustainable soil management such
as increasing soil organic matter content, keeping the soil surface vegetated, avoiding excessive
tillage, using nutrients wisely, promoting crop rotations, reducing soil erosion and preventing soil
compaction.
References:
1. Increasing soil organic matter
Addition of new organic matter
is important in improving and
maintaining soil quality.

© A.J. BOT
References:
2. Keeping the soil covered and vegetated
Ground cover and vegetation
protects the soil.
The soil can be covered by

leaving the crop residue on the
surface or by planting cover
crops.
© A.J. BOT
References:
3. Avoiding excessive tillage
Tillage is done to loosen surface
soil and break up soil structure.
Reducing it minimizes loss or

organic matter and soil erosion.
© J. BENITES
References:
4. Manage pests and nutrient efficiently
Efficient pest and nutrient
management requires testing
and monitoring soil conditions

and pest, and applications of
necessary chemical at right time
and place.
© Lynn Betts.
References:
5. Promoting crop rotation
Changing vegetation across the
landscape over time allows the
soil to recover.

Increases diversity of plants as
well as other organisms.
© Nadia Lawton.
References:
6. Reducing erosion and preventing soil compaction
Erosion can be reduced by
keeping the ground covered and
vegetated.

Soil compaction can be
prevented by restricting human
activities to a designated areas. © Eric Laloy.
References:
analyze together
Let's discuss and Question
What human activities are dependent on the use of soil and how do these activities
affect soil quality?

Announcements:
Thank you!

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Hello!

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

❑ The volume of water present in a reservoir

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

© Exploring Life Through Science –Earth Science

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

❑ When evaporated, three quarters of dissolved materials

Surface layer/surface ocean - referring to the top 200

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

Deep ocean/zone- where the temperature is uniformly

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

References: © National Geographic.

❑ Streams – is a moving body of water that flows

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

❑ Marsh – shallow wetland around lakes, streams, and

© Diana Lhyd Suelto/Mindanation.

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

References: ©Joseferd, R., & Mahmood, S.M. (2015).

❑ Zone of Aeration/Unsaturated zone - the spaces between

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

❑ Losing/Influent stream – losing water to the

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

References: © Commonwealth of Australia.

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

What could be done to take care of the

Most of early human civilizations were developed along the world’s

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

resources include the ff:

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

also created for the specific water resources conservation and

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

Soil and Soil

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

© The Santa Clarita Valley Signal.

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

Absorbs water and store it as groundwater.

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

❑ Bedrocks also provide foundation and support

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

❑ Soils erosion is a natural process but is often

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

Earth Science SHS MSU-GSC

© Glacier FarmMedia Limited Partnership.