Module 5 - Modulus of Elastricity - Applications

[MUSIC] Hi, and welcome back.
Today, we're going to continue

discussing the modulus of elasticity and module five, which is part of unit one,
material properties in design. So, the learning outcomes for today's
module is, first, to become familiar with the values of the modulus of elasticity
for typical engineering materials. Second, to understand the key differences
between the modulus of elasticity and strength. And then, third,
to understand when the modulus of elasticity becomes a key
factor in material selection. So, just a quick review. Last time,
we discussed how the modulus of elasticity is the slope of the linear elastic
region of the stress strain curve. It's a property of the material, and it can be
thought of qualitatively
as a material stiffness. So, units and values. So, first off, again, in this course
we're going to use capital
E as our notation for the elastic modulus. In English the units are psi. And most
metals are in the mega psi range. In metric units,
the units are pascals, and most metals have a modulus of
elasticity in the gigapascal range. So let's take a look and see the varying
values of the modulus of elasticity for a number of different types
of engineering materials. So, the first one we're
going to start with is rubber, which has an elastic
modulus of 0.01 mega psi. And then, the next one is ABS plastic. This is one of the
more common plastics
that's used in 3D printing, and it's stiffer with elastic
modulus of 0.23 mega psi. Then we get into titanium,
which is a common metal used in the aerospace industry, and it has
an elastic modulus of around 16 mega PSI. And then, steel, which is commonly
used in both the automotive and the aerospace engineering industries,
is right around the 30 mega psi range. If you're more used to the metric units,
they're on the right of the chart, there. And so, you can see from this chart that,
obviously, plastics are easier to deform than metals,
which I think we all knew. But that steel is common, it's commonly
used in engineering because it's very difficult to deform or to deflect. If you
wanted to see some super fancy kind
of fun engineering materials graphing, kind of wins the elastic modulus
prize with an elastic modulus of 152 Mpsi, so much much stiffer than steel. In
specifically in the aerospace,
the agriculture and the automotive industries, you tend
to use certain metals over and over. And by far those are aluminum and steel. And
then, especially in aerospace, you
might see a little bit more titanium, and then some other industries you
might see a little more cast-iron. So you can see aluminum is
over here at the bottom. It's the easiest metal to
deform out of these four with modulus of elasticity right
in the 10 to 11 Mpsi range. And then, cast iron, slightly stiffer. Titanium is up
in the 16
to 18 mega psi range. And then, steel is right
around the 30 mega psi range. Okay, so it's important to understand
the critical differences between the modulus of elasticity and
the strength. So we talked about how the strength
is a point of interest. It could be, the yield strength, where past that strength
you get permanent
deformation of the material, and that's capacity of the component and
the material. With modulus of elasticity, it can
really be thought of as a non-geometric stiffness, and it is the slope
of the stress-strain curve. So, when you start going through and
trying to pick materials for engineering design, you're going to
notice some interesting things. One, that in the same material,
the modulus of elasticity won't vary a lot depending on alloying,
but the strength will. So, for example,
1025 steel that's been annealed has a modulus of elasticity of 29,
and a strength of 36. But 4340 steel that's been quenched and
tempered. So, different alloy different processing,
has the same Young's modulus, or modulus of elasticity, of 29, but a significantly
higher yield strength of 214. And so, then if we go down and
we look at aluminum, aluminum has a Young's modulus, or modulus elasticity, of
10.5,
and a strength of 54 KSI. So, when we look at the comparison
down here on our left, we can see that for modulus elasticity, the aluminum is much
lower than the steels, even though the steels
are different alloys. But for the yield strength
of aluminum versus steel, we see that 1025 steel is actually
less strong than aluminum, which is significantly less
strong than 4340 steel. So, you start to see variations in
strength depending on the alloying of steel, but not these high variations
in the modulus of elasticity. And that's important to keep in mind
when you're designing components. The values for these material
properties came from Mil Handbook 5J, which is a USA Department
of Defense standard. So, when we look at the material
selection in design, and we look at when is the modulus of
elasticity important, it becomes really important when you'ree doing stress
analysis and FEA because it's intrinsic to the material, so you need to make sure
that your material properties are correct, especially when you're
setting up your FEA. It's critical when you're
trying to prevent deflection in a constrained geometry. And then, there's a couple
of things
called critical speed and buckling. And these are very, very dependent
on the modulus of elasticity. So, critical speed is something we
worry about, especially in shafts, which are rotating, so metal cylinders
that connect let say a motor To a gear. And here, you can see a shaft connecting a
generator
with a turbine in the Boise River dam. And here's the shaft right here. And so,
later in the course we'll
learn about critical speed. Buckling, this is something you should
have learned about in mechanics of materials. And you can see right here
that buckling is dependent on the modulus of elasticity and
the geometry. What's interesting about that
is it's a failure mode that really doesn't have a lot to do with
the strength of the material, and has everything to do with the geometry and
modulus of the material. And then, another time it comes in
really critical is to prosthetics and biomaterials. There's all sorts of different
applications from how biological cells react to a material based off of its
modulus, to things like stress shielding. And we'll get into that a little bit
later
in the class when we look at some case studies. So, we've covered
the modulus of elasticity. Next module,
we'll get into material selection. And I'll see you next time. [MUSIC]

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[MUSIC] Hi, and welcome back.

Today, we're going to continue

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