COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

ARCHITECHTURE

SAN VICENTE WEST, URDANETA CITY

PANGASINAN

CONDUCTION OF HEAT TRANSFER

MEMBERS:

PINNILIW, ROBILYNNE D.

FONTANILLA, MARK ANTHONY B.

PAJARILLO, JOHNREY V.

CALANTOC, JOHN LESTHER

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR . RICA MYRIVILLE ARRELAGA

TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION

II. THEORETICAL BASIS

III. PROPERTIES OF INSULATION MATERIAL

IV. TYPES OF INSULATION MATERIAL

V. DISCUSSION OF ALTERNATIVES

1. FIBERGLASS INSULATION
2. CELLULOSE INSULATION
3. SPRAY FOAM INSULATION
4. ROCK AND MINERAL WOOL INSULATION
5. ALUMINUM REFLECTIVE FOIL BUBBLE INSULATION

6. POLYISOCYANURATE
7. PLYWOOD
8. POLYSTYRENE FOAM INSULATION
VI. TABULATIONS OF ALTERNATIVES

V. CONCLUSION

VI. APPENDIX

VII. 3D HOUSE LAYOUT

INTRODUCTION
 Having a properly insulated home is key to energy efficiency. Your home’s
insulation acts as a thermal resistor that controls the airflow passing in and
out of your home. If you’ve noticed a steady increase in electric bills, yet
you feel like you’re consuming a consistent amount of energy, your
insulation could be in need of replacement and insulation goes beyond just
maintaining energy efficiency, it also reduces outside noise, and moisture.
Insulation is one of the most efficient ways to save energy at home
A well-insulated house can be highly energy efficient, needing very little
additional heating and cooling; however how much money can be saved by
insulating a home depends on a number of different factors, like the type of
insulation and the size of the house.
Thermal insulation can play a significant role in buildings, great demands
of thermal comfort result in a large amount of energy consumed for full-
heating for all rooms. Around 40% of energy consumption can be attributed
to the building, mainly consumed by heating or cooling. Sufficient thermal
insulation is the fundamental task that ensures a healthy indoor
environment and against structure damages. It is also a key factor in
dealing with high energy consumption, it can reduce the heat flow through
the building envelope. Good thermal insulation can also bring the following
benefits to the building:

1. Preventing building damage caused by the formation of moisture on the

inside of the building envelope.Thermal insulation makes sure that the
temperatures of room surface don't fall below a critical level, which avoids
condensation and the formation of mould. According to the Building
Damage reports, 12.7% and 14% of building damages were caused by
mould problems. If there is no sufficient thermal insulation in the building,
high relative humidity inside the building will lead to condensation and
finally result in mould problems.
2. Producing a comfortable thermal environment for people living in the
building. Good thermal insulation allows sufficiently high temperatures
inside the building during the winter, and it also achieves the same level of
thermal comfort by offering relatively low air temperature in the summer.
3. Reducing unwanted heating or cooling energy input. Thermal insulation
reduces the heat exchange through the building envelope, which allows the
heating and cooling machines to achieve the same indoor air temperature
with less energy input.

THEORETICAL BASIS

Determining your location and climate is one of the key to know the most
effective insulation we will be used . If you live in the Philippines where
there are two kinds of season which is rainy and summer season, because
our topic our base on the most effective insulation in material in a house
during summer we will focus on summer season . The temperature in the
Philippines estimately ranges from 15 - 45 degrees celcius depend if you are
in a mountanous area or in lowland area . Consider Pangasinan by giving an
example , which is located in a lowland area , during summer the
temperature ranges from 30 - 45 degrees because of the climate change
sometimes in ranges at is high peak at 50 degree celcius, in order to
maximize energy efficiency levels we need to look for R-value of material
when purchasing insulation. This is the thermal resistance (resistance to
heat flow) an insulator has. The greater this value, the more effective the
insulation will be. When determining the R-value, the thickness, type of
material and density are all taken into account. And also consider the other
properties of insulation materials in order to achieve the most practical and
most economical housing insulation.

PROPERTIES OF INSULATION MATERIAL

R Value
R-value is a measure of how well a two-dimensional barrier, such as a layer
of insulation, a window or a complete wall or ceiling, resists the conductive
flow of heat. R-value is the temperature difference per unit of heat flux
needed to sustain one unit of heat flux between the warmer surface and
colder surface of a barrier under steady-state conditions.
The R-value is the building industry term for thermal resistance "per unit
area. It is sometimes denoted RSI-value if the SI (metric) units are used.
An R-value can be given for a material (e.g. for polyethylene foam), or for
an assembly of materials (e.g. a wall or a window). In the case of materials,
it is often expressed in terms of R-value per unit length (e.g. per inch or
metre of thickness). R-values are additive for layers of materials, and the
higher the R-value the better the performance.

SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat energy required to raise the
temperature of a substance per unit of mass. The specific heat capacity of a
material is a physical property. It is also an example of an extensive
property since its value is proportional to the size of the system being
examined

DENSITY

The density refers to the mass per unit volume of a material and is
measured in kg/m3. A high-density material maximizes the overall
weight and is a feature of ‘high’ thermal diffusivity and ‘high’ thermal
mass materials.
THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY

Thermal diffusivity measures the ability of a material to conduct

thermal energy relative to its ability to store it. Insulators have low
thermal diffusivity. For example, metals transmit thermal energy
rapidly (which is why they are cold to the touch) whereas wood is a
slow transmitter. Copper has a thermal diffusivity of 98.8 mm2/s,
whereas that of wood is 0.082 mm2/s. The variables described above
are linked by the following equation: thermal diffusivity (mm2/s)
=thermal conductivity/density x specific heat capacity

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Thermal conductivity measures the ease with which heat can travel
through a material by conduction, which is the main way that heat is
transferred through insulation. Thermal conductivity is often termed
the λ (lambda) value, or k value; and the lower the figure, the better
the performance. In simple terms, this value is a measure of the
capacity of a material to conduct heat through its mass. Different
insulators and other types of materials, have specific thermal
conductivity values that can be used to measure their effectiveness as
insulators. Thermal conductivity can be defined as the amount of
heat/energy (expressed in kcal, Btu, or J) that can be conducted in
unit time through a material of unit area and unit thickness, when
there is a unit temperature difference. Thermal conductivity can be
expressed in kcal m-1 °C-1, Btu ft-1 °F-1 and, in the SI system, in watt
(W) m-1 °C-1.

VAPOUR PERMEABILITY
 Vapor permeability is the extent to which a material permits the
passage of water through it. It is measured by the rate of vapor
transmission through a unit area of flat material of unit thickness,
induced by a unit of vapor pressure difference between two specific
surfaces, under specified temperature and humidity conditions.

Thermal insulation is usually characterized as vapor permeable or

non-vapor permeable. Often referred to, erroneously, as being of
‘breathable construction’, walls and roofs so termed are characterized
by their capacity to transfer water vapor from the inside to the outside
of the building – so reducing the risk of condensation.

Once you have located the areas in your house requiring insulation, and
have determined what R-value is needed, you will need to decide what type
to buy. Some types of insulation require professional installation, and others
you can install. You should consider the several forms of insulation
available, their R-values, and the thickness needed. Remember, for a given
type and weight of insulation, the thicker it is, the higher its R-value. A
variety of available insulation materials, and their average R-values, is
discussed below.

DISCUSSION OF ALTERNATIVES

1. Fiberglass Insulation
Fiberglass products come in batt, roll and loose-fill form, as well as a
high-density board material. Many manufacturers use recycled glass in
 the production process. Fiberglass is used for insulating virtually every
building component, from foundation walls to attics to ductwork.
Advantages:

 Budget friendly: Fiber glass insulation is a budget-friendly option for

many homeowners.
 Easy to install. You will not have to wait long for fiberglass insulation
to be installed.
 Not too flammable
 Increase energy efficiency and reduce noise
 Mold and mildew resistant
 Improves indoor air quality
 Eco-friendly

2. CELLULOSE INSULATION

made from recycled newsprint, comes primarily in loose-fill form.

Loose-fill cellulose is used for insulating attics and can be used for
walls and floors when installed with a binder or netting. Because of its
high density, cellulose has the advantage of helping stop air leaks in
addition to providing insulation value.

Advantage:

 Environmental friendly, as it is made from organic recycled paper and

cardboard

Disadvantage:

 While it is treated to be resistant to moisture and pests, it’s insulating

ability decreases significantly when it absorbs moisture. As a result,
cellulose insulation needs to be replaced about every 5 years.

3. Spray Foam Insulation

Spray foam is a chemical product created by two materials, isocyanate
and polyol resin, which react when mixed with each other and expand
up to 30-60 times its liquid volume after it is sprayed in place. This
expansion makes it useful as a specialty packing material which forms
 to the shape of the product being packaged and produces a high
thermal insulating value with virtually no air infiltration.

Advantages:

 Saves energy operating costs. 30-50% per year

 Reduces air and moisture infiltration-resulting in a more consistent
temperature
 Reduces noise
Reduces HVAC capacity requirements
 R-values remain stable over time

Disadvantages:

 The upfront cost is higher than conventional insulation

 Payback period is 2-4 years
 It is not generally a do-it-yourself project
 The installation process is longer
 The process could ne messier

4. Rock and Mineral Wool insulation

is any fibrous material formed by spinning or drawing molten mineral

or rock materials such as slag and ceramics.

Advantage

 Fire resistant since it is able to withstand extremely high temperatures,

as well as noise resistant. Comparable to fiberglass.

Disadvantage

 Rock wool is more expensive and not as common as other insulating

materials.

Installation

 Small quantities come in spray containers, but if you need large

quantities, you may have to purchase a pressurized sprayer.

5. Reflective Foil Bubble Insulation

 Reflective foil bubble insulation is a type of building material that
reflects thermal radiation and reduces heat transfer. Because thermal
energy is also transferred by conduction and convection, in addition
radiation, radiant barriers are often supplemented with thermal insulation
that slows down heat transfer by conduction or convection.

Advantages:

 It is cost effective solution. It is also very less in weight and builders

like it to use over the roof because of its nature of shaping in hard to
difficult positions and on multiple intricate and roofing objects.
 Reflective insulation can block 95% of radiant heat and provides
superior thermal performance.
 Reflective foil bubble insulation reflects escaping heat back in the
direction of your home’s interior. By harnessing the loss it lowers your
heating bills. During the summer months, it reflects the heat away
from your home to lower your ac bills.
 Wrapping exposed pipes with reflective foil bubble insulation will abate
potential condensation issues caused by cold pipes and reduce the loss
of heat from hot ones.

6. Polyisocyanurate

also referred to as PIR, polyiso, or ISO, is athermoset plastic typically

produced as a foam and used as rigid thermal insulation. Polyisocyanurate
and polyurethane are insulating foams with some of the highest available
Rvalues per inch. They are not designed for use below-grade, unlike the
polystyrene foam insulation products.

Advantages

 Highest R-Value per inch of any insulation product. (R-value – 6.0 per
inch)
 Absorbs less than 1% of water, far less than any other rigid insulation.
 Relatively strong at 20 psi. For additional strength, see HD coverboard

 Holds up well and can be re-used where complete roof tear offs are
not required.
 Lightweight and easy to install.

Disadvantages
  Cost is higher than fiberboard and eps.

7. Plywood
as a building material is very widely used due to its many useful
properties. It is an economical, factory-produced sheet of wood with
precise dimensions that does not warp or crack with changes in
atmospheric moisture.
Ply is an engineered wood product made from three or more
'plies' or thin sheets of wood. These are glued together to form a
thicker, flat sheet. The logs used to make plywood as a building
material are prepared by steaming or dipping in hot water. They are
then fed into a lathe machine, which peels the log into thin plies of
wood. each ply is usually between 1 and 4mm thick.

Uses of Plywood:

 To make light partition or external walls

 To make formwork, or a mould for wet concrete
 To make furniture, especially cupboards, kitchen cabinets, and office
tables
 As part of flooring systems
 For packaging
 To make light doors and shutters

How Plywood is made?

Plywood consists of the face, core, and back. The face is the surface
that is visible after installation, while the core lies between the face and
back. Thin layers of wood veneers are glued together with a strong
adhesive. This is mainly a phenol or urea formaldehyde resin. Each layer is
oriented with its grain perpendicular to the adjacent layer. Plywood as a
building material is generally formed into large sheets. It may also be
curved for use in ceilings, aircraft, or ship building.

8. Expanded Polystyrene Rigid Foam

Polystyrene is one of the most common plastics used today- several

billion kilograms are produced every year and it’s found in thousands of
application ranging from CD cases to takeaway coffee cups. Where
insulation is concerned, it refers to foamed polystyrene, either as Expanded
Polystyrene (EPS). A more rigid-set foam which is often used for things like
architectural models. Foamed polystyrene is commonly known as
Styrofoam, but this is only a trademarked product.

Polystyrene is a waterproof thermoplastic foam which is an excellent

sound and temperature insulation materials. Typically the foam is created or
cut into blocks, ideal for wall insulations.

Expanded polystyrene is a polymer impregnated with a foaming agent

which, when exposed to steam, creates a uniform closed cell structure
highly resistant to heat flow and moisture penetration.

Expanded polystyrene foam insulation is composed of organic

elements – carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen – and does not contain
chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) or hydrochloflourocarbon (HCFC).

Foamed polystyrene contains millions of tiny air bubbles trapped in the

foam, May smaller than can be seen by the naked eye. Air is a poor heat
conductor and since polystyrene has a high thermal resistance itself, it’s
very effective at preventing heat transfer.

Advantages:

 Low material and installations cost

 Resists to moisture penetration
 Long term R-value
 Energy efficiency
 No growth of bacteria, nor will it decay over time

TABULATIONS OF ALTERNATIVES

Over All Surface Area Of The Left Side Of The House (@2pm in the
afternoon)

14m width x 3.5m length = 49 meter sq. (Left Side Of The House)

INSULATION STD. QUANTITY PRICE/UNIT TOTAL

 SIZES COST/
UNIT AREA
FIBERGLASS 91 x 8.5 45 pcs 225 pesos 10,125
cm pesos
SPRAY FOAM 750 mL 10 pcs. 430 pesos 4,300
pesos
ROCK AND MINERAL 1.2m x 68 pcs 370 pesos 25,160
WOOL 0.6m pesos
REFLECTIVE FOIL 1m x 50m 1 pcs. 5000 5,,000
BUBBLE pesos
POLYISOCYANURATE 1m x 2.4 49 10000 pesos 49,000
m pesos
PLYWOOD 1.2m x 17 pcs 143 pesos 2431 pesos
2.43m
EXPANDED 0.2m x 100 pcs 232 pesos 23,200
POLYSTYRENE FOAM 0.3m pesos
CELLULOSE 0.3m x 0.3 544 pcs 60 pesos 32,640
m pesos

INSULATION THERMAL R – VALUE

CONDUCTIVITY PER 50 mm.

(W/M-K)
FIBERGLASS 0.038 0.9
SPRAY FOAM 0.022 2.5
ROCK AND MINERAL WOOL 0.040 1.1
REFLECTIVE FOIL BUBBLE 0.036 3.2
POLYISOCYANURATE 0.025 2.3
PLYWOOD 0.038 1.32
EXPANDED POLYSTERENE FOAM 0.028 1.4
CELLULOSE 0.04 3.5
 CONCLUSION

According to the table above we will consider using fiber glass as our
insulation. Fiberglass is an excellent non-flammable insulation material and
not that high cost insulation this is definitely the way to go, though
installing it requires safety precautions. Be sure to use eye protection,
masks, and gloves when handling this product. Fiberglass insulation works
by limiting air movement in the space that it occupies. Warmer air
naturally moves towards a cooler space. The air trapped between the
fibrous strands in fiberglass doesn't move and creates still air, effectively
eliminating convection and conduction and insulating the space. During
the summer, cold air must be kept inside the house. The fiberglass
insulation effectively limits this air movement.

APPENDIX

Insulation Material Thermal Reference

Conductivit
y (W/m-K)

FIBERGLASS 0.038 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Tables/thrcn.html

SPRAY FOAM 0.022 https://www.poliuretano.it/EN/thermal_conductivity_polyuret

hane.

ROCK AND MINERAL 0.040 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Tables/thrcn.html

WOOL
REFLECTIVE FOIL 0.036 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326417657_Therma
l_resistance_of_selected_thermal_reflective_insulations
BUBBLE

POLYISOCYANURATE 0.025 https://www.nuclear-power.net/nuclear-engineering/heat-

transfer/heat-losses/insulation-materials/thermal-conductivity-
of-polyisocyanurate-foam/

PLYWOOD 0.038 http://www.farm.net/~mason/materials/thermal_conductivity.

html

EXPANDED 0.028 http://www.farm.net/~mason/materials/thermal_conductivity.

html
POLYSTERENE
CELLULOSE 0.04 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/cellulose-
insulation
3D HOUSE LAYOUT