Elliptic curves 2

'

sins
Q2
"

a .
See how to
"
cut out
act
ell . are as a
cap
object
b. see how to character ie

dgeb defy equations

.
.
)
 dimension to
Drop down a

ask how
① ,
we can

"

compactly
" "
"
to extend on

⑤ to a natural aagrcet

space .

① us as = R't
f
⇐
F
BYE) -

-
{ Gaia c- 6400134
( Zi
'
Zz ) Zi Z; I I, 2
-

( Z Zz)
n
: ,
-

, , ,
.
7 E E
Mimic this fan Q2

of c El Q)

t
REQ) =
{ Eh , Zz Zz) c-
,
Q2 co ,
0,013/0
~ : same
scaly as before by TECH
'
Eh E CE)
R2ca ) = v

T "

line at eufmty
"

cat ont loci in ¥2 CE )

How do we

equations I
with algebraic
Issue of well-defined ness .

Depuy egan
must be compatible
X
w/ Scally by it I
-
- 2

⑨ ⑦ + tz'z
X Zi
plug in :

the zit I Zzt £353

1
Set this =o
,
divide by ,

the !
still have X's in equation
each monomial
But : If degree of than
is the samey ,
or homogeneous ,

the X 's all divide out .

 2
low degree # (Q ) :

Polynomials of in

Degel :

= 0
A
,
8
,
t 92 Zz t 93 Zz

line ( copy of
'
E CE ) )
straight
in a 401
sphere
Topologically it is
: a

Degree
"

A
,,
Z ft Azz ZE 9332-5
t

I 0
+A 9,3 Z, Zz t 9232-283
,zZ, Zz t

( comic )
"

quadric care

in REQ )
CHALK :
Degree 2 carves X
Ce )
'
are
alto ±

How ? Construed a mop

' and check that
X o # Ce)
the two sheets come together at

just two points .

① e
Essentially :
-
o

z t E

extended to them cpoompaekfrcatrons .

3C? )
Dg 1
, Deg 2
, Dq
Degrees !
2-9,223,2-330 3

:÷:÷
ZIZI , Zz2Zz
6

ZEAL
10

acts 63
Glgc on

E3 co o.o )
PGLZCQ) acts -
on ,

PGLZCQ) =
GLEE ) / a )
PGL,
Quoted by action of
 10 -
I = 9 Din .

Monomials overall Space

ofdgnl scalvgdf
3in

cwbrcegin-odimefPGLg.CA/- 9-I=8Dm
7,2273

am

c : : :S
Dspaeeby 8D
group
quoted
actor
9.
ID space
.

EI
shouldbealdetogeta
:
#D

fmcabreq.rs
"
"
normalform
Classic normalfans for cubic carves :

•
Hesse normal farm
? ZE ZZB t 39*7 Fitz
z t t ,

•
Weierstrass normal farm

-222 zz
- H ZF tgzz Zzftgz 2-33 ,
-
-

"
"

y
'
= 4×3 -

gz
x -

gz
•
Legendre farm normal

( Zz) Gi IED -
-0
-222 Zz Zi Z -

-
,
"

" '
x Cx I ) Cx x )
-
-

=
y
Looking at
Legendre named fam
more closely :
z , tox
" "
In
offs space Y
r

zzrs
.

8-
Zz t I

2
) ( X) 8-
X Cx X
y l
- -

•
-

@ @

Q
For each Calmestevery ) -
x E
-

takes two values

y on

y
-

-
t.xcxcx.at
Double cover of Q

branded at x= o , I ,
I
 e to # Ce)
'

Baat s
.

If we
caplet ,

this double arm is breached

then
X
points
I
⑨
: -

O no
at x , ,
-

i&
D¥÷:*
tore
 ' to

IT ? s
'
* St

Legendre N F us
-
.

gives
the double cerealbranched )
Ce )
'

presentation of
E over

9Fn÷wnC¥sMT①
GIA .
←
Calne
came

£ w N F
.
.

g
A c
G lattice
N
An elhptr-fetcrel.to
fat Q
fat
on
is a merom .

St f Cz ) f ZEE
fcztw ) =
,

we A-
"

doubly porodrehfdg
"
The
weaostross-8-fetcnd.
) def byto
A is .
the

wt)
'

fever

E¥wF
-

8Gt #
t
WEA .

Wto

• abs .
&
conf conuepeoncpch
.

subsets of Q 's A-
•
defines mean fator Owl
at @
doublepoleof resole o
latticed Inoa other poles .

is an even elliptic ft
 "

Expand Cz - WJZ w abort -2=0

) about E- o
=D Laurent series
fan PE

PCH =

# t
42kt GEEK
't

l
Gzh= E Twtr
WEA .

Wto

so:
pczftzzt3GYEth.at .

@CzjP-zIot9Gytzztl5Goth.o.t
( 842717¥ -2904¥ -8066
.

that .
 Suitable lahar
.
cowbroth to

eliminate neg part e constant term :

f CH = ( play f 418 GIB -

t 60 Ge PG
) t 140 Go
p
hdone on QA
elliptic
.

,
,
here
hole &vanity
at * . o

is holon on alf of Cc by A- periodicity.

⇐ bounded woodyfCz€
⑧top 4cg #P ga pool B
-

= -

8£60 Gy , 8374066
 between
Have a
dictionary to
go
W
, if I 82,9g

Calne
A .
cave .

elliptic curve
for a
.

Picard Fuchs
-

differential
equating .

transcendental algebraic
geometry .
 E
A
=

Univ cover
ma
of E ie
①
Q

s£hhedud .

go get g72
I'lol E good "
"

typo

a cave
8=2 Evey g
' -

-
.

is hyperelliptic
! guise Cx )
y
( sexing really )
Jacobson ( C )
I
came .

Jada is also
C=E ,

on ell - cue

Ccf Tae
is an

hetman
,
abelian
'
"
namely
 C , g 72
>

✓ a
:

E o

YA
abd ,

war .
Elliptic Curves 3 :
-

Group law on EE = ① IN htt

CIA Carin ) .
*

cc #Eel

4×3 tgzxztgz 2-3=0

'

E :
y -2 -

O :
-
-

[o : i :o) Additive identity

law
fntkgop
joint at
mpixjn
on the curve

hewed in affine
Hye place
 :*:: : :
"

Tito ftp.o .

of Elk) easily of
El
Kfar = subgrip
order
pts of funk
,

FAI : order of a torsion subgrap of an

K = Oh is finite
elliptic came over
whatare the possible pops F- Contos ?

Them (Mazar) There possibilities

are 15 :

Hnk for n tf 't 43,4 5,47 8,9 10,123

, , , ,

7422×74NE fan n tf44,6183

as torsion
All of these actually arise
over 0h
groups of some elliptic cane .

fate field
-

Elk) th is a
-

Crucial in
cryptography
-

D - Whitcher in Mathematicsmagazine
"
"
from Polygons
to string Theory
 N = 22 c R2

polygon IRR w/
latficepolggon
= in

retros in the
lattice
straight line path between
Assume :
every
contained in
pts in
polygon is

the polygon
we say
a @ veg
on lattice polygon is reflexive
lathe point F
if ithas only one ,

origin ,
in its interior .

¥
there ?
How
many
are

listthem all ?
Can we
 to ¥±e
④

%¥¥ OLD

•
-0

rotate 90
NEW

o
reflect across x-axis

etc .

sheer .
'
stretches polygon in one

direction

⑤ to t ) Ltd =
Etf )
.#¥¥#¥ i n di g eneT fggas

count types/classes of reflexive polygons

instead .
 reflexivepolygons belong
Two to the same

equiv .
if they
class are linked
by :
8hears
reflectors rotators
, ,
I

that take N -
o N .

SA ball :L IIIII
'

Glad = -
-
Lac .

( YI Ladd ) Ed
Ma is continuous ,
I -
I
,
onto map of
N N
place sending
→
the

lattice
MA : lattice polygons -
o
polygons
0 a
- o

reflexive polygon
reflexrepdoggone
→
.
 I
Two
reflexive polygons A ,
are

Agfa)
-

equivalent if I AGGIE)
St machi =D .

classes
How
many GLIA equivalence -

are thee
?
of reflexive polygons
16 Try find
to them all to
ANI :

Trick polar duality dual lattice

DCN
D°cM¥HomLN 2) ,

,m emµMz }
) .cm ma) I

D°={
, z -

cm,
Chainz) D
for
c-
all

" "

polar of A
 I also ( when A was )
is
reflexive
A and I have the samenumber
faetgs
•
.

of sides and vertices .

¥¥ €t¥
A
•
# lattre ponte in boundary of
+ # lathe port in
bandy y so

= 12

That does any of this have to do

cubic
with the normal fans for
talked about lasttime
curves we
-
From
polygons
-
to
polynomials
(i , o) -9 Z, Theta of Zj as

co , l l H Zz Kaiten) complex
variables ( Ex)
For each lathe point in B cnefboue
polygon ) we
define monomial by
a

" 'mind " EMMI

cm , , ma) to zY' ¥9 , qmizmz

Now :
multiply each monomial by a

I sum it all
coupled parameter g up
.

family of polynomials parametrized

the
by dj
 1-42/4

&:¥÷÷
a G
10 lattice pouts
tnaoozizi
4511 aq , C-I , -110-2 Zjtzz
( 0,1 ) ← Zz etc
.

g, # ZE t.az#ZzttdzZzthyZT
'
+ tgtdgz thzZTzIH8E
,

+2g ZIZI't 402-7251

"

taut polynomial
"
From polynomials to spaces
-

"
Zi E Q ,
Eli 2

Set : Laurent poly = O

& look for Solus

in WF
ore ply though by Zzz
malt

w/o changing the nonzero

solution .

A general cubic polynomial

in Zi , Zz
Then homogenize w/ Zz
i
-

C E 'T CREE )
compactly :

& get a
general cubic carve ni

IED -
-
- an
elliptic carve
=
 generally
:
Moe

reflexive polygons correspond to

other
other conpoekfratas of C RED
by addy points
'
Q is and .

( recall : # Ccd
' = ex u so 3063 )

Recipe for eons

Nucky RD :

t surface
cutout
In every case , hypersurfacecurves
are families of elliptic
4.5 if I
"
"
based on
lie .
normal farms ,

M N

N M
 Higher dimensions ?
-

cubic curve CREE)

CREE)
quartic sfce .

"
# Loc)
qurticssnfoldc
Dc -2k M
( kc¥
-

Iglexivepdytgeao-fmi.mn/cni;Yn:!:I;:mh' "

latte polytope
he is also
reflexive if
a .

D. is
DIM #ecLASSftofREfk.poL4topE#
I I
Elin CUES
16
.
2
K3 SEES 3
4319

{Y3F%f4473,8oQ7#Tjy
5⑦
 Mirror
-
symmetry
string theory
10 D
theory capaetfied
,
on a

F 30 drive Calabi
-
'

face
)
-

( 9+1 Dms

6112
a
manifold

:¥a÷*±÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷ :
 Smee there ( should be) only one

modeled both thaws

reality being by
'

there must , given

one
care of .

IA ,
be a comesp .
epchfe of IB .

ASSERTS THE EXISTENCE

Cy 3 ' '
"
C 43
'

OF A MIRROR
CE , K) ( K, E)

One intop .

of minor
pars of Cg
those gumby
manifolds is as

polar dual pansof reflexive

polytopes ! BHK ( It