Plane Waves in Lossy

Medium

E
x

ocean

z
1
Wave in Lossy media

2
 Summary (Lossless Case)

− jkz z
E x = E0 e
S
1 − jkz
Hy = E0 e
 y
2
E0 H
Sz = x
E
2

 1 c 2 cd 0
k =   vp = = = cd = = = =
k  r r k f  r r

 r 0
= = 0 0 = 376.730313 []
 r 0
3
 Lossy Medium
Return to Maxwell’s equations:
E
  E = − j H x
  H = J + j E
Ocean
Assume Ohm’s law: J =E

Ampere’s law:
z
  H =  E + j E
= ( + j ) E

We define an effective (complex) permittivity c that accounts for conductivity:

 
Set j c =  + j c   − j  
 
4
 Lossy Medium (cont.)
Maxwell’s equations then become:

  E = − j H   E = − j H
  H = j c E   H = j E
Lossy Lossless

The lossy form is exactly the same as we have for the lossless case, with

 → c
Hence we have:

E x = E0 e − jkz k =   c (complex)

1 
Hy = E0 e − jkz = (complex)
 c

5
 Lossy Medium (cont.)
 
Examine the wavenumber: k =   c c =  − j  
 

Reminder about

c
principal branch:
k
z= z e j = z e j /2
−    
k  0
k   0
Denote: k = k  − jk 

E x = E0 e − jkz = E0 e − jk z e − k z

k  
Compare with lossy TL:
k   
6
 Lossy Medium (cont.)
E x ( z ) = E0 e − jk z e − k z Ex ( z, t ) = E0 cos (t − k z + 0 ) e − k z
E0 = E0 e j0

t =0

Ex ( z,0 )
E0 e − k z

2
=
k
7
 Lossy Medium (cont.)
E x ( z ) = E0 e − jk z e − k z

(choose E0 = 1)

Ex ( z ) 1
− k z
e
e −1 0.37
z
dp

The “depth of penetration” dp is defined.

k d p = 1 d p  1 / k 
8
 Lossy Medium (cont.)

E x = E0 e − jk z e − k z 
= =  e j
1 c
Hy = E0 e − jk z e − k z
 Note: The angle between
the Ex and Hy phasors is .
The complex Poynting vector is
2 2

( )
1 1 E0 −2 k z E0 j −2 k z
S= E  H *
= ˆ
z E H *
= ˆ
z e = ˆ
z e e
2 2
x y *
2 2

1
2 Sz ( z )
e −2k z
E0
Sz (t ) = Re S z = cos  e −2 k z
2 e −2 = 0.14
z
d p = 1 / k 

9
 Lossy Medium (cont.)

Summary for Depth of Penetration Formula:

d p  1 / k 

k = k  − jk  ( k  = − Im(k ) )
k =   c = k0  c /  0 = k0  rc

    
 c   − j   ,  rc =  r − j 
  
 0
 =  0 r

10
 Example

Ocean water:  r = 81
(These values are fairly constant up through
 = 4 [S/m] low microwave frequencies.)

 = 0

Assume f = 2.0 GHz:

   
 c =  0 ( 81 − j ( 35.95 ) ) [F/m]
 
 c =  − j   =  0  r − j 
   
 0   rc = 81 − j ( 35.95)

k =  0 c =  0 0 rc = k0  rc k = 386.022 − j ( 81.816 ) [1/m]

k  = 386.022 [rad/m]
d p = 1/ k  d p = 0.01222 [m]
k  = 81.816 [nepers/m]
 = 2 / k   = 0.01628 [m]
11
 Example (cont.)

f dp [m]

The depth of penetration 1 [Hz] 251.6

into ocean water is shown 10 [Hz] 79.6
for various frequencies.
100 [Hz] 25.2
1 [kHz] 7.96
 r = 81 10 [kHz] 2.52
Note:
The relative permittivity
 = 4 [S/m] 100 [kHz] 0.796
of water starts
changing at very high
 = 0 1 [MHz] 0.262 frequencies (above
about 2GHz), but this is
10 [MHz] 0.080 ignored here.

d p = 1/ k  100 [MHz] 0.0262

1.0 [GHz] 0.013
10.0 [GHz] 0.012
100 [GHz] 0.012
12
 Loss Tangent

 
Recall:  c =  − j  
 

Denote:  c =  c − j c

The loss tangent is defined as:

 c Note:
tan   The loss tangent
 c characterizes how lossy the
material is.


We then have: tan  = (for loss due to conductivity)

13
 Low-Loss Limit: tan << 1
We approximate the wavenumber for small loss tangent:

b) For polarization and/or conductivity loss*

k =  0 c =  0 ( c − j c) (*This is the most general case.)

     
=  0 c  1 − j  
   c  

=  0 c (1 − j tan  )
=  0  (1 − j tan  )
  0  (1 − j ( tan  ) / 2 ) (Using 1 + z  1 + z / 2, z  1)

1
k    0  tan 
2 2
dp 
 0  tan 

14
 Low-Loss Limit: tan << 1
We approximate the wavenumber for small loss tangent:

a) For conductivity loss only

   
k =  0 c =  0   − j   
   
   
=  0  1 − j 
    

=  0 (1 − j tan  )
  0 (1 − j ( tan  ) / 2 ) (Using 1 + z  1 + z / 2, z  1)

1  1   
k    0   tan  =  0   
2  2   
or
k  
0     2
dp 
  2  0   
(independent of frequency)
15
 Low-Loss Limit: tan << 1 (cont.)
f dp [m] tan
Ocean water
1 [Hz] 251.6 8.88108
 10 [Hz] 79.6 8.88107
tan  =
 0 r 100 [Hz] 25.2 8.88106
1 [kHz] 7.96 8.88105

 r = 81 10 [kHz] 2.52 8.88104

100 [kHz] 0.796 8.88103
 = 4 [S/m]
1 [MHz] 0.262 888
 = 0
10 [MHz] 0.080 88.8
100 [MHz] 0.0262 8.88
1.0 [GHz] 0.013 0.888
10.0 [GHz] 0.012 0.0888
“Low-loss” region
100 [GHz] 0.012 0.00888
tan   1
16
 Dielectric Polarization Loss

 
c =  − j  
 

The permittivity  itself can also be complex, due to molecular and

atomic polarization loss (friction at the molecular and atomic levels).

Example: distilled water:   0 (but it heats up well in a microwave oven!).

Notation:  =   − j  (complex permittivity)

17
 Polarization Loss (cont.)

Complex Relative Permittivity for Pure (Distilled) Water

 0


r = =  r − j r
 r 0

 r

Frequency [GHz]

18
 Loss Tangent

In general, the loss tangent accounts for both conductivity loss and polarization loss.

 
c   − j  
 
 
= (   − j ) − j  
 
=  c − j c Note:
We can always “pretend”
that all of the loss is due to
We then have: an effective conductivity.

 c  eff
tan   tan  =
 c 

19
 Loss Tangent Comments

Practical notes:

▪ For some materials (most good conductors), it is the conductivity that is approximately
constant with frequency.

Ocean water:   4 [S/m]

▪ For other materials (most good insulators), it is the loss tangent that is approximately
constant with frequency.

Teflon: tan  0.001

▪ For good conductors (like ocean water at low frequency) the conductivity effect usually
dominates the loss tangent.

▪ For good insulators (like Teflon), the conductivity is almost zero and the dielectric
polarization loss usually dominates the loss tangent.

20
 Example

 r = ( from plot )
Ocean water:
(This example is more realistic than the
 = 4 [S/m] example on slide 29. We now assume that
the permittivity of the ocean water is a
 = 0 realistic value that depends on frequency.)

Assume f = 2.0 GHz:  r = 80 − j ( 7.0 ) (from plot on slide 35)

   
 c =  0 ( 81 − j ( 42.95 ) ) [F/m]
 
 c =  − j   =  0  r − j 
   
 0   rc = 81 − j ( 42.95 )

k =  0 c =  0 0 rc = k0  rc k = 389.492 − j ( 96.875 ) [1/m]

k  = 389.492 [rad/m]
d p = 1/ k  d p = 0.01032 [m]
k  = 96.875 [nepers/m]
 = 2 / k   = 0.01613 [m]
21
 Appendix: Summary of Formulas
Lossless

E x ( z ) = E0 e − jkz 2 cd 0
= = =
k f  r r
k =  
c
Ex cd =
=  r r
Hy

  0 =
c
= = 0 r
 r f


0 vp = = cd
0 = 376.730313 [] k
0

22
 Appendix: Summary of Formulas
Lossy
− jkz
 c =  c − j c
Ex ( z ) = E0 e

 c
tan  
k =   c k = k  − jk   c


Ex
=
d p  1 / k  tan  = ( if   = 0 )
 0 r
Hy
2
=  c =  c (1 − j tan  )
=
 k =  0 rc (1 − j tan  )
c
=  0 r (1 − j tan  )

    =  0 r
c =  − j  
 

23
 Plane Waves in
Good Conductors
x

 0 , 0  , , 

24
 Good Conductor

Good conductor:  1 J =E

    
 c =  − j =  1 − j  1
    
  Example: copper
 1  c  − j
 
Hence

k =   c 
k  (1 − j )
2

  −j

Recall k  k  − jk 
=  −j

Use 1− j 
− j = e− j /2 = e− j /4 = Therefore k   k  
2 2
25
 Skin Depth


k   k  
2
Denote

1
  dp = “skin depth”
k 
For a good conductor, the
Then we have
depth of penetration is
called the “skin depth”.
2 The symbol is .
 = dp =

1
k   k  

26
 Skin Depth (cont.)

 0 , 0  , , 

Ex ( z ) = Ex 0 e− jkz = Ex 0 e− jk z e− k z
1
Hence k   k  

− j ( z / ) −( z /  )
Ex ( z ) = Ex 0 e e
Controls the magnitude
27
 Skin Depth (cont.)

Frequency 
2
= 1 [Hz] 6.6 [cm]
 10 [Hz] 2.1 [cm]
100 [Hz] 6.6 [mm]
1 [kHz] 2.1 [mm]
Example: copper 10 [kHz] 0.66 [mm]
100 [kHz] 0.21 [mm]
 = 0 = 4 10 [H/m]
−7
1 [MHz] 66 [m]
 = 5.8 107 [S/m] 10 [MHz] 21 [m]
100 [MHz] 6.6 [m]
1 [GHz] 2.1 [m]
10 [GHz] 0.66 [m]
100 [GHz] 0.21 [m]

28
x Surface Impedance

The 3D volume current

 is collapsed into a 2D
surface current. 

z J sx
Equivalent surface current
J x ( z)

x
y y
Jx J sx
S

29
 Surface Impedance (cont.)


I =  J x ( z ) dS = y  J x ( z ) dz Actual current
0
S

I = J sx y Surface current model

Hence


J sx =  J x ( z ) dz
0

30
 Surface Impedance (cont.)

Define the surface impedance:

Ex 0

Ex0
Zs  z
J sx
Ex ( z ) = Ex 0 e− jkz J sx

J sx =  J x ( z ) dz
0

=   E x 0 e − jkz dz
0

=  E x 0  e − jkz dz
0

 1 
=  E x 0  − e − jkz   1 
 jk 0 J sx =  Ex 0  
 jk 
31
 Surface Impedance (cont.)
Hence
1
J sx =  Ex 0  
 jk 
 1 
=  Ex 0  
 j (k  − jk ) 
 1 
=  Ex 0  
 ( k  + jk  ) 
 1 
  Ex 0  
 k  (1 + j ) 
 1 
=  Ex 0  
1 + j 
We then have

Ex0  1 
Zs = =  (1 + j )
J sx   
32
 Surface Impedance (cont.)

 1 
Zs =   (1 + j ) []
  

Define “surface resistance” and “surface reactance” from

Zs = Rs + jX s

We then have:

1 
Rs = = Z s = Rs (1 + j ) []
 2
X s = Rs
33
 Surface Impedance (cont.)

Frequency Rs

 1 [Hz] 2.610-7 []

Rs = 10 [Hz] 8.310-7 []
2 100 [Hz] 2.610-6 []
1 [kHz] 8.310-6 []
10 [kHz] 2.610-5 []
Example: copper 100 [kHz] 8.310-5[]
1 [MHz] 2.610-4 []
 = 0 = 4 10 [H/m]
−7

10 [MHz] 8.310-4 []

 = 5.8 107 [S/m] 100 [MHz] 0.0026 []
1 [GHz] 0.0083 []
10 [GHz] 0.026 []
100 [GHz] 0.083[]

34
 Impedance of Wire

Find the high-frequency impedance for a solid wire.

Z = impedance seen by source

V
Z= V -
+
I
I

  a a
l

Note: The current mainly flows on the outside surface of the wire!
35
 Impedance of Wire (cont.)
− z
Surface-current model: V J sz
+
I = ( 2 a ) J sz

V = l Ez 0
a
l
V Ez 0 l  l   Ez 0 
Z= = =  
I ( 2 a ) J sz  2 a   J sz  Z = R + j X = impedance

Hence Zs
Reminder :
 l   l  Z s = Rs (1 + j )
Z = Zs   = Rs (1 + j ) 
 2 a   2 a   1
Rs = 

=


   2
 l 
Therefore, we have R = X = Rs  
 2 a 
36
 Impedance of Wire (cont.)

Equivalent circuit:


a
l

R jX

 l 
R = X = Rs  
 1
Rs = 

=

 2 a     2

37
 Impedance of Wire (cont.)

Example: copper wire

a R=X
Assume:  = 5.8  107 S/m  10 [m] 6.57 []
l = 5.0  cm  0.1 [mm] 0.657 []
f = 1.0  GHz  1 [mm] 0.0657 []
10 [mm] 0.00657 []

 l 
R = X = Rs  
 2 a 

 1  
Rs =   = Rs = 0.00825 []
   2

2
= = 2.090 10−6 [m]

38
 Impedance of Wire (cont.)

Compare with the same wire at DC:

R DC
=
l
=
l  = 5.8  107 S/m 
 A  ( a 2 ) l = 5.0  cm 

DC 1.0 GHz
a R a R=X
10 [m] 2.7 [] 10 [m] 6.57 []
0.1 [mm] 0.027 [] 0.1 [mm] 0.657 []
1 [mm] 2.710-4 [] 1 [mm] 0.0657 []
10 [mm] 2.710-6 [] 10 [mm] 0.00657 []

39
 Appendix
Summary of Formulas
(Good Conductors)

Ex ( z ) = Ex 0 e− jkz = Ex 0 e− jk z e− k z

− j ( z / ) −( z / )
Ex ( z ) = Ex 0 e e  l 
R = X = Rs      (round wire of length l)
  2 a 
k   k  
2
2
 = dp =

1
k   k  

Z s = Rs (1 + j )
 1  
Rs =   =
   2
40