7 - Thermals PDF

Thermal Protection
Alampay, Arreglado, Tapia

What is
Thermal
protection?
Importance
Importance
-Critical for providing comfortable spaces
-Crucial for considering impact on environment- building’s energy consumption
-Minimizes energy requirements
-Maintenance of cooling and heating

Thermal Terminology
R-Value
-measure of a material’s resistance to heat flow
-the higher the R-value, the greater its insulating capacity
-units of farenheit degrees x hours x square feet per Btu.

Conduction
● The transfer of heat through items that are in direct contact with one another
● Given two objects, with one warmer than the other, the cooler object gains heat energy
and becomes warmer through contact.
● An example of conduction affecting building temperature is the transfer of heat energy
through the components of a window. Outside air comes in contact with the exterior
surface, which transfers energy through the metals and the glass, which transfers the
energy to interior finish materials in contact with the mullion. Window manufacturers use
a thermal break material. The thermal break is a poor conductor so heat energy doesn't
move through it as easily.
Convection
● Convection is the movement of warmer areas of a fluid (liquid or gas) to cooler areas of a
fluid
● Natural convection: cold fluids sink because of higher density, hotter fluids rise
● Most enclosed electronic equipment are made with several vents on their enclosures or
casings to allow for the natural exchange of air. A heat sink may be attached to the power
devices to increase their heat dissipation area. This allows more heat to be being
transferred away from the device, first by
conduction from the device to the heat sink,
and then by convection cooling from the heat
sink to the ambient air.
Radiation
● Thermal (heat) radiation is created by molecular motion within any physical object. The
molecules in an object increase in speed as the object generates more heat. The higher the
temperature, the more infrared radiation produced. Infrared radiation travels at the speed
of light, is not visible to the human eye, and moves in a straight line from one point to
another
● The heat energy coming from the sun is an example of radiant heat. Though millions of
miles away, we can feel the heat from the sun here on earth, although there is no direct
contact
Insulation
● In general, people living in hot regions want to make their inside atmosphere
cooler, similarly people living in cold regions, want warmer atmosphere inside.
But, we know that the heat transfer takes place from hotter to colder areas. As
a result, heat loss happens. To overcome this loss in buildings thermal
insulation is provided to maintain ideal temperature inside the building. The aim
of thermal insulation is to minimize the heat transfer between outside and inside
of building.
Thermal Protection
Materials
3 Types of material
-Batt (fibers/fiberglass)
-Loose (cellulose)
-Foam
Glass fibre/ rock fibre
-Embedded glass filaments
-high performance- cost ratio
-Very versatile
-Used for both heat insulation and acoustical insulation

Wool
Mineral Wool Sheep’s Wool
● Inorganic, non-metallic product of either ● Organic, natural wool product made from
stone or silica heated to a until molten and sheep wool fibres mechanically bonded
then spun into a flexible, fibrous mat polyester adhesives to form batts or ropes.
● Prevents convection by entrapment of air in ● Efficient, recyclable, and biodegradable
the material’s open-cell, woolly matrix. ● Better thermal conductivity than mineral
● Mineral wool such as rock fibre wool is fire wool
retardant ● Absorbs humidity, purifies air, and fire
● Good acoustic insulation because of porous resistant
material property
Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) /
Extruded Polystyrene (XPS)
● closed-cell rigid insulation made from polystyrene resin
● EPS are formed from raw beads that are molded or cut into various sizes and
shapes. During manufacturing, blowing agents in the beads leave tiny air-cells
in the foam.
● XPS is extruded sheets and is often known by the trademarked term
Styrofoam. During manufacturing, blowing agent stays embedded in the
material for years, thus reducing the capability of air transfer through the
material
Polyurethane Foam Board
● Effective form of insulation used in buildings where space is limited. It is better
able to regulate air flow and temperature changes than fiberglass and other
forms of insulation.
● For equivalent thicknesses, polyurethane has a higher thermal insulation factor
(R‑16 or RSI: 2.8) than expanded or extruded polystyrene (Styrofoam)
● Unlike other types of urethane boards, it contains a gas that has a low
conductivity level within closed cells on the board
● In addition, since polyurethane strongly adheres to door surfaces, it provides
twice as much resistance to flexion as polystyrene in a comparable door.
Polyurethane Styrofoam
Polyisocyanurate Foam Board (PIR)
● a thermoset plastic typically produced as a foam and used as rigid thermal
insulation.
● PIR foam panels laminated with pure embossed aluminium foil are used for
fabrication of pre-insulated duct that is used for heating, ventilation and air
conditioning systems.
● Other typical uses for PIR foams include industrial and commercial pipe
insulation, and carving/machining media (competing with expanded polystyrene
and rigid polyurethane foams)
Phenolic Foam Board
● considered one of the best material for thermal insulation
● High density varieties such as insulation boards have good strength and are
suitable for floor insulation.
● It has low thermal conductivity
● It has fire retardant properties and a low smoke level
● lose-cell phenolic insulation foam can resist almost all inorganic acidic erosion,
organic solvents and acids.
Evacuated Panels
● thermal insulation consisting of a
gas-tight enclosure surrounding a rigid
core, from which the air has been
evacuated.
● It is used in building construction,
refrigeration units, and insulated shipping
containers to provide better insulation
performance than conventional insulation
materials
● Has a much lower thermal conductivity
than conventional insulations.
Aerogel Board
● synthetic porous ultralight material
derived from a gel, in which the liquid
component for the gel has been replaced
with a gas
● Low density and low thermal conductivity
● Also called blue smoke owing to its
translucent nature and the way light
scatters in the material
● It feels like fragile expanded polystyrene
to the touch.
Thermal Protection
Methods
Slab/Block Insulation
-Tend to be made of masonry, wool, cork, fibre glass or rubber
-Fixed to walls and roofs to prevent heat loss, or placed between masonry
-Standard size of about 60x120cm, 2.5cm thick

Blanket Insulation
-Available in blanket shapes/paper-like rolls
-Made out of cotton, wood fibers or wool
-Flexibility allows it to be easily spread over walls and ceilings
-12-80mm in thickness
Loose Fill Insulation
-Placed in gaps/ studded spaces for walls and windows
-Tend to also be put on ceilings/unreachable areas
-Made of wood fiber, rock wool, cellulose

Bat Insulating Materials
-Similar to blanket type, but much thicker
-Available in rolls
-Also flexible, allowing it to be placed over walls/ceilings

Insulating Boards
Insulating boards are made from pulp of wood, cane or other materials.
- pulp is pressed hard with some stress at suitable temperature to make it as a solid
boards.
-Available in many sizes, generally provided for interior lining of walls as well as for
partition walls.
Reflective Sheet Materials
Reflective sheet materials like aluminum sheets, gypsum boards, steel sheet
-have more reflectivity and low emissivity-have high heat resistance.
-heat gets reduced when solar energy hits and gets reflected. These are fixed outside
structures to act as a barrier for heat.
Lightweight Materials
-using light weight aggregates while preparing concrete mixture results in heat loss
preventions.
-Concrete will have more heat resistance made of light weight aggregates like blast
furnace slag, vermiculite, burnt clay aggregates etc.
Alternatives
Roof shading/roofing materials
-providing proper angles
-Shading where sun directly strikes
Adjustment of ceiling height
-Hot air travels upwards
-Heat absorbed by ceiling gets emitted downwards-up to about 1-1.3 meters.
Building orientation
Sustainability
Sustainability of materials
-Less reliance on raw materials
-Recycle pre and post-manufacture.
● Reduce packaging and ensure packaging remains recyclable.

● Reduce energy use in production and transport.
● Have zero waste to landfill policies.

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Thermal Protection

Alampay, Arreglado, Tapia

-Crucial for considering impact on environment- building’s energy consumption

-Minimizes energy requirements

-Maintenance of cooling and heating

-the higher the R-value, the greater its insulating capacity

-units of farenheit degrees x hours x square feet per Btu.

-high performance- cost ratio

-Used for both heat insulation and acoustical insulation

-Standard size of about 60x120cm, 2.5cm thick

-Made out of cotton, wood fibers or wool

-Flexibility allows it to be easily spread over walls and ceilings

-Tend to also be put on ceilings/unreachable areas

-Made of wood fiber, rock wool, cellulose

-Also flexible, allowing it to be placed over walls/ceilings

-have more reflectivity and low emissivity-have high heat resistance.

-providing proper angles

-Shading where sun directly strikes

Adjustment of ceiling height

-Hot air travels upwards

-Heat absorbed by ceiling gets emitted downwards-up to about 1-1.3 meters.

-Recycle pre and post-manufacture.

● Reduce packaging and ensure packaging remains recyclable.

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