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2.4 ANCHORAGE TO CONCRETE 2.4.1.1 Anchor Bolt Materials
The 2001 Supports Specifications document does not The 1994 Supports Specifications allowed many different
address the design of anchorage to concrete. NCHRP Proj- types of anchoring materials, including anchor bolts, bolts
ect 17-10 proposed a revision to the 1994 AASHTO Sup- made from reinforcing steel, and other threaded materials (1).
ports Specifications and addressed the issue of anchor bolt NCHRP Report 411 proposed that anchor materials be lim-
design, among other topics (10, 11). On the issue of anchor ited to grades 36-, 55-, and 105-ksi steel because of informa-
bolt design, the topics addressed were anchor bolt materi- tion from AASHTO M314 and other ASTM standards.
als, allowable stresses, the use of hooked bolts, minimum Tension in the anchor bolt is resisted by bearing of the
embedment length of headed cast-in-place anchor bolts, the embedded anchor end on the concrete. The bearing area may
effect of edge distance, and the effect of spacing between be provided by one of the following:
anchor bolts.
The latest American Concrete Institute (ACI) anchorage • Headed bolt,
procedure was evaluated. This procedure has been published • Headed bolt with washer,
by a number of sources, including the ASCE (12), the Inter- • Nut,
national Conference of Building Officials (13), and Cook (14). • Nut with washer, and
The procedure was published as Appendix D in the 2002 edi- • Hook of bent bolt.
tion of the ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Struc-
tural Concrete and Commentary.
The research team obtained an updated copy of this proce- 2.4.1.2 Allowable Stress
dure, which includes the use of anchor bolts over 25 inches in
NCHRP Report 411 compared the allowable tensile and
length outlined in document CB-30, dated June of 2000 (16).
shear stresses in the current Supports Specifications to those
This is the current state of the art in anchorage to concrete.
in the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) man-
The procedure is presented in a LRFD format. Using a wind
ual. The failure mode of the 1994 Supports Specifications is
load factor of 1.3 in accordance with ACI 318 (15), and the
based on the yield stress and tensile stress area. It allowed for
appropriate strength reduction factors (φ) (16), the equations
a tensile stress of 50% of the yield stress and an allowable
have been converted for use in the Supports Specifications.
shear stress of 30% of the yield stress. In the AISC ASD pro-
cedure, the allowable tensile stress is limited to 33% of the
ultimate stress, and the allowable shear stress is limited to
2.4.1 NCHRP Report 411 Recommendations 17% of the ultimate stress (17). This limit differs from steel
design in the AISC LRFD manual, which bases its failure on
The 1994 edition of the Supports Specifications (2) con- ultimate strength and nominal area (18). NCHRP Report 411
tains little information on the design of embedment length, recommended that the current Supports Specifications allow-
effect of edge distance, spacing of anchors, or fatigue of able stresses remain at 50% of yield stress (Fy ) for tensile
anchors in tension (1). NCHRP Project 17-10 reviewed 17 loads because it was the more conservative value (1). This
documents and proposed a revision to the anchor bolt section cautious approach seemed appropriate because of the lack of
of the 1994 Supports Specifications. The project addressed information at the time that the report was written.
the following issues:
2.4.1.3 Use of Hooked Bolts

• Anchor bolt material,
• Allowable stresses, and
NCHRP Report 411 recommended the use of headed
• The use of hooked bolts.
anchor bolts over hooked bolts, but allowed hooked bolts up
to 55-ksi steel, since research showed that hooked anchor
Appendix C was added to the report and addressed these bolts made from higher-strength steel did not develop their
topics: full tensile strength. Headed bolts give much more efficient
pullout strengths than hooked bolts because hooked bolts can
straighten and pull out under high tensile loads, and crushing
• Minimum embedment length of headed cast-in-place
in the concrete occurs at the area of the hook. It also noted that
anchor bolts,
AISC LRFD (18) states that high-strength steels are not
• The effect of edge distance, and
recommended for use in hooked bolts because bending with
• The effect of spacing between anchor bolts.
heat might materially alter the steel’s strength. Also, ACI
355.1R-91 states that hooked bolts have been known to
However, Appendix C was not included in the 2001 AASHTO straighten out in pullout tests, and headed anchors of the
Supports Specifications (4). same size and length have significantly higher capacities (19).

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2.4 ANCHORAGE TO CONCRETE 2.4.1.1 Anchor Bolt Materials

2.4.1.3 Use of Hooked Bolts

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