Linguistics-Hasriana-Summary of Meeting 4 (Morphology)

LINGUSTICS
by
Dr. Mawardin M. Said, M.Hum.
Nama : Hasriana
Stambuk : A 122 20 011
CHAPTER 4 MORPHOLOGHY (THE ANALYSIS OF WORD STRUCTURE)
A. Words and Word Structure
Some words consist of a single morpheme called simple words. While, complex words consist of
two or more morpheme.
1. Morphemes
A morpheme is smallest meaningful unit of language, covers both grammatical and/or lexical
meaning. It consists of free and bound morpheme. Free morpheme is word element that can stand alone
as word that has meaning (e.g. cat, house man, happy, etc.). While bound morpheme is a word element
that cannot stand alone as a word. It has no meaning but can differentiate the meaning (e.g. co-, -er, -s,
-ity, -ness, etc.).
Sometimes, because of historical or phonological reasons, the same morpheme can have different
forms. Many morphemes have two or more different pronunciations called allomorphs. For examples:
books /-s/
pigs /-z/
boxes /-iz/
2. Representing Word Structure
Roots and Suffix
Complex words consist of a root and one or more affixes. Affixes can be further classified as
prefixes or suffixes. A prefix is an affix that is added before the root (e.g. cowrite, imposible, undo). A suffix
is an affix that is added after the root (e.g.writer, happiness, doable).
Bases
A base is the element to which a affix is added. As such, it has no lexical meaning. All roots are
bases, but not all bases are roots. For example, the word “speakers”; the base is speaker, while the root is
speak.
B. Derivation
Derivational affixes are changes in which a word base is expanded or modified order to indicate a
syntactic change. It changes the word category. E.g.
weak (adj)
weakness (n)
weaknesses (n. plural)
globe (n)
global (adj)
globalize (v)
globalization (n)
Examples of English Derivational Prefix

Examples of English Derivational Suffix
C. Word Formation
Generally, word formation (derived words) is the process or result of forming new words, which
derived from words or group of words with the same root. In other words, it is defined as the ways in which
new words are made on the basis of other words or morphemes.
1. Compounding
Compounding consists of the combination of two words, in which one word modifies the meaning of
the other (the head). E.g. Moonlight, football, know-nothing. The head of compound is usually the right-
most constituent. It determines how the inflectional properties of a compound are realized. Compounds with
a head are called endocentric compound, while compounds with no head are called exocentric.
2. Borrowing
Borrowing I a word formation process in which a word from one language is borrowed directly into
another language. E.g. algebra (Arabic), democracy (Greek), cookie (Dutch), haiku (Japanese).
3. Clipping
Clipping is the process in which a word is reduced or shortened without changing the meaning of
the word. Types of clipping: (1) back clipping-removing the end portion of word, (2) fore-clipping-removing
the beginning portion of a word, (3) middle clipping-retaining only the middle part of a word. E.g. bike-
bicycle, gas-gasoline, math-mathematics, gym-gymnasium, fridge-refrigerator, sub-submarine.
4. Blending
Blending is process in which parts of two or more words combine to create a new word whose
meaning is often a combination of the original words. E.g. camera + recorder = camcorder, cybernetic +
organism = cyborg, emotion + icon = emoticon, information + commercial = infomercial, internet + citizen =
netizen, smoke + fog = smog.
5. Backformation
Back-formation is a word formation process in which an actual or supposed derivational affix

detaches from the base form of a word to create a new word. E.g. automate - automation, babysit –
babysitter, blockbust – blockbuster.
6. Acronyms
Acronym is a word or name formed as an abbreviation from the initial components in a phrase or a
word, usually in the form of individual letters. E.g. RADAR (radio detection and ringing), NATO (north
Atlantic treaty organization), NASA (national aeronautics and space administration).
7. Eponyms
Eponym is a word formation process in which a new word is formed from the name of a real
fictitious person. E.g. America (Amerigo Vespucci), August (Augustus Caesar), Celsius (Anders Celsius).
D. Inflection
Inflection is modification suffering a lexeme to express its position. It is the extra letter or letters
added to nouns, verbs, and adjectives in their different grammatical forms, nouns are inflected in plural,
verbs are inflected in various tenses, and adjectives are inflected in the comparative/superlative.
Examples of Inflectional Morphemes

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LINGUSTICS

CHAPTER 4 MORPHOLOGHY (THE ANALYSIS OF WORD STRUCTURE)

A. Words and Word Structure

2. Representing Word Structure

Roots and Suffix

Examples of English Derivational Prefix

Back-formation is a word formation process in which an actual or supposed derivational affix

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