Anchor Bolts Design 0002151207 - 11oct96

Practice 670 215 1207
Date 11Oct96
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ANCHOR BOLT DESIGN CRITERIA
PURPOSE
This practice establishes guidelines for the design of headed type anchors into reinforced
concrete foundations.
SCOPE
This practice includes the following major sections:
NOTATION
DUCTILE DESIGN PROCEDURE AS DESCRIBED BY ACI (AMERICAN
CONCRETE INSTITUTE)
GENERAL
REFERENCES
ATTACHMENTS
This practice covers the design procedures outlined by ACI (American Concrete
Institute) 349, Appendix B. The procedures of the UBC (Uniform Building Code) 1925.3
are provided in Attachment 02. Each consists of 2 parts: design of steel headed anchors
and design of the concrete embedment. Related dimensional requirements for the design
are included in appropriate sections of the practice.
APPLICATION
The approach to be followed will be determined at the beginning of each project. Each
method must be used in its entirety. Steel anchors and concrete embedments must be
designed according to the same method.
This practice applies to headed anchor bolts and threaded rods with tack welded nuts.
Where other anchor systems are utilized, this practice may serve as a guideline.
Ductile design of anchors is preferred for designs in UBC defined seismic Zones 3 and 4.
Ductile design as prescribed by ACI 349 will be followed when designing nuclear
facilities.
Design limits less conservative than those specified herein may be used with prudent
engineering judgment.
In addition to the requirements of the body of this practice, refer to Attachment 06 for
special limitations when designing tall vertical vessels. Investigation of overlapping
stress cones and intersections of edges should be considered with the design of vertical
vessels.
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Structural Engineering
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ACI 349, Appendix B, will be referred to as ACI throughout this practice, unless another
ACI publication is specifically named.
UBC 1925.3 will be referred to as UBC unless another section of the code is specifically
named.
Galvanized anchor bolts will be provided for all exterior and corrosive interior
applications unless dictated otherwise by the client or the job site location. To ensure
ductility, use the design values specified in the table for galvanized anchor bolts. Where
plain anchor bolts are specified for exterior use or installation in a corrosive interior
atmosphere, the reduced design values specified in the table for nongalvanized anchor
bolts will be used.
NOTATION
Symbols
Ab
Tensile stress area (square inches) of a bolt or stud.
Ap
Projected area (square inches) of an assumed failure cone or truncated pyramid. The
cone or pyramid radiates from the bearing edge toward the free surface at an angle of 45
degrees.
Ar
Reduction of the projected area (square inches).
Asb
Area of reinforcement required by design for the lateral bursting failure mode (square
inches).
Ast
Area of reinforcement required by design for the tension failure mode (square inches).
Asv
Area of reinforcement required by design for shear failure mode (square inches).
Out-to-out dimensions of bearing edges. Refer to Attachment 09, Figure 1.
Out-to-out dimensions of bearing edges. Refer to Attachment 09, Figure 1.
Ultimate bursting design load (kip).
Bc
Design strength of concrete (kip).
Additional load factor as described in section 1925.2 of the 1994 UBC.
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D
Major thread diameter of threaded anchor or nominal diameter of a bolt (inch).
db
Diameter of reinforcing bar (inch).
deff
Effective diameter used for the calculation of the tensile stress area, Ab.
fc
Specified compressive strength of concrete, but not to exceed 6,000 psi (pounds per
square inch) for design herein.
fs or fut
Minimum specified tensile strength of anchor steel (psi).
fy
Minimum specified yield strength of steel (psi).
Overall thickness of concrete member (inches).
Ld
Embedment length of an anchor measured from the bearing surface to the top of rough
concrete (inches).
ld
Minimum development length of reinforcement (inches).
Edge distance measured from the anchor axis to the free edge (inches).
Number of threads per inch.
Ultimate strength of an anchor in tension (kip).
Pc
Design tension strength of concrete (kip).
Pn
Design tension strength of steel anchor (kip).
Ps
Actual working tensile force on the anchor(s) (kip).
Pu
Factored tension loading (kip).
Ultimate strength of an anchor in shear (kip).
Vc
Design strength of concrete (kip).
Vn
Design shear strength of steel anchor (kip).
Vs
Actual working shear force on the anchor(s) (kip).
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Vu
Factored shear loading (kip).
Concrete weight correction factor. Equals 1 for normal weight.
Strength reduction factor.
Coefficient of friction. Refer to Attachment 05.
Ft
Allowable tensile stress for steel anchors (ksi).
Fv
Allowable shear stress for steel anchors (ksi).
DEFINITIONS
Anchor Head
A nut, washer, plate, bolt head, or other component designed to transmit anchor loads to
the concrete by bearing.
Attachment
Structural components external to the embedment that transmit load to the embedment.
Embedment
The portion of the anchorage system, steel anchors embedded in concrete, or grout
designed to transmit loading from the attachment into the concrete. The embedment may
be fabricated of plates, shapes, bolts, reinforcing bars, shear connectors, expansion
anchors, inserts, or any combination thereof.
Ductile Design
Design of anchorage systems such that in the event of overload the steel anchors will fail
before concrete failure occurs. Concrete stress cones should be designed to withstand the
ultimate strength of the anchor in tension and shear.
Nonductile Design
Design in which concrete brittle failure may occur at extreme overload. Concrete stress
cones will be designed to resist factored design loads rather than ultimate bolt capacities.
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DUCTILE DESIGN
PROCEDURE AS
DESCRIBED BY ACI
Design Loads
Prior to design of the attachment, transmitted loads will be factored in accordance with
ACI applicable codes.
Pu = (ACI load factors ) x Ps

Vu = (ACI load factors) x Vs
Shear forces may be resisted by friction and need not be considered provided the
following:
Nonseismic shear
-
Frictional resistance due to vertical forces and friction resistance due to

compression caused by moment couple forces must be greater than the design
shear force or bolts and embedments must be capable of carrying the entire
applicable shear forces.
Seismic shear forces

-
Only frictional resistance due to compression as a result of moment couple

forces may be used as resistance against seismic shear forces. Frictional
resistance must be greater than the factored design loads, or bolts and
embedment must be capable of carrying the entire applicable shear force.
Current Fluor Daniel practice is to include frictional resistance, as described

above, only for vertical vessel anchorage design. Seismic friction resistance is
commonly excluded for other cases such as steel columns.
Design of Steel
Material Properties
Standard headed anchor bolts or threaded rods with heavy hex nuts will be used.
Normally, ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) A307 bolts or ASTM
A36 threaded rods with ASTM A563 heavy hex nuts, tack welded to the rod to prevent
movement, will be specified. Other materials may be used as required.
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Steel
A307
A36
A193
(Grade B7)
A449
(Type 1)
fv (ksi)
36
36
105
95
75
92
81
58
fut (ksi)
60
* 58
125
115
100
120
105
90
Diameter (inches)
1/4 to 4
1/4 to 8
1/4 to 2-1/2
2-5/8 to 4
4-1/8 to 7
1/4 to 1
1-1/8 to 1-1/2
1-5/8 to 3
* For design purposes, assume fut = 60 ksi

Design Of Steel Anchors
Steel anchors will be checked for tension, shear, and combined action.
Bolt Tension
Bolt tension will be checked as follows:
Pu
Pn
<
=
Pn
Ft x Ab
Ft = the lesser of 0.9fy or 0.8 fut

For A36 or A307 = 32.4 or 48 respectively, hence Ft = 32.4 ksi
For Ab, refer to Attachment 01.
Bolt Shear
Bolt shear will be checked as follows:
Vu
Vn
Fv
<
=
=
=
Vn
FvAb
(by shear friction method)
fy
where = 0.85 and = 0.55

Combined Action
Interaction of bolts under tension and shear will be as follows:
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Pu
V
+ u 1.0
Pn Vn
The interaction equation must always be less than or equal to 1.0. ACI load factors have
already accounted for wind and seismic short term loading within the equation.
Design Of Embedment
ACI requires that concrete embedments be designed to be ductile. Therefore, the

embedments must be designed to withstand the ultimate capacities of the bolt in tension
and shear.
Ultimate bolt capacities will be determined as follows:
P
fut Ab
fut Ab
Note!!! Where concrete embedment is designed for ultimate bolt capacity, Ab should be
effective stress area without corrosion allowance; for example, Ab values listed
in Attachment 01, sheet 2, should always be used.
Alternatively, except for the design of nuclear facilities, P' and V' may be taken as 4/3
times the factored design loads.
The requirements herein must be attained:
Pc; or reinforce appropriately.
Equation 1:
Tension P
Equation 2:
Shear V < Vc; or reinforce appropriately.
Requirement 3: Edge distance will never be less than the greater of 4D or 4 inches.
Requirement 4: Where the alternate nonductile design approach is used, the following
equation must be satisfied in lieu of Equations 1 and 2, or reinforce
appropriately:
P
c
V
+
V
c
1.0
If reinforcement is provided for either tension or shear embedment, that

component is removed from the above equation, leaving the equivalent
of Equation 1 or 2.
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Note!!! Requirement 4 is an empirical interaction equation analogous to that in UBC
1994, Section 1925.3.
GENERAL
Design strength of the concrete embedment is controlled by the following failure modes:
tension pullout or lateral bursting, or shear spalling. Strength for each mode is based on
an assumed failure surface which propagates at an angle of 45 degrees from the point of
application toward the concrete surface. Equations have been developed based on a
uniform tensile stress of 4 f c acting on an effective stress area. Refer to ACI 349R
B.4.2. The stress area is defined by the projected area of stress cones which radiate
toward the concrete face. The effective area will be limited by overlapping stress cones,
intersection of cones with concrete edges, the bearing area of an anchor head, and by the
overall thickness of the concrete. Refer to Attachment 04 for the determination of the
effective stress area, Ap.
Strength Reduction
Factors
j
0.85 for embedments anchored beyond the member far face reinforcement.
0.85 for embedments anchored in the compression zone of a member.
0.85 where embedments are in the tension zone but tensile stress of plain
concrete based on an uncracked section is less than 0.65 x 5 f c .
0.65 for all other embedments.
Tension Pullout
Design Strength
The concrete failure cone will propagate from the bearing edge of the anchor head as
shown in Attachment 05, Figure 2a. Reductions of strength accounting for geometric
layout will be considered in the determination of the effective stress area, Ap.
Concrete tension capacity is proportional to the anchor bolt length. The lengths of bolts
shown in Structural Engineering Practice 670.215.4050: Standard Anchor Bolts and
Sleeves - Design Details, have been provided as a guide and to provide consistency
throughout projects. The lengths have been based on the length necessary to develop
tension reinforcement where it is required. Other lengths may be used where necessary,
provided the requirements herein are maintained.
Cone Pullout Design Capacity will be determined as follows:
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Pc = 4 f c A p
Where concrete strength does not meet the requirements of Equation 1, reinforcement
must be provided. Refer to Attachment 05, Figure 2b, for details.
A st =
P
0.9f y
Reinforcement will be oriented in a manner that restricts propagation of cracking should

it occur. To accomplish this, reinforcement must be fully developed on both sides of the
assumed failure surface. It is recommended that reinforcement be placed concentric with
the failure cone. In addition, reinforcement will not be placed farther than Ld/3 from the
axis of the anchor.
Note!!! Typical pier reinforcement may be considered as tensile resisting elements
according to the above criteria, provided the bars can develop adequate length
within the free side of the failure cone.
Lateral Bursting
Design Strength
The minimum edge distance at which the cone has sufficient strength according to ductile
design methods has been determined to be 3.6D. Refer to ACI 349R B.5.1.1. This
practice limits the edge distance to 4D or 4 inches, hence lateral bursting need not be
addressed unless an unusual situation occurs.
When an anchor subject to tensile force is located closer than 3.6D, lateral bursting
failure may occur rather than tension pullout. This is due to differences in the restraint
stiffness around the periphery of the anchor head which tends to cause lateral strain
concentration on the side of the free edge. This concentration will cause a blowout cone
failure that propagates from the anchor head toward the free edge as shown in
Attachment 10, Figure 1.
Ultimate Bursting
Design Load
B = b x P
where
b = 0.25
as a result of Poisson's effect.

Concrete Strength
Concrete strength will be greater than the ultimate design load.
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B c = 4 f c A p
Reinforcement
When reinforcement is required, it will be placed in a similar manner to reinforcement for

shear spalling failure. The area required will be as follows:
A sb =
B
0.9f y
Shear Spalling
Design Strength
The concrete failure cone will propagate from the bolt bearing at the surface of the
concrete toward the loaded edge as shown in Attachment 06, Figure 1. Strength is
determined on the same premise as the tension failure mode with the exception that only
half the stress cone is available to provide resistance.
Shear spalling design capacity will be determined as follows:
Vc = 4 f c A p
Note that for ductile design (and f'c = 4,000 psi and 36 ksi bolt material), Requirement 2
will be satisfied for edge distances of 10D or greater. This assumes that the shear cone is
not reduced due to adjacent bolts or pedestal dimensions.
Where concrete strength does not meet the requirements of Equation 2 (or Requirement
4 as applicable), reinforcement will be provided. For details, refer to Attachment 06,
Figure 2.
A sv =
V
0.9f y
Reinforcement will be oriented in a manner that restricts cracking should it occur.

Several approaches have been taken to provide adequate reinforcement. Development
length for any size rebar on the free side of the assumed crack is nearly impossible,
because edge distances that require reinforcement are generally less than the development
length of a No. 4 bar. Current Fluor Daniel practice is to provide reinforcing ties that
penetrate concentrically through the assumed failure cone. Other details may be used
where the engineer can demonstrate physical adequacy within economical limits.
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REFERENCES
ACI (American Concrete Institute)

ACI Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete, (ACI 318-95):
Chapter 11, 1995.
ACI Code Requirements for Nuclear Safety Related Concrete Structures, (ACI
349-85): Appendix B, 1985.
AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction Inc.), Manual of Steel Construction,
ASD 9th Ed., USA, Section 4, 1989.
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)
A36
A307
A563
ICBO (International Conference of Building Officials), UBC (Uniform Building Code),
1994Ed., Section 1925.
Ministry of Energy, Seismic Design of Petrochemical Plants, Vol. 1, New Zealand, 1981.
Practice 670.215.4050: Standard Anchor Bolts And Sleeves - Design Details
ATTACHMENTS
Attachment 01:
Bolt Design Strength, ACI 349 Appendix B (A36 And A307 Steel Anchors)
Attachment 02:
UBC Design Procedure For Headed Type Anchors
Attachment 03:
Bolt Design Strength, UBC 1925 (A36 And A307 Steel Anchors)
Attachment 04:
Effective Stress Area Of Concrete
Attachment 05:
Figure 1:
Coefficients Of Friction
Figure 2:
Concrete Pullout Failure
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Attachment 06:
Concrete Shear Spalling Failure
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Attachment 07:
Figure 1:
Overlapping Stress Cones
Figure 2:
Enlargement Of Stress Area At Overlapping Stress Cones Or Edge
Intersection
Attachment 08:
Multiple Cone Overlapping
Attachment 09:
Figure 1:
Two-Way Shear Failure
Figure 2:
Vertical Vessel Reinforcement Detail
Attachment 10:
Figure 1:
Lateral Bursting Failure
Figure 2:
Yielding Mechanism For All Tubular Equipment
Attachment 11:
Special Design Consideration For Tall Tubular Equipment
Attachment 12:
Use Of Sleeves
Attachment 13:
Sample Design 1: Steel Column On A Concrete Pier
Attachment 14:
Sample Design 2: Steel Column On A Concrete Pier
Attachment 15:
Sample Design 3: Horizontal Exchanger On A Concrete Pier
Attachment 16:
Sample Design 4: Vertical Vessel On A Concrete Pier
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Attachment 01 - Sheet 1 of 2

Bolt Design Strength, ACI349 Appendix B(A36 and A307 Steel Anchors)
Nongalvanized
D(in)
deff
Ab
Pn
Vn
Ast
Asv
1/2
0.36
13.00
0.10
3.24
1.68
0.11
0.06
5/8
0.47
11.00
0.17
5.51
2.86
0.19
0.10
3/4
0.53
10.00
0.22
7.13
3.70
0.24
0.13
7/8
0.64
9.00
0.32
10.37
5.39
0.36
0.20
1.00
0.75
8.00
0.44
14.26
7.41
0.49
0.27
1-1/4
0.99
7.00
0.77
24.95
12.96
0.86
0.47
1-1/2
1.21
6.00
1.15
37.26
19.35
1.28
0.70
1-3/4
1.43
5.00
1.61
52.16
27.10
1.79
0.98
2.00
1.66
4.50
2.16
69.98
36.35
2.40
1.32
2-1/4
1.91
4.50
2.87
92.99
48.30
3.19
1.75
2-1/2
2.13
4.00
3.56
115.34
59.91
3.96
2.18
2-3/4
2.38
4.00
4.45
144.18
74.89
4.94
2.72
3.00
2.63
4.00
5.43
175.93
91.39
6.03
3.32
Note!!!
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1.
Nominal bolt diameter
2.
deff
Effective bolt diameter with an additional corrosion reduction

of 1/16" for 5/8-inch bolts and smaller or 1/8" for larger bolts.
3.
Ab
Effective stress area
Ab
p/4 x deff2
4.
Pn
FtAb :
Ft
lesser of 0.9fy or 0.8fut
5.
Vn
FvAb :
Fv
0.55 x 0.85fy
6.
Ast
(futAb) / (0.9fy (rebar))
7.
Asv
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Bolt Design Strength, ACI349 Appendix B(A36 and A307 Steel Anchors)
Galvanized
D(in)
deff
Ab
Pn
Vn
Ast
Asv
1/2
0.43
13.00
0.15
4.86
2.52
0.17
0.09
5/8
0.54
11.00
0.23
7.45
3.87
0.26
0.14
3/4
0.65
10.00
0.33
10.69
5.55
0.37
0.20
7/8
0.77
9.00
0.47
15.23
7.91
0.52
0.29
1.00
0.88
8.00
0.61
19.76
10.27
0.68
0.37
1-1/4
1.11
7.00
0.97
31.43
16.33
1.08
0.59
1-1/2
1.34
6.00
1.41
45.68
23.73
1.57
0.86
1-3/4
1.56
5.00
1.91
61.88
32.15
2.12
1.17
2.00
1.78
4.50
2.49
80.68
41.91
2.77
1.52
2-1/4
2.03
4.50
3.24
104.98
54.53
3.60
1.98
2-1/2
2.26
4.00
4.01
129.92
67.49
4.46
2.45
2-3/4
2.51
4.00
4.95
160.38
83.31
5.50
3.03
3.00
2.76
4.00
5.98
193.75
100.64
6.64
3.65
Note!!!
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1.
2.
deff
Effective bolt diameter with an additional corrosion reduction

of 1/16" for 5/8-inch bolts and smaller or 1/8" for larger bolts.
3.
Ab
Ab
p/4 x deff2
4.
Pn
FtAb :
Ft
lesser of 0.9fy or 0.8fut
5.
Vn
FvAb :
Fv
0.55 x 0.85fy
6.
Ast
7.
Asv
(futAb x ) / (0.9fy (rebar))
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UBC Design Procedure for Headed-Type Anchors
General
The UBC method has the same premise as the ACI method but it is not as stringent as the ACI concerning ductile
design. The equations are slightly different from the ACI and should not be used interchangeably. ACI methods are
preferred for designs in the UBC defined seismic zones 3 and 4.
Load Factors
Prior to the design of the attachment, loads will be factored in accordance with UBC Section 1909.2 and UBC
Section 1925.2.
Pu =
(factors of 1909.2 x 1925.2) x Ps
Vu =
(factors of 1909.2 x 1925.2) x Vs
Load Factors of UBC 1925.2 are as follows:
c =
2 for cases without special inspection.
c =
1.3 for cases where special inspection is provided.
c =
3 for anchors in the tension zone without special inspection.
c =
2 for anchors in the tension zone where special inspection is provided.
Shear forces may be resisted by friction and need not be considered provided the following:
Nonseismic Shear
Frictional resistance due to vertical forces and friction resistance due to compression caused by moment couple
forces must be greater than the factored design shear force or bolts and embedments must be capable of carrying
the entire applicable shear forces.
Seismic Shear Forces
Only frictional resistance due to compression as a result of moment couple forces may be used as resistance
against seismic shear forces. Frictional resistance must be greater than the factored design loads, or bolts and
embedment must be capable of carrying the entire applicable shear force.
Current Fluor Daniel practice is to include frictional resistance, as described above, only for vertical vessel
anchorage design. Seismic friction resistance is commonly excluded for other cases such as steel columns.
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Design of Steel Anchors
Steel anchors will be checked for tension, shear, and combined action.
Bolt Tension: Bolt tension will be checked as follows:

Pu <
Pn =
Ft =
Pn
Ft x Ab
0.9fut
Bolt Shear: Bolt shear will be checked as follows:

Vu <
Vn =
Fv =
Vn
Fv x Ab
0.75fut. for A36 and A307 = 45 ksi
Combined Action: Combined tension and shear must satisfy the following interaction equation.
Pu
Pn
V
+ u < 1.0
Vn
Note!!! The above equation must always be less than or equal to 1.0. Load factors have already accounted for short
term loading situations.
Design of Embedment
Code Requirements
The following requirements must be attained:

-
Equation 1:
Equation 2:
Equation 3:
Requirement 4:
/1207a02.doc
Tension Pu < Pc; or reinforce appropriately.

Shear Vu < Vc; or reinforce appropriately.
2
2
Vu
1 Pu
< 1.0
+
Combined action
Pc
Vc
Edge Distance will never be less than the greater of 4D or 4in.
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General
Design strength of the concrete embedment is controlled by the following failure modes, tension pullout or
shear spalling. Strength for each mode is based on an assumed failure surface which propagates at an angle of
45 degrees from the point of application toward the concrete surface. Equations have been developed based on
a uniform tensile stress of 4 f c acting on an effective stress area. The stress area is defined by the projected
area of stress cones which radiate toward the concrete face. The effective area will be limited by overlapping
stress cones, intersection of cones with concrete edges, the bearing area of an anchor head, and by the overall
thickness of the concrete. Refer to Attachment 04 for the determination of the effective stress area, Ap.
Strength Reduction Factors:
= 0.65
Tension Pullout Design Strength
The concrete failure cone will propagate from the bearing edge of the anchor head as shown in Attachment 05,
Figure 2a. Reductions of strength accounting for geometric layout will be considered in the determination of
the effective stress area, Ap.
Concrete tension capacity is proportional to the anchor bolt length. The lengths of bolts shown in Practice
670.215.4050: Standard Anchor Bolts and Sleeves - Design Details, have been provided as a guide and to
provide consistency throughout projects. The lengths have been based on the length necessary to develop
tension reinforcement where it is required. Other lengths may be used as necessary, when the requirements
herein are maintained.
Cone pullout design capacity will be determined as follows:
Pc = 4 f c A P
Wherever concrete strength does not meet the requirements of Equation 1, reinforcement must be provided.
Refer to Attachment 05, Figure 2b for details.
A st =
Pu
0.9f y
Reinforcement will be oriented in a manner that restricts propagation of cracking should it occur. To
accomplish this, reinforcement must be fully developed on both sides of the assumed failure surface. It is
recommended that reinforcement be placed concentric with the failure cone. In addition, reinforcement will not
be placed farther than 8db or Ld/3 from the axis of the anchor.
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Date 11Oct96

Note!!! Typical pier reinforcement may be considered as tensile resisting elements according to the above
criteria, provided the bars can develop adequate length within the free side of the failure cone.
Shear Spalling Design Strength
The concrete failure cone will propagate from the bolt bearing at the surface of the concrete toward the loaded
edge as shown in Attachment 06. Strength is determined on the same premise as the tension failure mode with
the exception that only half the stress cone is available to provide resistance.
Shear spalling design capacity will be determined as follows:
Where edge distance > 10D,
Vc = 4 f c (200 A b )
Satisfy Equation 2 or reinforce appropriately.
Where 4D < edge distance < 10D,
Vc = 4 f c A b
Satisfy Equation 2 or reinforce appropriately. (If Equation 2 is not satisfied, increasing the edge distance is
strongly recommended.)
Edge distance will not be less than 4D or 4 inches.
Where concrete strength does not meet the requirements of Equation 2 or edge distance is less than 10D,
reinforcement will be provided. For details refer to Attachment 06.
A sv =
Vu
0.9f y
Reinforcement will be oriented in a manner that restricts cracking. Several approaches have been taken to
provide adequate reinforcement. However, developing any size rebar on the free side of the assumed crack is
nearly impossible, because edge distances that require reinforcement are generally less than the development
length of even the smallest of rebar sizes. This is the basis for recommending increasing the edge distance
when Equation 2 is not satisfied. Where it is impractical to increase the edge distance to satisfy Equation 2,
current Fluor Daniel practice is to provide reinforcing ties that penetrate concentrically through the assumed
failure cone.
/1207a02.doc
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Bolt Design Strength, UBC 1925 (A36 and A307 Steel Anchors)
Nongalvanized
Note!!!
/1207a03.doc
D(in)
deff
Ab
Pn
Vn
1/2
0.36
13.00
0.10
5.40
4.50
5/8
0.47
11.00
0.17
9.18
7.65
3/4
0.53
10.00
0.22
11.88
9.90
7/8
0.64
9.00
0.32
17.28
14.40
1.00
0.75
8.00
0.44
23.76
19.80
1-1/4
0.99
7.00
0.77
41.58
34.65
1-1/2
1.21
6.00
1.15
62.10
51.75
1-3/4
1.43
5.00
1.61
86.94
72.45
2.00
1.66
4.50
2.16
116.64
97.20
2-1/4
1.91
4.50
2.87
154.98
129.15
2-1/2
2.13
4.00
3.56
192.24
160.20
2-3/4
2.38
4.00
4.45
240.30
200.25
3.00
2.63
4.00
5.43
293.22
244.35
1.
2.
deff
Effective bolt diameter
3.
Ab
Ab

2
d eff
4
4.
Pn
FtAb,
Ft
0.9f s
5.
Vn
FvAb,
Fv
0.75f s
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Bolt Design Strength, UBC 1925 (A36 and A307 Steel Anchors)
Galvanized
Note!!!
/1207a03.doc
D(in)
deff
Ab
Pn
Vn
1/2
0.43
13.00
0.15
8.10
6.75
5/8
0.54
11.00
0.23
12.42
10.35
3/4
0.65
10.00
0.33
17.82
14.85
7/8
0.77
9.00
0.47
25.38
21.15
1.00
0.88
8.00
0.61
32.94
27.45
1-1/4
1.11
7.00
0.97
52.38
43.65
1-1/2
1.34
6.00
1.41
76.14
63.45
1-3/4
1.56
5.00
1.91
103.14
85.95
2.00
1.78
4.50
2.49
134.46
112.05
2-1/4
2.03
4.50
3.24
174.96
145.80
2-1/2
2.26
4.00
4.01
216.54
180.45
2-3/4
2.51
4.00
4.95
267.30
222.75
3.00
2.76
4.00
5.98
322.92
269.10
1.
2.
deff
Effective bolt diameter
3.
Ab
Ab

2
d eff
4
4.
Pn
FtAb,
Ft
0.9f s
5.
Vn
FvAb,
Fv
0.75f s
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Effective Stress Area of Concrete
General
This attachment has been provided as an aid for calculation and should be interpreted neither as standard nor as
code. Current codes do not provide in depth detail on the procedure for calculating the effective stress area. Several
assumptions have been left for the engineer's judgment of particular situations.
Because failure is initiated at the periphery of the anchor head, the area of the head itself does not contribute to
resistive strength and should be subtracted for all computations of Ap. (Refer to Attachment 05, Figure 2.)
For overlapping stress cones or intersection with an edge, refer to Attachment 07, Figures 1 and 2.
Calculation for multiple stress cones (refer to Attachment 08, Figure 1) where e < 0.707 r. Where e > 0.707 r
(refer to Attachment 07, Figures 1 and 2).
When the overall concrete dimension is small (anchorage to slabs or walls), the effect of 2-way shear must be
considered. Reduction of effective stress area will be in accordance with ACI 349, Appendix B. Refer to
Attachment 09, Figure 1.
/1207a04.doc
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Figure 1& 2: Coefficients of Friction and Concrete Pullout Failure Respectively
Figure 1. Coefficients of Friction
Figure 2. Concrete Pullout Failure
/1207a05.doc
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Concrete Shear Spalling Failure
Figure 1
Figure 2
CONCENTRICALLY
PLACED
REINFORCING TIES
AREA = ASV
/1207a06.doc
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Figure 1 & 2 : Overlapping Stress Cones and Enlargement of Stress Area at Overlapping Stress Cones or
Edge Intersection
Figure 1. Overlapping Stress Cones
Figure 2. Enlargement of Stress Area at Overlapping Stress Cones or Edge Intersection
/1207a07.doc
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Multiple Cone Overlapping
/1207a08.doc
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Figure 1: Two-Way Shear Failure
Figure 2: Vertical Vessel Reinforcement Details
Figure 1. Two-Way Shear Failure
Figure 2. Vertical Vessel Reinforcement Details
/1207a09.doc
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Figure 1: Lateral Bursting Failure and Figure 2: Yielding Mechanism for All Tubular Equipment
Figure 1. Lateral Bursting Failure
Figure 2. Yielding Mechanism for all Tubular Equipment
/1207a10.doc
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Special Design Consideration for Tall Tubular Equipment
General
This attachment has been provided primarily for the purpose of informing the structural engineer of a possible
problem with the design of tall tubular equipment. Typically, calculations such as these will be the responsibility of
the vessel group. However, there may be some instances where it is necessary to design according to the following.
A tall tubular vessel will be defined as a vessel that has a height to diameter ratio greater than 5 and a height greater
than 35'- 0".
Problem
The problem is to provide a rational yielding hierarchy of the primary structural system for designs subject to
dynamic loading. Dynamic loads include seismic and wind forces.
Ductile behavior may be achieved by designing a ductile yielding mechanism at the base of tall tubular equipment.
This can be accomplished by designing a bolt and bolt chair according to the following procedure.
Notation
Elastic displacement of the equipment, having a fixed base. The maximum deflection is
limited to 0.01 x 12 x h, in inches.
Deformation modification factor = 1.5.
Ductility factor, taken as 3.
Maximum usable bolt strain, limited to 0.04.
Bolt circle diameter, in feet.
Equipment height, in feet.
Length of bolt, above top of concrete, for example bolt chair height, required to provide a
yielding mechanism, in inches. The maximum for practical purposes will be taken as 18
inches.
Design
j=
/1207a11.doc
25d( - 1)
h
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Special Design Consideration for Tall Tubular Equipment
For derivation, refer to the following example:

h
90 0
8 0
0-4
1.5 x 3 = 4.5
j=
25 x 4' x (4.5 - 1) x 4"

90'
j = 15.56 inches
Hence, the bolt chair height or bolt length above top of concrete will be 15.56 inches or greater.
Derivation (Refer to Attachment 10, Figure 2)
( - 1)
h
=
0.95d
Since = j
j
( - 1)
=
h
0.95d
= 0.04 (maximum usable bolt strain)
\j=
j=
0.95( - 1))
h
25( - 1))
h
j = Bolt Length (from top of concrete to the bottom of nut at the bolt chair)
/1207a11.doc
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Use of Sleeves
Recommended practice for the use of Sleeves and 2 nuts with standard anchor bolts.
All other applications will receive 1 nut for each bolt
Anchor Bolt Sleeves
Equipment
Without
Sleeves
With
Sleeves
X
With
2 Nuts*
X
Sphere
Stack, freestanding
Vertical vessel
Structure, major
Pipe support, major
Compressor
Heater, shop assembled
Boiler, shop assembled
Pump
Boiler, field assembled
Heater, field assembled
Pipe support, minor
Horizontal vessel
Exchanger
Stack, guyed
Stack, derrick
Structure, minor
Miscellaneous
* Special Cases
/1207a12.doc
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Sample Design 1: Steel Column on a Concrete Pier
PLAIN
TYPICAL (8) VERTICAL BAR DETAIL
SECTION
/1207a13.doc
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Design Data
22" square pier
7/8"
fc = 4 ksi fy = 60 ksi rebar, Standard base plate detail 10 Ref. ( 670 215 1207)
f - headed anchors. A307 fy = 36 ksi, fut = 60 ksi
Loads @ Top of Pier

P = 2 kip
Ms= 8.6 ft-kip

Vs = 1 kip
Ps = Tension force in bolt determined by methods beyond the scope of this practice.
Design
Bolt tension force Ps =
9.73k
2bolts
Design per ACI-349 method

Since loads are primarily due to seismic action, friction
between base plate and concrete is excluded.
Pu = 0.75 (1.7 x 1.1)(Ps) = 13.62 kip
Vu = 0.75 (1.7 x 1.1)(Vs) = 1.4 kip
(for non-seismic loads, friction = j(Ps ) (N) = (0.85)(9.73)(0.55) = 4.5 kip > Vu, no shear on bolts)
Design of Bolts
Design strength per bolt

jPn = 0.9(36 ksi)(Ab)
Ab @ 0.32 in2 (non-galvanized)
= 10.37 kip (Attachment 1) (13.62)/2 = 6.81 kip
ok
jVc = 0.55(0.85)(36 ksi)(Ab)
/1207a13.doc
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

= 5.39 kip (Attachment 1) (1.4)/4 = 0.35
ok
Interaction:
6.81 0.35
+
= 0.72 1.0
10.37 5.39
ok
Design of Concrete
Ld = 10", bolt spacing = 9", edge distance = 6-1/2"

2
ATOT = (16-1/2")(22") = 363 in

2
Ar1 = 1.54 in
Tension:
Ap = 363 - 2(1.54)
= 360 in
Shear:
Ap = (282.9)/2 = 141.5 in2
Concrete Pyramid Strength
jPc = j (4)
f c (Ap)
= 0.65(4)
4000
(360) = 59.2 kip per 2 bolts
1000
P = fut (Ab*) = 60 ksi(0.47 in2) = 28.2 kip per bolt

= 56.4 kip per 2 bolts
jPc P
/1207a13.doc
ok
* Ab is based on uncorroded, or galvanized bolt diameter.
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

jVc = 0.65(4)
4000
(141.5) = 23.27 kip per 2 bolts
1000
V = 0.55(60 ksi)(0.47 in2) = 15.5 kip per bolt

= 31.0 kip per 2 bolts
jVc < V
edge = 6-1/2" < (10-7/8") = 5.75
Reinforce for shear, Av required = 0.2 in2 per bolt

1 - #4 tie at top of pier is adequate
/1207a13.doc
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Sample Design 2 : Steel Column on a Concrete Pier
PLAN
ELEVATION
TYPICAL SECTION
/1207a14.doc
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Design Data
Concrete fc = 4 ksi
Rebar f y = 60 ksi
Anchors 1-1/4" diameter H-bolts A307 (non-galvanized)

Design basis UBC sect. 1925.3
Reference (Attachment 2)
Working Loads
Ps = 13.6 kip per bolt
Vs = 0.48 kip per bolt
Loads are primarily due to seismic action, therefore friction is excluded.

Factored Loads
c = 1.3
Pu = 13.6(1.3)(1.4) = 24.75 kip
Vu = 0.48(1.3)(1.4) = 0.87 kip
Design Anchors
Critical bolt experiences tension and shear
fPn = 0.9(60 ksi)(0.77 in2) = 41.58 kip
fVn = 0.75(60 ksi)(0.77 in2) = 34.65 kip
refer to (Attachment 3)
Interaction:
Pu
Pn
V
+ u 1.0
Vn
2
24.75
0.87
+
= 0.36 1.0
41.58
34.65
/1207a14.doc
ok
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Design of Embedment
1 1
Tension: A p = (2) 8 8 + 5 = 218.63 in 2 per bolt

4
4

/1207a14.doc
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Shear:
Ap = p
52
= 39.27 in2
2
fPc = 0.65 (1) 4
4000
(218.63) = 35.95 kip per bolt
1000
fVc. = 0.65 (1) 4
4000
(39.27) = 6.46 kip per bolt
1000
Pc = 55.31
Vc = 9.94
Interaction:
1 24.75 0.87
+
0.65 55.31 9.94
2
= 0.35 1 ok
Equation (3)
1
edge distance = 5" 10 D = 12 "
2
10
D = 4.16"
3
Reinforce for shear

A sv =
0.87
= 0.02in 2 per bolt
0.9(60ksi )
Typical configuration of #4 ties @ top of the pier is adequate by inspection
/1207a14.doc
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Sample Design 3: Horizontal exchanger on a Concrete Pier
/1207a15.doc
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Design Data
Concrete: fc = 4 ksi
f y = 60 ksi
Anchors: A36, 3/4" diameter threaded rods w/nuts, non-galvanized

Seismic: V =
ZIC
W t ; Vlongitudinal = 0.275W
RW
Vtransverse = 0.15W
Wind and other forces must be checked for typical design

Equipment: Empty W t = 4.55 kip
Operating W t = 12.5 kip
Design per ACI-349 method, seismic design friction excluded.
Loads
Longitudinal seismic operating :

V = 0.275(12.5 kip) = 3.44 kip taken @ fixed end
M = (3.44 kip)(1.92') = 6.60 kip - ft
/1207a15.doc
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Couple = 6.6 ft - kip/10.92 = 0.6 kip / end

P = 12.5 kip/2 = 6.25 kip/end
Loads
Transverse seismic operating:

V = 0.15(12.5kip/2) = 0.94 kip
taken @ either end
M = (0.94 kip)1.92 = 1.8 kip-ft

P = 12.5/2 = 6.25 kip
Design of Anchors
@ longitudinal forces
Pu = 0.75(1.7 x 1.1)(0.6) = 0.84 kip per 2 bolts = 0.42 kip per bolt
Vu = 0.75(1.7 x 1.1)(3.44) = 4.82 kip per 2 bolts = 2.41 kip per bolt
Steel: 3/4" diameter
jPn = 7.13 kip
(from Attachment 1, sheet 1)
jVn = 3.70 kip
Interaction:
Pu/jPn + Vu / jVn
1.0
(0.42/7.13) + (2.41/3.70) = 0.71
1.0 ok
Concrete: 3/4" diameter H-bolt Ld = 12"

The effective stress area is limited by three edges @ 5" and overlapping stress
cones @ 8.5"
Ap (10")(13.5")
/1207a15.doc
pyramid failure = 135 in3
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

jPc = 0.65(4)
4000
(135) = 22.2 kip per bolt
1000
P' = (60 ksi)(0.33 in2)*= 19.8 kip per bolt
* use uncorroded or galvanized bolt diameter
jPc > P ok
52
A p - shear
2
jVc = 0.65(4)
= 39.27 in 2
4000
(39.27) = 6.46 kips per bolt
1000
V = 0.55(60)(0.33 in2) = 10.9 kips per bolt > jVc

edge = 5" 10( 3 ) = 7.5
4
Asv =
(0.55)(60)(0.33in 2 )
(0.9)(60ksi )
reinforce
= 0.2 in per bolt
. 1-#4 tie additional at top of pier around bolts, see sketch

@ transverse loads
Transverse direction is ok by inspection, since computations show bolt interaction stresses are low and
concrete stress values are ok or have already been reinforced.
/1207a15.doc
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Friction Resistance (Seismic Loads)
Friction Resistance
Assume only those bolts within an arc of 270 degrees, as

shown below, resist shear. This way bolts with small edge
distances can be ignored.
When friction resistance at the bottom of the vessel is not
sufficient to carry the full lateral force, it is then assumed that
the bolts must carry the entire load and friction resistance is
zero.
If: F = P (0.55) Vs: Bolts do not carry shear load
If: F = P (0.55) Vs: Bolts carry full shear load
m = coefficient of friction = 0.55
Note!!!
/1207a16.doc
For non-seismic cases the vertical loads may be used when determining friction resistance.
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Design Data
Vs= 200 kip
W = 500 kip
m = 0.55
Ms = 1500 ft kip Concrete: fc = 4 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
D = 8'-0"
ACI design basis
Bolt circle = 7'-6"
Check Friction Resistance

Unfactored Loads
P=
Factored Loads
M
1500
=
2/3D 2/3(8)
Pu =
= 281.25 kip
M u 1.4(1500)
=
2/3D
2/3(8)
= 393.75 kip
F = P m = 281.25(0.55) = 154.7 kip
Fu = P m = 393.75(0.55) = 216.56 kip
F Vs
Fu Vu
Therefore bolts take full shear in both cases (for non-seismic cases, since load factors are different, factored
loads may govern the design).
Factored Loads
Vu = 0.75(1.1 x 1.7)200 kip = 280 kip

Mu = 0.75(1.1 x 1.7)1500 ft kip = 2100 ft kip
Wu = 0.75(1.4)500 kip = 525 kip
Adjust shear force, Vu to account for 270 degree arc of bolts, thus:
Vu = Vu (
360
) = 373 kip
270
Trial number of bolts = 20
/1207a16.doc
Practice 670 215 1207

Date 11Oct96

Vu per bolt =
373
= 18.7 kip
20
Design Tension Force
Pu
4M u
W
N(BC) N
4(2100) 525
20(8)
20
N = number of bolts
= 26.25 kips
Design Of Steel Bolts
Refer to Attachment 1, try 2" diameter H-bolts

jPn = 69.98 kip
jVn = 36.35 kip
Interaction:
26.25 18.7
+
= 0.89 1.0
69.98 36.35
ok
Design Of Embedment
A detailed investigation of geometry of stress cones must be done by the design engineer.Overlapping
stress cones and intersections of edges are of concern with designs involving equipment that has large,
closely spaced bolts.
Also see Attachment 6 for additional design consideration with the design of tall tubular structures.
/1207a16.doc

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Practice 670 215 1207

ANCHOR BOLT DESIGN CRITERIA

Practice 670 215 1207

ANCHOR BOLT DESIGN CRITERIA

Tensile stress area (square inches) of a bolt or stud.

Reduction of the projected area (square inches).

Out-to-out dimensions of bearing edges. Refer to Attachment 09, Figure 1.

Out-to-out dimensions of bearing edges. Refer to Attachment 09, Figure 1.

Ultimate bursting design load (kip).

Design strength of concrete (kip).

Additional load factor as described in section 1925.2 of the 1994 UBC.

Practice 670 215 1207

ANCHOR BOLT DESIGN CRITERIA

Major thread diameter of threaded anchor or nominal diameter of a bolt (inch).

Diameter of reinforcing bar (inch).

Minimum specified tensile strength of anchor steel (psi).

Minimum specified yield strength of steel (psi).

Overall thickness of concrete member (inches).

Minimum development length of reinforcement (inches).

Number of threads per inch.

Ultimate strength of an anchor in tension (kip).

Design tension strength of concrete (kip).

Design tension strength of steel anchor (kip).

Actual working tensile force on the anchor(s) (kip).

Factored tension loading (kip).

Ultimate strength of an anchor in shear (kip).

Design strength of concrete (kip).

Design shear strength of steel anchor (kip).

Actual working shear force on the anchor(s) (kip).

Practice 670 215 1207

ANCHOR BOLT DESIGN CRITERIA

Factored shear loading (kip).

Concrete weight correction factor. Equals 1 for normal weight.

Strength reduction factor.

Coefficient of friction. Refer to Attachment 05.

Allowable tensile stress for steel anchors (ksi).

Allowable shear stress for steel anchors (ksi).

Practice 670 215 1207

ANCHOR BOLT DESIGN CRITERIA

Pu = (ACI load factors ) x Ps

Frictional resistance due to vertical forces and friction resistance due to

Seismic shear forces

Only frictional resistance due to compression as a result of moment couple

Current Fluor Daniel practice is to include frictional resistance, as described

Practice 670 215 1207

ANCHOR BOLT DESIGN CRITERIA

* For design purposes, assume fut = 60 ksi

Ft = the lesser of 0.9fy or 0.8 fut

For Ab, refer to Attachment 01.

Practice 670 215 1207

ANCHOR BOLT DESIGN CRITERIA

ACI requires that concrete embedments be designed to be ductile. Therefore, the

Pc; or reinforce appropriately.

Shear V < Vc; or reinforce appropriately.