Fire Is The Rapid Oxidation of A Material in The Exothermic Chemical Process of Combustion

Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion,
releasing heat, light, and various reaction products.[1][a] Fire is hot because the conversion of
the weak double bond in molecular oxygen, O2, to the stronger bonds in the combustion
products carbon dioxide and water releases energy (418 kJ per 32 g of O2); the bond
energies of the fuel play only a minor role here. [2] At a certain point in the combustion
reaction, called the ignition point, flames are produced. The flame is the visible portion of
the fire. Flames consist primarily of carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen and nitrogen. If hot
enough, the gases may become ionized to produce plasma.[3] Depending on the substances
alight, and any impurities outside, the color of the flame and the fire's intensity will be
different.
Fire in its most common form can result in conflagration, which has the potential to cause
physical damage through burning. Fire is an important process that affects ecological
systems around the globe. The positive effects of fire include stimulating growth and
maintaining various ecological systems. Its negative effects include hazard to life and
property, atmospheric pollution, and water contamination. [4] If fire removes protective
vegetation, heavy rainfall may lead to an increase in soil erosion by water.[5] Also, when
vegetation is burned, the nitrogen it contains is released into the atmosphere, unlike
elements such as potassium and phosphorus which remain in the ash and are quickly
recycled into the soil. This loss of nitrogen caused by a fire produces a long-term reduction
in the fertility of the soil, but this fecundity can potentially be recovered as molecular
nitrogen in the atmosphere is "fixed" and converted to ammonia by natural phenomena
such as lightning and by leguminous plants that are "nitrogen-fixing" such as clover, peas,
and green beans.
Fire has been used by humans in rituals, in agriculture for clearing land, for cooking,
generating heat and light, for signaling, propulsion purposes, smelting, forging, incineration
of waste, cremation, and as a weapon or mode of destruction.
Fires start when a flammable or a combustible material, in combination with a sufficient

quantity of an oxidizer such as oxygen gas or another oxygen-rich compound (though non-
oxygen oxidizers exist), is exposed to a source of heat or ambient temperature above the
flash point for the fuel/oxidizer mix, and is able to sustain a rate of rapid oxidation that
produces a chain reaction. This is commonly called the fire tetrahedron. Fire cannot exist
without all of these elements in place and in the right proportions. For example, a
flammable liquid will start burning only if the fuel and oxygen are in the right proportions.
Some fuel-oxygen mixes may require a catalyst, a substance that is not consumed, when
added, in any chemical reaction during combustion, but which enables the reactants to
combust more readily.
Once ignited, a chain reaction must take place whereby fires can sustain their own heat by
the further release of heat energy in the process of combustion and may propagate,
provided there is a continuous supply of an oxidizer and fuel.
If the oxidizer is oxygen from the surrounding air, the presence of a force of gravity, or of
some similar force caused by acceleration, is necessary to produce convection, which
removes combustion products and brings a supply of oxygen to the fire. Without gravity, a
fire rapidly surrounds itself with its own combustion products and non-oxidizing gases from
the air, which exclude oxygen and extinguish the fire. Because of this, the risk of fire in a
spacecraft is small when it is coasting in inertial flight.[6][7] This does not apply if oxygen is
supplied to the fire by some process other than thermal convection.
Fire can be extinguished by removing any one of the elements of the fire tetrahedron.
Consider a natural gas flame, such as from a stove-top burner. The fire can be extinguished
by any of the following:
 turning off the gas supply, which removes the fuel source;
 covering the flame completely, which smothers the flame as the combustion both
uses the available oxidizer (the oxygen in the air) and displaces it from the area
around the flame with CO2;
 application of water, which removes heat from the fire faster than the fire can
produce it (similarly, blowing hard on a flame will displace the heat of the currently
burning gas from its fuel source, to the same end), or
 application of a retardant chemical such as Halon to the flame, which retards the
chemical reaction itself until the rate of combustion is too slow to maintain the chain
reaction.
In contrast, fire is intensified by increasing the overall rate of combustion. Methods to do

this include balancing the input of fuel and oxidizer to stoichiometric proportions, increasing
fuel and oxidizer input in this balanced mix, increasing the ambient temperature so the fire's
own heat is better able to sustain combustion, or providing a catalyst, a non-reactant
medium in which the fuel and oxidizer can more readily react.

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Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion,

Fires start when a flammable or a combustible material, in combination with a sufficient

In contrast, fire is intensified by increasing the overall rate of combustion. Methods to do

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