Unit 1 • Lesson A:

Adjectives vs. manner adverbs

Adjective + noun
You can use adjectives to describe nouns:
I'm a patient person. She's a careful driver.

Verb + manner adverb

You can use adverbs to describe verbs. Manner adverbs describe how people do things:
I wait patiently in lines. She drives carefully.

Regular -ly adverbs

Regular adverbs are adjective + -ly:
patient patiently
careful carefully

For adjectives ending in -y, change the y to i and add -ly:

easy easily

For adjectives ending in -ic, add -ally:

automatic automatically

Irregular adverbs
Some adverbs are irregular. They do not end in -ly:
good well

For example:
He's not a good singer. He doesn't sing very well.

Some irregular adverbs are the same as the adjective:

late late fast fast hard hard

For example:
He's a fast driver. He drives very fast.

be, feel, get, etc., + adjective

Don't use adverbs after verbs like be, feel, get, and sound. Use adjectives:
I'm patient.
I feel safe with her.
He gets reckless sometimes.
His voice sounds terrible.
But, when the verb feel means "have an opinion about", use an adverb:

Unit 1 • Lesson B:
Adverbs before adjectives and adverbs
You can use some adverbs before adjectives and adverbs. Use these adverbs to make some adjectives
and adverbs stronger:

extremely incredibly really so very

She's extremely generous.
She's incredibly talented.
He's a really cool guy.
Use absolutely or really (but not very) with adjectives that are already very strong:
Use absolutamente o realmente (pero no muy) con adjetivos que ya son muy fuertes:

She's absolutely wonderful.

He's really fantastic.

Use the expression at all to make negatives stronger. At all usually goes after the adjective:
Usa la expresión para fortalecer los negativos. En general, va después del adjetivo:
She's not selfish at all.

Use completely and totally to mean 100%: - Usar completa y totalmente para significar 100%:

He's completely honest.

She's totally reliable.

Adjective prefixes
A prefix is a group of letters like dis, un, etc. at the beginning of a word. They add meaning to the
word.

You can use prefixes to make adjectives with opposite meanings. Different adjectives have different
prefixes:

patient impatient
considerate inconsiderate
friendly unfriendly
reliable unreliable
honest dishonest
organized disorganized.

Unit 1 • Lesson B: Personality and character

Adverbs before adjectives and adverbs
You can use some adverbs before adjectives and adverbs. Use these adverbs to make some adjectives
and adverbs stronger:

extremely incredibly really so very

She's extremely generous.

She's incredibly talented.
He's a really cool guy.
We get along very well.

Use pretty and fairly to mean "more than a little":

He's pretty easygoing.
He's fairly laid-back.

Use absolutely or really (but not very) with adjectives that are already very strong:
She's absolutely wonderful.
He's really fantastic.

Use the expression at all to make negatives stronger. At all usually goes after the adjective:
She's not selfish at all.

Use completely and totally to mean 100%:

He's completely honest.
She's totally reliable.

Adjective prefixes
A prefix is a group of letters like dis, un, etc. at the beginning of a word. They add meaning to the
word.

You can use prefixes to make adjectives with opposite meanings. Different adjectives have different
prefixes:
patient impatient
considerate inconsiderate
friendly unfriendly
reliable unreliable
honest dishonest
organized disorganized.

Unit 1 • Lesson C: He's always wasting time.

Describing individual habits
You can use always and a continuous verb to talk about:
Puede usar " always " y un verbo continuo para hablar sobre:

• things people do a lot or more than is usual

He's always wasting time.

• an annoying habit
He was always talking about people behind their backs.

• a funny or special habit

He's always smiling.

at least
You can use the expression “at least” to point out the positive side of a situation:
Puede usar la expresión "al menos" para señalar el lado positivo de una situación:

A He's always standing around and talking.

B Well, at least he's pleasant. (at least = "The good thing is . . . ")

Unit 1 • Lesson D: Is that a fact?

Useful expressions for your personal profile
Here are some useful expressions you can use when you write a profile about someone:
• I was born and raised in . . .
I was born and raised in Istanbul, Turkey.
(= I was born there and I lived there when I was young.)

• At the age of . . .
At the age of 17, I moved to New York.

• I can be . . .
I can be pretty shy and introverted and studying online feels safe somehow.

• I work for a company called . . .

Right now I'm working for a small production company called Film Fast.

I'm an accomplished . . .
I'm an accomplished accordion player.
(= I play the accordion very well.)

• I started playing . . .
I started playing the accordion at the age of eight.

Unit 1 • Lesson D: Is that a fact?

Useful expressions for your personal profile
Here are some useful expressions you can use when you write a profile about someone:

• I was born and raised in . . .

I was born and raised in Istanbul, Turkey.
(= I was born there and I lived there when I was young.)

• At the age of . . .
At the age of 17, I moved to New York.

• I can be . . .
I can be pretty shy and introverted and studying online feels safe somehow.

• I work for a company called . . .

Right now I'm working for a small production company called Film Fast.

I'm an accomplished . . .
I'm an accomplished accordion player.
(= I play the accordion very well.)

• I started playing . . .
I started playing the accordion at the age of eight.

Unit 2 • Lesson A: Hopes and dreams

Present perfect statements
Use the present perfect for events at an indefinite time before now:
I've traveled in Asia.
(= I've traveled in Asia in the past, but I don't say when.)

Affirmative statements
Use a form of have + past participle:
I've been to Europe.
He's surfed in Hawai'i.

Remember, the contracted form of have for he, she, and it is 's (= has).

When people talk about travel destinations, they generally use been as an alternative to gone to mean
"gone somewhere and come back":

I've been to Paris (= I went and came back.)

She's gone to Paris (= She's still in Paris.)

Negative statements
Use a form of have not + past participle:
I haven't been to Paris.
She hasn't tried surfing before.

Remember, the contracted form of have not for he, she, and it is hasn't (= has not).

Frequency expressions with the present perfect

The present perfect is often used with these frequency expressions:
• always
I've always wanted to study acting.
(= This was my dream a long time ago, and it's still my dream today.)

• once / twice / many times

We've gone sailing once / twice / many times.

• never . . . before
She's never tried it before.
(= She didn't do this at any time in the past.)

Past participles
Regular past participles
Regular verbs have the same form for the simple past and past participle. They end in -ed:
travel traveled traveled
try tried tried
Remember, for verbs ending in a consonant and a -y, change the y to i before you add -ed.

Irregular past participles

Irregular verbs sometimes have different forms for the simple past and past participle:

be was / were been

do did done
go went gone
have had had
see saw seen.

Unit 2 • Lesson A: Hopes and dreams

Present perfect statements
Use the present perfect for events at an indefinite time before now:
I've traveled in Asia.
(= I've traveled in Asia in the past, but I don't say when.)

Affirmative statements
Use a form of have + past participle:
I've been to Europe.
He's surfed in Hawai'i.

Remember, the contracted form of have for he, she, and it is 's (= has).
When people talk about travel destinations, they generally use been as an alternative to gone to mean
"gone somewhere and come back":

I've been to Paris (= I went and came back.)

She's gone to Paris (= She's still in Paris.)
Negative statements
Use a form of have not + past participle:
I haven't been to Paris.
She hasn't tried surfing before.
Remember, the contracted form of have not for he, she, and it is hasn't (= has not).

Frequency expressions with the present perfect

The present perfect is often used with these frequency expressions:
• always
I've always wanted to study acting.
(= This was my dream a long time ago, and it's still my dream today.)

• once / twice / many times

We've gone sailing once / twice / many times.

• never . . . before
She's never tried it before.
(= She didn't do this at any time in the past.)

Past participles
Regular past participles
Regular verbs have the same form for the simple past and past participle. They end in -ed:
travel traveled traveled
try tried tried
Remember, for verbs ending in a consonant and a -y, change the y to i before you add -ed.

Irregular past participles

Irregular verbs sometimes have different forms for the simple past and past participle:
be was / were been
do did done
go went gone
have had had
see saw seen.

Unit 2 • Lesson B: Unusual experiences

Present perfect vs. simple past
Use the present perfect to ask about indefinite times before now.

Use have + subject + past participle for present perfect questions:

Have you ever gone white-water rafting?
(ever = at any time in your life up to now)

Use the present perfect to give answers about indefinite times before now:
No, I haven't. I've never gone rafting.
Use the simple past for specific events or times in the past:
A Have you ever gone white-water rafting?
B Yes, I have. I went rafting last May.

A Did you have a good time? (= on your rafting trip last May)
B Yes, I did. But I fell off the raft.

Unit 2 • Lesson B: Unusual experiences

Present perfect vs. simple past
Use the present perfect to ask about indefinite times before now.

Use have + subject + past participle for present perfect questions:

Have you ever gone white-water rafting?
(ever = at any time in your life up to now)

Use the present perfect to give answers about indefinite times before now:
No, I haven't. I've never gone rafting.

Use the simple past for specific events or times in the past:
A Have you ever gone white-water rafting?
B Yes, I have. I went rafting last May.

A Did you have a good time? (= on your rafting trip last May)
B Yes, I did. But I fell off the raft.

Unit 2 • Lesson C: I've heard good things . . .

Keeping the conversation going
To keep a conversation going, you can comment on what other people say to show interest, and then
ask a question:

A We went to a new club called "Fizz" last week. Have you been there?
B No, but I've heard good things about it. How was it?

Response questions
You can show interest by responding with short questions like Do you? and Have you? Use the same
tense as the other person:

A I like hip-hop music. (simple present)

B Do you? (simple present)

A I've seen that movie about hip-hop artists a couple of times. (present perfect)
B Have you? (present perfect)
To show surprise, you can respond with questions like You do? and You have? This is more informal.

Unit 2 • Lesson C: I've heard good things . . .

Keeping the conversation going
To keep a conversation going, you can comment on what other people say to show interest, and then
ask a question:

A We went to a new club called "Fizz" last week. Have you been there?
B No, but I've heard good things about it. How was it?

Response questions
You can show interest by responding with short questions like Do you? and Have you? Use the same
tense as the other person:

A I like hip-hop music. (simple present)

B Do you? (simple present)

A I've seen that movie about hip-hop artists a couple of times. (present perfect)
B Have you? (present perfect)

To show surprise, you can respond with questions like You do? and You have? This is more informal.

Unit 2 • Lesson D: Travel blogs

Adverbs of attitude
You can use adverbs to show your attitude or feelings about something.

Use fortunately when you are happy about what happened:

Fortunately, there were some great guides, and they really helped me.
Use unfortunately when you are sorry about what happened or didn't happen:
I didn't see a quetzal bird, unfortunately.

Use amazingly when you are happy and surprised:

Amazingly, it wasn't really scary.

Unit 2 • Lesson D: Travel blogs

Adverbs of attitude
You can use adverbs to show your attitude or feelings about something.

Use fortunately when you are happy about what happened:

Fortunately, there were some great guides, and they really helped me.

Use unfortunately when you are sorry about what happened or didn't happen:
I didn't see a quetzal bird, unfortunately.

Use amazingly when you are happy and surprised:

Amazingly, it wasn't really scary.