III.

MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCES

Choice of determining distance depends in H. ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
 Purpose for which the measurement is intended Measurement of distance measuring equipment is based on the
 Accuracy Required invariant speed of light or electromagnetic waves in vacuum. In
 Cost and other conditions general, boundary, control and construction surveys involving long
lines and large areas can be performed most accurately and
A. METHODS economically using modern EDM equipment.
1. Estimation
2. Scaling from a Map I. TAPING
3. Pacing It is direct measurement of distances using tape varying in length
4. Odometer from 1 m to 100 m. Relatively short distances or specific construction
5. Tacheometry layout requirements are present, taping the distances can be more
6. Taping practical.
7. Photogrammetry
8. Inertial Systems J. ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT OF DISTANCES
9. Electronic Distance Measurement
1. Tape Not Standard Length
B. PACING
Pacing – counting of steps or paces by walking naturally along the 𝑐 = 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ − 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
line to be measured.
RP: ranges from 1/50 to 1/200 Where: c = correction per tape length
Distance = (pace factor) x (Number of Paces) Nominal Length – length stated by the manufacturer
Pace factor or unit pace is expressed in m/pace or ft/pace. It can be True Length – length derived by comparison with a known standard
determined by taking the ratio of the known distance and average length under given conditions of temperature, tension, support.
number of paces. In measuring distances:
 Positive correction is applied for tape too long
Two Methods To Calibrate One’s Pace  Negative correction is applied for tape too short
1. Determine the average length of an individual’s normal In laying distances:
step  Negative correction is applied for tape too long
2. Adjust one’s pace to some predetermined length such as 1  Positive correction is applied for tape too short
meter
Problem 3 A 50-m tape which is 0.04 m too long is used to measure
Problem 1 A surveying student walked along a given line that was distance XY. The recorded length was 709.25 m. Find the corrected
known to be 200.0 ft long, in order to determine her average unit horizontal distance of line XY.
pace. She paced the line 5 times 78, 76.50, 77, 87 and 76 paces
respectively in her field notebook. Problem 4 A rectangular lot 140 m x 280 m is to be laid out using a
Determine the following: 30-m tape. It was found out that the actual length of the tape was
a. Pace factor in m/pace, ft/pace 29.95 m. What dimension should be laid out in order to have the
b. If the surveyor then counted three times 150.75, 151, desired area of the lot?
150.25 paces while pacing of unknown distance, what is
the distance? Problem 5 The sides of a square lot having an area of 22500 sq.m.
c. Relative Precision of the paces was measured by a 100-m tape that is 0.04 m too short. Calculate the
error in the area.
Problem 2 A surveyor has a unit pace of 0.90 m/pace.
a. She counts 37 paces while walking from C to D. What is 2. Imperfect Alignment of Tape
the distance between C and D?
b. How many paces should the same surveyor count in order Problem 6 The distance measured over smooth level ground between
to layout a line roughly 122 m long? two monuments was recorded as 105.00 m. Measurements consisted
of three full tape lengths and one partial tape length. If the first taping
C. MILEAGE RECORDER point was misaligned 0.40 dm left, the second 9.2 dm right, and the
It is attached to an ordinary automobile speedometer and registers the third 5.0 dm left, compute the correct distance between the points.
distance to 0.10 mi and may be read by estimate to 0.01 mi.
3. Variation in Temperature (Correction due to Temperature)
D. ODOMETER Tape expands as temperature rises and contracts as the temperature
It is a simple device that can be attached to any vehicle and register falls. If the tape is standardized at a given temperature and
the number of revolutions of a wheel. With the circumference of the measurements are taken at a higher temperature the tape will be too
wheel known, the relation between revolutions and distance is fixed. long. Errors are reduced by attaching one or more tape thermometers
to it and observing temperatures for each tape length.
E. TIME INTERVAL OF TRAVEL
𝑐𝑇 =∝ 𝐿(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 )
F. MATHEMATICS AS EXPONENTIAL METHODS Where:
Unknown distances may be determined through their relation to one cT = correction per tape length, m or ft
or more distances. It is used in triangulation (Topographic and α = coefficient of linear expansion, /C° or /°F
Control Surveys) and plane table work. For steel tape: α = 0.0000116 /C°
α = 0.00000645 / F°
G. TACHEOMETRY T = observed temperature, °C or °F
1. Stadia Method To = standard temperature, °C or °F
2. Distance Wedge To : If not given, use 20°C or 68°F
3. Using a subtense bar and a transit/theodolite L = nominal/standard length of the tape, m or ft
Total Correction to be applied in measured length: W = total weight of the tape, lb, kg or N
A = cross-sectional area of the tape, cm2 or in2
𝐶𝑇 =∝ 𝑀𝐿(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 ) L = distance between supports
For steel tape: Est = 200000 MPa
Problem 7 A distance was measured with a 30 m steel tape and Est = 28 – 30 million psi
recorded as 112.345 m when the average tape temperature was 5°C. Est = 2.1 x 106 kg/cm2
What is the correct distance? Problem 11 A 100 m tape is suspended at the ends under a pull of 12
kg. It is also supported at 25-m and 80-m marks. If the tape weighs
Problem 8 A 50-m steel tape was standardized and supported 2.4 kg. Determine the total correction due to sag.
throughout its length and found to be 0.00205 m longer at an
observed temperature of 31.8°C and a pull of 10 kg. This tape was Problem 12 A 50-m tape weighing 0.03 kg/m is used to measure line
used to measure a line which was found to be 721.702 m at an AB. The tape is supported at both ends and at its midspan and the
average temperature of 25°C using the same pull. applied tension is 6 kg. Determine the total sag correction and the
Determine the following: corrected distance if the measured distance is 1483.25 m.
a. Standard temperature
b. Total correction to be applied in measured distance 6. Tape Not Horizontal (Correction due to Slope)
c. Corrected horizontal distance Taped measurements may be made directly along the slopes when
ground is
4. Variation in Tension (Correction due to Pull) B
If the tension or pull is greater or less than that for which the tape is
verified the tape will be elongated or shortened accordingly. S

(𝑃 − 𝑃𝑜 )𝐿 (𝑃 − 𝑃𝑜 )𝑀𝐿 h
𝑐𝑃 = 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑃 = θ
𝐴𝐸 𝐴𝐸
Where: A Ch
H
cP or Cp = correction per tape length or distance, m or ft
P = applied pull or tension, kg, N, lb S
Po = tension for which the tape is standard Where:
L = nominal/standard length of the tape or distance S = sloped distance (directly measured by a tape)
measured, m or ft θ = angle of inclination determined using a
A = cross-sectional area of the tape, cm2 or in2 transit/theodolite or abney level
E = Modulus of Elasticity, psi or kg/cm2, MPa or N/mm2 h = difference in elevation obtained by running a line of
For steel tape: Est = 200000 MPa levels between terminal points
Est = 28 – 30 million psi Ch = slope correction or the difference between the sloped
Est = 2.1 x 106 kg/cm2 length and the horizontal distance
H = true horizontal distance
Problem 9 It will be assumed that both a very heavy and a medium
weight 100-ft tape are standard under a tension of 10 lb; E = 30000 Slope or gradient, g in %
psi. The cross-sectional area of the heavy tape is 0.010 sq.in. and of ℎ
𝑔= 𝑥100%
the light tape 0.005 sq,in. It is desired to determine the elongation to 𝐻
an increase in tension from 10 to 30 lb.
Determine the following: Different Slope Correction Formulas:
a. Correction per tape length of the heavy tape a. Gentle Slope (less than 20%)
b. Correction per tape length of the light tape ℎ2
𝑐ℎ =
2𝑆
Problem 10 A 100-ft tape weighing 2 lb is of standard length under b. Steep Slope (between 20% and 30%)
tension of 12 lb supported for full length. A line on smooth level ℎ2 ℎ4
ground is measured with the tape under a tension of 35 lb and found 𝑐ℎ = + 3
2𝑆 8𝑆
to be 4863.50 ft long. E = 29000000 psi; 3.53 cu.in. of steel weighs 1 c. Very Steep Slope (greater than 30%)
lb. 𝑐ℎ = 𝑆(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
Determine the following:
a. Correction per tape length of the tape 𝐻 = 𝑆 − 𝑐ℎ
b. Corrected horizontal distance Problem 13 A distance was measured over irregularly sloping terrain.
Sloped distances and differences in elevation are tabulated. Calculate
5. Tape not Stretch Straight (Correction due to Sag) the horizontal distance.
Tape will sag:
1. If not fully supported Slope Distance, ft Difference in Elev., ft
2. Because of its self-weight 100.00 3.50
Sag shortens the horizontal distance 100.00 5.30
80.50 4.20
𝑤 2 𝐿3 𝑊2𝐿 100.00 8.05
𝑐𝑆 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑆 =
24𝑃 2 24𝑃 2 62.35 5.25
𝑛1 𝑤12 𝐿31 𝑛2 𝑤22 𝐿32 𝑛3 𝑤32 𝐿33 Problem 14 A distance of 156.725 m was measured between points
𝐶𝑆 = + +
24𝑃 2 24𝑃 2 24𝑃 2 X and Y with a steel tape that was fully supported along a uniformly
Where: sloping surface. The elevation difference between X and Y was
cs = correction due to sag between points of support, m or ft determined to be 9.750 m. Determine the corresponding horizontal
P = applied tension, lb, kg or N distance between X and Y.
w = linear mass or weight of tape, lb/ft, kg/m or N/m
7. Normal Tension Understanding levelling requires vocabulary of terms used in the
Referred as the applied pull which will lengthen the tape to equal the study of the earth’s surface. The following terms are important to
shortening caused by sag. know:
0.204𝑊√𝐴𝐸 1. Vertical Line – a line from any point on the earth to the center of
𝑃𝑁 = the earth.
√𝑃𝑁 − 𝑃𝑆 2. Plumb line – a vertical line, usually established by a pointed metal
Where: bob hanging on a string or cord
PN = normal tension or the pull whish eliminate the effect of sag (kg) 3. Level surface – Because the earth is round, a level surface is
W = total weight of tape between supports (kg) actually a curved surface. Although a lake appears to have a flat
A = cross-sectional area of tape (cm2) surface, it follows the curvature of the earth. A level surface is a
E = modulus of elasticity of tape material (kg/cm2) curved surface that, at any point, is perpendicular to a plumb line.
Po = Standard pull for the tape (kg) 4. Horizontal Line – a line perpendicular to the vertical
5. Datum – any level surface to which elevations are referred. Mean
Problem 15 A steel tape has a cross-sectional area of 0.05 cm2. The sea level is usually used for a datum.
tape measures exactly 30.00 m when supported throughout its length 6. Elevation – the vertical distance from a datum to point on the earth.
under a standard pull of 6.50 kg. If the modulus of elasticity is 7. Vertical Control – a series of benchmarks/other points of known
2.10x106 kg/cm2, determine the tension required to make the tape elevation established throughout an area. Also known as basic control.
equal to its nominal length when supported only at the end points. 8. Levelling – the process of finding the difference in elevation of
points on the earth.
8. Combined Corrections 9. Bench mark – a marked point of known elevation from which
Problem 15 A tape of standard length 20 m at 85°F was used to other elevations may be established.
measure a base line. The following being the slopes for the various 10. Turning point – a temporary point on which an elevation has
segments of the line. been established and which is held while an engineer’s level is
Segment Length (m) Slope moved to a new location.
100 2°20’ 11. Temporary Benchmark – a semi-permanent point of known
150 412’ elevation. It can be flanged-bolt on fire-hydrants, nails in the roots of
50 1°06’ trees.
200 7°48’ 12. Backsight – a rod reading taken on a point of known elevation in
300 3°00’ order to establish the elevation of the instrument line of sight
32.50 5°10’ 13. Height of Instrument – the vertical distance from the datum to
The mean temperature during measurement was 63°F and the the line of sight of the level.
coefficient of thermal expansion of the tape material is 6.50x10 -6 14. Foresight – rod reading taken on a turning point, benchmark,
per °F. Determine the following: temporary benchmark in order to determine its elevation
a. Total correction due to slope in m 15. Intermediate Foresight – a rod reading taken at any other point
b. Total correction to be applied in m where the elevation is required
c. Corrected length of the line in m
B. LEVELING METHODS
Problem 16 The length of steel tape found to be exactly 30 m at a  Direct/Spirit
temperature of 30°C under a pull of 5 kg when lying on the flat  Double-Rodded
platform. The tape is stretched over two supports between which the  Profile
measured distance is 300.000 m. There are two additional supports in  Trigonometric
between equally spaced. All the supports are at the same level; the  Reciprocal
tape is allowed to sag freely between the supports. The mean  Cross-Section
temperature during the measurements was 37°C and the pull applied  Barometric
was 9.0 kg. Take tape details as below:
 Borrow-Pit
Weight 1.50 kg 1. Differential leveling or Spirit leveling is the most accurate simple
Cross-sectional Area 6.5 mm2 direct method of determining the difference of level between two
Coefficient of linear expansion 1.2x10-5/C° points using an instrument known as level with a levelling staff. A
Modulus of Elasticity 2.10 x 106 level establishes a horizontal line of sight and the difference in the
Determine the following: level of the line of sight and the point over which the levelling staff is
a. Total correction due to sag in m held, is measured through the levelling staff.
b. Correction per tape length due to pull in m HI = ElevBM-1 + BSBM-1
c. True length of the line in m ElevTP-1 = HI – FSTP-1

Problem 17 A tape of 30 m length suspended in catenary measured Problem 1 Complete the differential notes shown and show the usual
the length of a base line. After applying all corrections the deduced arithmetic check. (All values are in m)
length of the base was 1462.36 m. Later on it was found that the STA BS HI FS ELEV
actual pull applied was 155 N and not the 165 N as recorded in the BM5 1.04 186.38 m
field book. The tape was standardized on the flat under a pull of 85 N 1 3.95 4.93
having a mass of 0.024 kg/m and cross-sectional area of 4.12 mm2. 2 6.56 6.78
The modulus of elasticity of the tape material is 152000 MN/m2 and
3 8.48 1.35
the acceleration due to gravity is 9.806 m/s2.
4 9.22 0.91
Determine the following:
a. Measured length in m 5 8.37 0.35
b. Correction to be applied in the deduced length in m 6 4.92 2.84
c. Corrected length in m 7 7.77 8.75
8 9.25 6.82
IV. MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL DISTANCES BM6 5.50
A. DEFINITION OF TERMS Determine also the height of collimation between sta 2 and sta 3 in m.
ADJUSTMENT OF LEVEL Road. Determine the elevation of BM-2 and show the arithmetic
 Two –Peg Test check.
STA BS HI FS Elev
BM-1 9.08 749.06 m
TP-1 (L) 12.24 3.73
TP-1 (H) 10.10 1.60
TP-2 (L) 11.04 2.21
TP-2 (H) 9.92 1.08
TP-3 (L) 1.75 9.84
TP-3 (H) 0.55 8.62
BM-2 11.27
BM-2 11.27

3. Profile Levelling – the process of determining differences in

elevation along a fixed line at designated short measured intervals.
DEa = a – b
Definition of Terms
DEb = d – c
 Profile – a curved line which graphically portrays the
If DEa = DEb, i.e. the line of sight is parallel to the horizontal line.
intersection of a vertical plane with the surface of he earth
Therefore it is level.
showing the ground elevation of selected critical points
If DEa is not equal to DEb, line of sight is inclined upward or
along a surveyed line and horizontal distances between
downward
these points.
TDE = (DEa + DEb)/2
ea = b – b’  Stationing – a numerical designation given in terms of
eb = d – d’ horizontal distance along a profile line.
d’ = c + TDE (if d’ is less than d, the line of sight is inclined upward  Intermediate foresights – sights known as the rod
otherwise inclined downward) readings, taken at regular intervals at a point where sudden
b’ = a – TDE (if b’ is less than b, the line of sight is inclined upward changes in elevation occur.
otherwise inclined downward)  Full station – points which are established along the
profile level route at uniformly measured distances and
 Two –Peg Test: Alternate Method usually taken at multiples of 100, 50, 30, 20, and 10 meters.
 Plus Station – these are taken at breaks in the ground
surface slope at a critical points such as intended locations
of culverts, bridges, and other structures

Problem 4 Complete the profile level notes and make a profile

sketch.
STA BS HI FS IFS ELEV (m)
BM-1 2.994 12.108
0+000 2.62
+020 1.62
+040 0.70
+044 1.28
TDE = a – b +052 0.72
a & b = rod reading at rod A and B when instrument is set up at the TP-1 1.62 0.555
midpoint of A and B +060 1.16
c = rod reading at A when instrument is set up near A +080 1.22
d = rod reading at B when instrument is set up near A +100 2.20
en = near rod error on the rod A with the instrument set near A (at
point P) 4. Trigonometric Levelling
ef = far rod reading on the rod B with the instrument set near A (at
point P) Effect of Curvature and Refraction
c’ and d’ = correct rod readings By definition, a level surface is a curved surface and a horizontal line
c’ = c – en is a straight line. If a level sight were made on a level rod 1 mi away
d’ = c – ef from any point on the earth, the reading, if one could be made, would
be greater by 0.667 ft because of the curvature of the earth. The
Problem 2 In a two-peg test of a dumpy level, the following were departure of the earth from the horizontal line varies as the square of
taken with level set-up at M (midway between A and B). The rod the distance from the level to the rod.
readings on A and B are 1.155 m and 1.770 m respectively. With Light passing through the atmosphere is bent so that in reading a rod,
level at point P, the rod reading on A is 2.423 m and that on station B the reading is less. This offsets the effect of the earth's curvature by
is 2.999 m. If point P is located 1.67 m from A along the extension about 14%.
line AB and 76.910 m from B. hcr = 0.0675K2
Determine the following: Radius of earth = 6370 km
a. True difference in elevation Where:
b. Correct rod readings on the near and far rod for a horizontal C = error due to earth’s curvature
line of sight. c + r or hcr = net error due to earth’s curvature and refraction
r = 1/7*C or 0.14C
2. Double-Rodded Differential Levelling
Problem 3 Data shown below is obtained from a double-rodded line
of levels of a certain cross-section of the proposed Manila-Bataan
 Problem 11 A transit is set-up at point B which is between A and C.
The vertical angle observed towards A is known to be -20° and of C
is +12°. The horizontal distance between A and B is 642.80 m and
that of B and C is 1032.40 m. The height of instrument is 1.50 m
above B and the elevation of A is 146.32 m. Consider the effect of
curvature and refraction.
Determine the following:
a. Difference in elevation between bet B and C
b. Difference in elevation between A and C
c. Elevation of B

Three Intervisible Points

h = h2 + [k2/(k1+k2)](h1 – h2) – 0.0675k1k2

Problem 12 Mirador hill with an elevation of 626 m is on a line

Problem 5 Calculate the error due to curvature and refraction from between Aurora hill whose elevation is 660 m and Cathedral hill
the distances: having an elevation of 600 m. Distance of Mirador hill from Aurora
a. K = 2500 ft hill is 10 km and distance of Mirador hill from Aurora hill is 12.
b. K = 400 ft Considering curvature and refraction correction.
c. K = 2.70 miles a) Compute the obstruction of the line of sight at Mirador hill
d. K = 1.80 km when observing Cathedral hill.
b) What would be the height of equal towers to be erected at
Problem 6 How wide would a river be if a man 1.85 m high stands Aurora hill and Cathedral hill so that the Cathedral hill,
on the other bank of river and still he could see a tower on the Aurora hill and Mirador hill will be intervisible with a 4 m
opposite bank of the river which is 30.55 m high considering the tower erected at the top of Mirador hill?
effect of curvature and refraction. c) If no tower will be erected at Aurora hill and Mirador hill,
what would be the height of tower to be erected at Cahedral
Problem 7 Two hills 90 km apart have elevations of 60 m and 200 m hill so that Mirador and Cathedral hill will be intervisible
at A and B respectively. What would be the maximum height of the from Aurora hill.
triangulation tower that could be erected at B so that it would be
visible from point A considering the effect of curvature and refraction? 5. Three-Wire Leveling
Reading the two stadia hairs and the middle crosshair at each turning
Principles in Trigonometric Leveling point and bench mark provides an excellent check for a line of levels.
a. The horizontal at one point is perpendicular to the vertical The difference in the middle crosshair reading and the upper stadia
at another point. hair reading should be very near the difference in the middle
b. The level distance is practically equal to horizontal (i.e. crosshair reading and the lower stadia hair reading. If there is a
tangent distance) discrepancy, one of the readings can be disregarded; otherwise,
differences in elevations can be determined by averaging the three
Problem 8 The vertical angle from the top of a small building to the readings.
top of a nearby taller building is +46°40’, while vertical angle to the
bottom is -14°10’. If the shorter building up to the instrument’s Problem 13 Complete the level notes shown.
height is 28.00 m high, find the height of the taller building. BS FS
STA HI ELEV
H.Rdg Mean H.Rdg Mean
Problem 9 In order to determine the elevation of point B on top of a 1.495
cliff, a transit was set over a point A, the elevation of which was BM-1 0.845
known to be 122.78 m and the height of instrument from the ground 0.195
was 5 m. The recorded vertical angle reading of B from point A was 2.890 1.200
16°34’. Point C was next located at a horizontal distance of 200 m TP-1 2.650 0.825
from point A. Then the transit was set next set up at point C and the 2.410 03450
vertical angle of B from this point was 24°30’. Finally, with the 2.100 1.795
telescope horizontal, the reading on the levelling rod on point A was TP-2 1.650 1.475
7.80 m. Neglect the combined effect of curvature and refraction.
1.200 1.155
Determine the following:
2.320 2.800
a. Height of instrument at point A
TP-3 1.975 2.350
b. Height of instrument at point C
c. Elevation of point B 1.630 1.900
1.510
Problem 10 The top of the mast signal 2000 m was sighted through a BM-3 1.235
transit with recorded vertical angle of 4°10’. The height of mast is 6 0.960
m and the height of the transit above the point where it is set is 1.20
m. The elevation of the base of signal B is 171.17 m. Determine the
elevation of the point under the transit A with due allowance for
curvature and refraction correction.
6. Reciprocal Leveling A magnetic needle is a slender, magnetized steel rod that, when
Running a line of levels across a river or other obstacle where the freely suspended at its center of gravity, points to magnetic north.
horizontal distance is more than the desired maximum can be
performed using reciprocal leveling. 2. MAGNETIC DIP
The level is set up on the bank of the river, and turning point A is In the northern hemisphere, the magnetic needle dips toward the
established nearby on the same side of the river. Turning point B is magnetic pole. In the southern hemisphere, the needle dips toward the
established on the other side of the river. A reading is taken on south magnetic pole. To counteract the dip so that the needle will be
turning point A, and several readings are made on turning point B by horizontal, a counterweight is attached to the south end of the needle
unleveling, releveling, and then averaging the readings. The level is in the northern hemisphere and to the north end in the southern
then set up on the side of the river opposite point A and near point B. hemisphere. This weight is usually a short piece of fine brass wire.
Readings are made on B and A in the same manner as before. The
difference in elevation between A and B is determined from the 3. MAGNETIC COMPASS
average readings.
Problem 14 In levelling across a wide river, reciprocal level readings
were taken between two points A and B as shown in the
accompanying tabulation. Determine the following:
a) Difference in elevation between two points.
b) Elevation of B if the elevation of A is 126.350 m.
Instrument Set-Up Near A
STA BS FS
a 1.283
1.284
1.286
1.283
b 0.675
0.674
0.677
0.674
0.677
0.678
SUM
MEAN

Instrument Set-Up Near B

STA BS FS
b' 1.478
1.480
1.476
1.478
a' 2.143 4. MAGNETIC DECLINATION
2.140
2.145
2.142
2.143
2.146
SUM
MEAN

7. Inverse Leveling
Problem 15 A line of levels was run into a shaft for a copper mine.
All of the stations in the accompanying tabulation were located in the
shaft’s ceiling and readings were taken by inverting the levelling rod. 5. VARIATION IN DECLINATION
Complete the given level notes and perform the customary arithmetic
check.
STA BS HI FS ELEV
BM77 2.85 104.30 m
TP-1 2.43 1.65
TP-2 2.76 2.48
TP-3 2.19 0.70 6. IMPORTANCE OF COMPASS SURVEYING
BM78 3.05 0.95
TP-4 1.45 1.66
TP-5 0.96 2.08
BM79 3.06

V. COMPASS SURVEYING

1. MAGNETIC NEEDLE
Problem 1

Problem 2

E. DEFLECTION ANGLES
VI. TRAVERSE
A. INTRODUCTION

F. ANGLE-TO-THE-RIGHT
B. OPEN TRAVERSE

C. CLOSED TRAVERSE

G. DIRECTION OF SIDES

H. METHODS OF DESIGNATING DIRECTION

Properties of Closed Traverse

Σinterior angles = (n – 2)*180°
Σexterior angles = (n + 2)*180°
Σdeflection angles = 360°

D. HORIZONTAL ANGLES

I. BEARING
J. BACK BEARING

L. BACK AZIMUTH

Problem 3
The magnetic bearing of a line is S87°W. If the declination is 5°E,
find the bearing of a line.
Problem 4
In 1955, the magnetic bearing of a line was N25°45’W. The
declination of the needle is 1°30’. What will be the declination of the
needle and the magnetic bearing of the line in 1968? The secular
variation per year is 0°5’E.
Problem 5
The azimuth of line AO is 350° from South. The deflection of line
OB is 170°L. Find the bearing OB.
Problem 6
The bearing of line DO is due East. The deflection angle of line OE is
78°R. Find the azimuth of line OE.
Problem 7
Compute and tabulate the bearings and azimuths of a regular hexagon.
Given the first starting direction of side AB: N35°18’E, Station C is
easterly from B
Problem 8
Compute and tabulate the bearings and azimuths of a regular
icosagon. Given the first starting direction of side AB: 205°20’38”
from North, Station C is westerly of B

K. OPEN COMPASS TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENT

Problem 9
The following were the observed data for an open compass traverse.
Adjust the observed directions and tabulate values accordingly.
Line Length Observed Bearing Adjusted Bearing
m Forward Back
AB 250.50 S40°15’W N40°20’E
BC 210.75 S52°40’W N52°50’E
K. AZIMUTH CD 243.30 N73°30’W S73°30’E
DE 148.70 N36°15’W S35°55’E

L. CLOSED COMPASS TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENT

Problem 10
The following were the observed data for closed compass traverse.
Adjust the observed directions and tabulate values accordingly.
 Line Length Observed Bearing Adjusted Bearing O. COMPASS RULE
m Forward Back Considering Sign Convention of Traverse: Northing and Easting,
AB 300.25 S37°30’W N37°30’E Easting and Westing
BC 250.15 S43°15’W N44°15’E Corrected Latitude = Preliminary Latitude – Correction for Latitude
CD 325.43 N73°00’W S72°15’E
DE 298.17 N12°45’E S13°15’W ∑ 𝐿𝑎𝑡(𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒)
𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑡 =
EA 201.12 N60°00’E S59°00’W 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒

M. LATITUDES AND DEPARTURE Corrected Departure = Preliminary Departure – Correction for

Departure

∑ 𝐿𝑎𝑡(𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒)
𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑝 =
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒

Problem 11
Given the observed lengths and directions of a closed traverse, adjust
the length and bearing of the courses using Compass Rule.
LENGTH
LINE BEARING
(m)
12 285.10 N26°10’E
23 610.45 S75°24.8’E
34 720.48 S15°30.1’W
45 203.00 N1°41.5’W
51 647.02 N53°5.9’W

P. TRANSIT RULE
Considering Sign Convention of Traverse: Northing and Easting,
Easting and Westing
Corrected Latitude = Preliminary Latitude – Correction for Latitude

∑ 𝐿𝑎𝑡|𝐿𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒|
𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑡 =
∑|𝐿𝑎𝑡|

Corrected Departure = Preliminary Departure – Correction for

Departure

∑ 𝐷𝑒𝑝|𝐷𝑒𝑝 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒|
𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑝 =
∑|𝐷𝑒𝑝|

Problem 12
N. BALANCING THE TRAVERSE Given the observed lengths and directions of a closed traverse, adjust
Latitude disclosure = ΣLat (not equal to zero) the length and bearing of the courses using Transit Rule.
Departure disclosure = ΣDep (not equal to zero)
LENGTH
Linear error of closure LINE BEARING
(m)
2 2 12 285.10 N26°10’E
= √(∑ 𝐿𝑎𝑡) + (∑ 𝐷𝑒𝑝) 23 610.45 S75°24.8’E
34 720.48 S15°30.1’W
Relative Precision
45 203.00 N1°41.5’W
= (Linear error of closure)/(Perimeter of the traverse)
51 647.02 N53°5.9’W

Q. COORDINATES

Problem 13
From the adjusted data from Problem 12, compute the coordinates of
2, 3, 4, and 5. Assume the coordinate of point 1 to be x = 1000.00 and
y = 1000.00 m.
VII. AREA COMPUTATIONS

A. DMD AND DPD METHOD

STEPS USING DMD AND DPD
1. The DMD of the first course is equal to the Departure of
the course itself
2. The DMD of the next course is equal to the summation of
the DMD, departure of the previous course and the
departure of the course itself.
3. The DMD of the last course is numerically equal to the last E. SIMPSON’S ONE-THIRD RULE
departure but opposite in sign. (Checking) 𝑑
4. Double Area of each course is equal to the product of the 𝐴 = (ℎ1 + ℎ𝑛 + 2 ∑ ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑑 + 4 ∑ ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 )
3
Latitude and DMD considering the signs. Where:
5. The total area of the traverse is equal to the absolute value d = common spacing between offsets
of the summation of Double Areas of all courses divided by n = no. of offsets (must be a odd number)
two. h1 = first offset
1 hn = end offset
𝐴 = |2𝐴| hodd = odd offsets
2
****DPD Method follows the same procedure. Just change DMD to heven = even offsets
DPD, Departure to Latitude, and Latitude to Departure.*****
Problem 3 A tract of land has three straight boundaries AB, BC, and
Problem 1 Determine the area of the closed traverse adjusted from CD. The fourth boundary DA is irregular. The measured lengths are
Problem 12. as under: AB = 135 m, BC = 191 m, CD = 126 m, BD = 255 m.
The offsets measured outside the boundary DA to the irregular
B. COORDINATE METHOD boundary at a regular interval of 30 m from D, are as below:
Problem 1 Given the traverse 12345 in Figure with the coordinates Distance
shown, find the area inside the traverse by the coordinate method. 0.0 30 60 90 120 150 180
from D (m)
Offsets (m) 0.0 3.7 4.9 4.2 2.8 3.6 0.0
Determine the area of the tract.

F. AREA WITH SEGMENT OF A CIRCLE

Problem 4 Compute the area of the tract 123456.
Line Bearing Length (ft)
1-2 N02°27’50”W 761.49
2-3 N87°35’37”E 1076.62
3-4 S02°24’23”E 290.00
4-5 S09°49’21”W 823.10
5-6 S30°30’21”W 68.00
6-1 N67°56’54”W 949.09

Coordinates
Point
y (ft) x (ft)
1 1000.00 1000.00
2 1236.11 492.03
3 817.72 248.31
4 782.01 622.01
5 574.45 854.35

C. TRIANGLE METHOD
D. TRAPEZOIDAL RULE
𝑑
𝐴 = (ℎ1 + ℎ𝑛 + 2 ∑ ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 )
2
Where:
d = common spacing between offsets
n = no. of offsets
h1 = first offset
hn = end offset

Problem 2 Using trapezoidal rule, find the area in the following

illustration. All measurements are in ft.
G. INTEGRATION METHOD
𝑥2
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑦𝑐1 − 𝑦𝑐2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1
𝑦2
𝐴 = ∫ (𝑥𝑐1 − 𝑥𝑐2 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1
Problem 5 Determine the area of the land bounded by these curves:
𝑥 2 = 8𝑦
𝑦 = 2𝑥
x and y are in km.

Problem 6 Determine the area of the land bounded by these curves:

𝑥𝑦 = 1
𝑦 = 2𝑥
𝑥=4
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
x and y are in miles.