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    Ceramic Materials: Introduction!: MCEN90014: Materials ! ! !dr. K. Xia! ! ! !1!

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    Ceramic materials can be divided into four main types: clays, glasses, cements, and engineering ceramics. Ceramics are characterized as hard, strong in compression, brittle, and resistant to heat. Common engineering ceramics include aluminum oxide used for cutting tools and bearings, and silicon carbide used for abrasives and heating elements. Ceramics tend to be stronger but more brittle than metals, with properties making them suitable for applications requiring resistance to heat, wear, and corrosion.

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    Ceramic Materials: Introduction!: MCEN90014: Materials ! ! !dr. K. Xia! ! ! !1!

    Uploaded by

    hamal
    78 views5 pages
    Ceramic materials can be divided into four main types: clays, glasses, cements, and engineering ceramics. Ceramics are characterized as hard, strong in compression, brittle, and resistant to heat. Common engineering ceramics include aluminum oxide used for cutting tools and bearings, and silicon carbide used for abrasives and heating elements. Ceramics tend to be stronger but more brittle than metals, with properties making them suitable for applications requiring resistance to heat, wear, and corrosion.

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    9-Ceramics 1_Introduction

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    Ceramic materials can be divided into four main types: clays, glasses, cements, and engineering ceramics. Ceramics are characterized as hard, strong in compression, brittle, and resistant to heat. Common engineering ceramics include aluminum oxide used for cutting tools and bearings, and silicon carbide used for abrasives and heating elements. Ceramics tend to be stronger but more brittle than metals, with properties making them suitable for applications requiring resistance to heat, wear, and corrosion.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    78 views5 pages

    Ceramic Materials: Introduction!: MCEN90014: Materials ! ! !dr. K. Xia! ! ! !1!

    Uploaded by

    hamal
    Ceramic materials can be divided into four main types: clays, glasses, cements, and engineering ceramics. Ceramics are characterized as hard, strong in compression, brittle, and resistant to heat. Common engineering ceramics include aluminum oxide used for cutting tools and bearings, and silicon carbide used for abrasives and heating elements. Ceramics tend to be stronger but more brittle than metals, with properties making them suitable for applications requiring resistance to heat, wear, and corrosion.

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    of 5

    Ceramic Materials: Introduction!

    •  What is "ceramic"?! Reading: 13.1, 14.1,


    14.18 (5th ed), 12.1,
    –  from Greek meaning: "burnt earth"! 13.1-13.7/8 (6th/7th ed)

    –  non-metal, inorganic!
    •  Examples!
    –  sand, stone!
    –  porcelain (china), pottery!
    100-carat (i.e. 20 g, cut from
    –  brick, concrete! 200-carat) diamond auctioned
    –  glass! for > $22 m in April 2015

    –  cutting tools!
    –  turbine engines!
    •  Unique properties!
    –  hard and strong in compression!
    –  brittle!
    –  refractory (resistance to heat)!
    –  electrical insulator (?)!
    –  chemically stable!
    –  special functions, e.g. optical!
    MCEN90014: Materials ! ! !Dr. K. Xia! ! ! !1!

    Ceramic Materials: Introduction!

    Sand grains (SiO2 mostly of quartz


    structure)

    Piezoelectric:
    pressure - electricity

    MCEN90014: Materials ! ! !Dr. K. Xia! ! ! !2!

    1

    Ceramic Materials: Introduction!
    Types of ceramics! •  Cements!
    •  Rocks and minerals! –  consisting of CaO, SiO2 &
    •  Clays! Al2O3!
    –  composed of Al2O3,SiO2 & –  attributes: form paste with
    chemically bound water! water and then harden!
    –  attributes: easy to form with –  applications: construction,
    water addition! road, concrete!
    –  applications: bricks, tiles, •  Engineering ceramics (advanced
    porcelain, pottery, etc! ceramics, high-performance
    •  Glasses! ceramics, technical ceramics)!
    –  SiO2 based! –  e.g. Al2O3, SiC, Si3N4, ZrO2!
    –  attributes: transparent to light; –  attributes: excellent physical,
    chemical or mechanical
    easy to form!
    properties!
    –  applications: windows,
    –  applications: heat engines,
    containers, lenses, etc!
    cutting tools, die material,
    superconductors!

    MCEN90014: Materials ! ! !Dr. K. Xia! ! ! !3!

    Ceramic Materials: Introduction!


    Engineering ceramics! •  Aluminium nitride (AlN)!
    •  Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)! –  good thermal conductivity
    –  cutting tool - increased cutting (> 200 W/mK)!
    speed! –  applications in electronic
    –  die inserts - better wear engineering when high thermal
    resistance! conductivity is needed!
    –  bearings under low load - e.g. •  Barium titanate (BaTiO3)!
    tiny sapphire spheres for –  high dielectric constant (up to
    watches (e.g. 19 jewel watch)! 9500)!
    –  abrasives - e.g. grinding wheel, –  used in capacitor (high charge-
    grinding powder! storage capability desirable)!
    –  package material for Si chips! •  Beryllium oxide (BeO)!
    –  laser generator! –  high thermal conductivity
    –  crucible for metal casting! (> 250 W/mK)!
    –  refractory furnace lining! –  applications similar to AlN!
    –  reinforcing phase in MMC!

    MCEN90014: Materials ! ! !Dr. K. Xia! ! ! !4!

    2

    Ceramic Materials: Introduction!
    •  Boron carbide (B4C)! •  Graphite (C)!
    –  low density (~2.5 g/cm3) and –  solid lubricants!
    hard! –  seals!
    –  armor for helicopter and –  crucibles for molten metals!
    personnel! –  heating element in an inert
    •  Boron nitride (BN)! atmosphere: >2000°C!
    –  hexagonal BN: good solid •  Silicon carbide (SiC)!
    lubricant! –  heating element - up to
    –  cubic BN: hard - e.g. as 1500°C!
    abrasives or for cutting tools! –  abrasives - e.g. grinding
    •  Diamond (C)! wheel, grinding powder!
    –  cutting tools! –  seals!
    –  abrasives! –  dies for hot pressing!
    –  jewelry! –  reinforcing phase in MMC!
    –  coating films! –  in heat engines - under
    development!

    MCEN90014: Materials ! ! !Dr. K. Xia! ! ! !5!

    Ceramic Materials: Introduction!


    •  Silicon nitride (Si3N4)!
    –  bearings under high load!
    –  reinforcing phase in
    MMCs!
    –  metal cutting tools!
    –  in heat engines - under
    development!
    •  Zirconium oxide (ZrO2)!
    –  very low thermal
    conductivity (~1.8W/mK)!
    –  thermal barrier coating -
    e.g. coating on the Zirconia coating

    surface of superalloy gas ΔT =
    turbine engine component up to
    (resulting in a temperature 300°C

    drop up to 300°C across
    the layer)!
    –  heating element at Ni superalloy

    >1800°C!

    MCEN90014: Materials ! ! !Dr. K. Xia! ! ! !6!

    3

    Ceramic Materials: Introduction!
    •  Glass ceramics!
    –  ease of forming!
    –  no porosity!
    –  unique properties: e. g. transparency with tiny crystals; low thermal expansion!
    –  Example: LiAlSi2O6!
    •  low thermal
    expansion!
    •  low thermal
    conductivity!
    •  good radiation
    ability!
    •  good impact
    strength!
    •  high hardness!
    •  e.g. for cooker
    hob (flat
    separation
    between heating
    coil and cooking
    utensil)!

    MCEN90014: Materials ! ! !Dr. K. Xia! ! ! !7!

    Ceramic Materials: Introduction!


    Characteristics of ceramics! –  flexural!
    •  Elastic modulus! •  Al2O3 = 300-500 MPa!
    –  Al2O3 = ~390 GPa! •  SiC = 600-800 MPa!
    –  SiC = ~420 GPa! •  Si3N4 = 700-900 MPa!
    –  diamond = >1000 GPa! •  Fracture toughness!
    –  Comparison with metals! –  ceramics = < 10 MPa m1/2!
    •  steel = ~200 GPa! –  metals = > 25-30 MPa m1/2!
    •  Al = ~70 GPa)! •  Ductility!
    •  Strength! –  ceramics = nil in most cases!
    –  tensile! –  metals = > 10-20%!
    •  Al2O3 = ~200-300 MPa! •  Density!
    •  Si3N4 = up to 550-600 MPa! –  ceramics: 2-6 g/cm3!
    •  Comparison with metals! –  metals!
    –  steels = >1000 MPa! •  1.7 - 4.5 g/cm3 for light
    –  Al alloys = 200-700 MPa! alloys!
    •  > 7 g/cm3 for many others!

    MCEN90014: Materials ! ! !Dr. K. Xia! ! ! !8!

    4

    Ceramic Materials: Introduction!
    •  Thermal conductivity! •  Thermal expansion coefficient!
    –  diamond = ~900 W/mK! –  SiC = 4.3 x 10-6 /K (20 -
    –  graphite = ~100 W/mK! 1000°C)!
    –  SiC = > 100 W/mK! –  Al2O3 = 8.6 x 10-6 /K (0 -
    –  Al2O3 = ~30-40 W/mK! 1000°C)!
    –  Si3N4 = 3.2 x 10-6 /K (25 -
    –  Si3N4 = ~15 W/mK!
    1225°C)!
    –  ZrO2 = ~1.5 W/mK!
    –  Comparison with metals!
    –  Comparison with metals!
    •  Cu = ~18 x 10-6 /K (20 -
    •  Cu = ~380-390 W/mK!
    300°C)!
    •  Al = ~220-230 W/mK! •  Al = ~26 x 10-6 /K (20 -
    •  carbon steel = 50-60 W/mK! 300°C)!
    •  carbon steel = ~13 x 10-6 /
    K (20 - 400°C)!

    MCEN90014: Materials ! ! !Dr. K. Xia! ! ! !9!

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