TEXT TYPE ( GENRE)

FUNCTION OF TEXT

Created by:
Siti Masruroh (1688203029)
6BI

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY TANGERANG
2019
 PREFACE

First of all, thanks to Allah The Almighty because of the help of Allah, writer finished
writing the paper entitled : the function of text. This paper is needed to make task of Type Genre
lesson in this semester also this paper is a compulsory subject for teacher training and education
student in University of Muhammadiyah Tangerang.
In the process and the completion of this paper, the writer faced many problems, but with
more effort the, all the problems could be passed. For collecting the materials, writer takes from
Ebook from Mr Aidil as main source and take another source from internet. May Allah The
Almighty give the blessing for them. Although this paper has many deficiencies in the
arrangement and explanation, the writer hope that it can be used as a reference for the reader.
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.Background
A text consists of unit units discussed. unit language units are grammatical units such as
kalusa or sentence. Text is sometimes described as a kind of sentence that is a grammatical unit
that is longer than sentences that are related to each other. in addition, a text is considered as a
semantic unit, namely a language unit that is related to the form of its meaning. In this way the
text relates to kalusa, namely a unit of language consisting of subjects and predicates and if given
a final intonation it will be a sentence. in sentences it has coherence and cohesion to connect one
sentence to another.

2. Formulation of the problem

what is definition of text?
what are the general and specific functions of text?
what kind of text?

3. purpose
To know the meaning of text.
To know the structure and function of text
To know the type of text and example
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

Definition
'What is a text?' This question has occupied text linguistics and discourse analysis since
their beginnings,2 although the two different scientific approaches are currently converging more
and more. Both text and discourse are restricted, in everyday parlance, to written (texts) on the
one hand and spoken (discourse) on the other, although this is contested to some extent in the
scholarly literature ( see Brunner & Graefen 1 994a). Apart from this, texts are often considered
to be longer pieces of writing. The word evokes the idea of a book, a letter, or a newspaper. The
decisive contribution of linguistics in this respect has been to introduce, in the face of such
popular opinions, a concept of text that is very broadly and generally accepted and which
includes every type of communicative utterance (see below). Clear criteria ultimately decide
whether or not something can be viewed as text or discourse (Fairclough 1 992a: 3ff.). These
criteria are linguistic in nature and relate, most of all, to the syntactic and semantic relations
within a text ( see sections 2.2 and 2.4 below). A text may equally be an inscription on a
tombstone, a form, part of a conversation, or a newspaper article. On the one hand this indicates
a very broad

Text Function

Genre much deals with kinds of texts.

It has: 

1. Communicative purpose/social function 

2. Generic structure/text organization
3. Linguistic features

What is a text? Texts consist of spoken or written words that have the purpose of conveying a
message.

The text types 

There are two main categories of text type:  literary and factual.

1. Literary text type:

 
1)   Narrative

2)   Poems

3)   Drama

These text types are used to tell us about human experience usually in an imaginative way.

Their purpose is to make readers or listeners think, laugh, cry or be entertained.

2. Factual text type

 

1)   Recount                    11) Discussion

2)   News item                 12) Review

3)   Procedure                  13) Anecdote

4)   Description

5)   Narrative

6)   Report

7)   Analytical Exposition

8)   Hortatory Exposition

9)   Spoof

10) Explanation

Here are the knds or genre of text :

A. RECOUNT

1. Characteristic

a. Communicative Purpose:

To retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining

b. Struktur Teks (Generic Structure):

 Orientation: giving information about who, where and when

 Events: recording of events happened cronologically

 Reorientation: re-introduction that summarizes a series of events, or activities.

2. example

Topic: Our trip to the Blue Mountain

Last Friday we went to the Blue Mountains. We stayed at David and Della’s house. It has a big
garden with lots of colourful flowers and a tennis court.

On Saturday we saw the Three Sisters and went on the scenic railway. It was scary. Then,
Mummy and I went shopping with Della.

We went to some antique shops and I tried on some old hats.

On Sunday we went on the Scenic Skyway and it rocked. We saw cockatooshaving a shower.

In the afternoon, we went home.

  

B.  NEWS ITEM

1. Characteristic:

a. Communicative Purpose:

To inform readers, listeners, or viewers about events of the day which are considered
newsworthy or important

b. Generic Structure :

 News worthy events: main event or tell the events in simply form.

 Background events: explain the event happened, the actors and actrees, and how the
condition is.
 Sources: witness of the incident comment, expert’s opinion

2. Example

Topic: Town ‘Contaminated

Newsworthy event

Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another Soviet nuclear catastrophe,

which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town.

Background events
Yelena Vazrshavskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a
nuclear submarine at the naval base of shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostock. The accident,
which occurred 13 months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over the
base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials of the Soviet Union. Residents were told
the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a ‘thermal’
and not a nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than
600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to secrecy.

Source

A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of the Soviet
Navy.

  

C.  PROCEDURE

1. Characteristic:

a. Communicative Purpose :

To describe how something is accomplished through a sequence of actions or steps

b. Generic Structure:

 Goal                  : purose of the activities

 Materials        : the thigs needed for doing activities

 Steps                : the way how doing activities sistematically

c. Linguistic Features:

2. Example

Goal

How to Make a Cheese Omelet

Materials: –

Ingredients 1 egg, 50 g cheese, ¼ cup milk, 3 tablespoons cooking oil, a pinch of salt and pepper
– Utensils Frying pan, fork, spatula, cheese grater, bowl, plate –

Steps

Method 1. Crack an egg into a bowl 2. Whisk the egg with a fork until it is smooth 3. Add milk
and whisk well 4. Grate the cheese into the bowl and stir 5. Heat the oil in a frying pan 6. Pour
the mixture into the frying pan 7. Turn the omelet with a spatula when it browns 8. Cook both
sides 9. Place on a plate; season with salt and pepper 10. Eat while warm.

  

D.  DESCRIPTION

1. Characteristic :

a. Communicative Purpose:

To describe a particular person, place, or thing

b. Generic Structure:

· Identification:  identify phenomenon will be described

·  Description: describe parts, quality, subject’s characteristic and behavior

2. Example

Topic: MacQuarie University

Identification

Macquarie University is one of the largest universities in Australia. This year, in 2004, it
celebrates its 40th anniversary.

Description

  The university is located at the North Ryde Greenbelt, Sydney, where the New South Wales
government sets aside 135 hectares for the institution. In 1964, Macquarie area was
a rural retreat on the city fringe, but today the campus and its surroundings
have evolved beyond recognition.

The North Ryde District has grown into a district of intensive occupation anchored by
a vibrant and growing university. Blessed with a fortunate location and room to breathe,
Macquarie can be proud of that careful planning that retains and enrich the university’s most
attractive natural features.

A pleasing balance between buildings and plating is evident across the campus.
This emphasis on the importance of landscape has created images of Macquarie as a place that
members of the university are most likely to pleasurably recollect.

Today, a railway station is under construction. In three years1 time, Macquarie will be the only
university in Australia with a railway station on site. Macquarie is poised to be the most readily
accessible in Sydney region by rail and motorway, yet retaining its beautiful site.
  

E.  NARRATIVE

1. Characteristic :

a. Communicative Purpose :

To ammuse, entertain, and to deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways

b. Generic Structure:

· Orientation: mengenalkan pengenalan tokoh, waktu, dan tempat

· Complication: pengembangan konflik

· Resolution: penyelesaian konflik

· Reorientation: perubahan yang terjadi pada tokoh dan pelajaran yang dapat dipetik dari cerita.

2. Example

Title: “THE LION AND THE MOUSE”

Once, when a Lion was asleep, a little mouse began running up and down upon him; this soon
wakened the Lion, who placed his huge paw upon him, and opened his big jaws to swallow him.
“Pardon, O king,” cried the little Mouse, “ Forgive me this time, I shall never forget it; who
knows but what I may be able to do you a turn some of these days?”

The Lion was so tickled at the idea of the Mouse being able to help him, that he lifted up his paw
and let him go.

Some time after the Lion was caught in a trap, and the hunters, who desired to carry him alive to
the king, tied him to a tree while they went in search of a wagon to carry him on.

Just then the little Mouse happened to pass by, and see the sad plight in which the Lion was.He
went up to the lion and soon gnawed away the ropes that bound the king of the Beasts. “Wasn’t I
right? “ said the little Mouse.

Moral: Little friends may prove great friends.(AESOP)

 
 F.  REPORT
1. Characteristic :

a. Communicative Purpose :

To describe the way things are, with reference to a range of natural, man-made, and social
phenomena in our environment

b. Generic Structure:

 General classification: pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek laporan, keterangan, dan
klasifikasinya

 Description: menceritakan fenomena apa yang sedang didiskusikan; berkaitan dengan parts,
qualities, habits or behaviors.

2.Example :

THE WHALE

Whales are sea-livings mammals. They therefore breathe air but cannot survive on land.

Some species are very large indeed and the blue whale, which can exceed 30 meters in length, is
the largest animal to have lived on earth.

Superficially, the whale looks rather like a fish, but there are important differences in its external
structure; its tail consists of a pair of broad, flat horizontal paddles (the tail of a fish is vertical)
and it has a single nostril on top of its large, broad head.

The skin is smooth and shiny and beneath it lies a layer of fat (blubber).

It can be up to 30   meters in thickness and serves heat and body fluids.

G. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

1. Characteristic :

a. Communicative purpose/social function:

The communicative purpose/social function of analytical exposition is to persuade the reader or
listener that something is the case

b. Generic structure :
1. Thesis

2.Argumen 

3.Elaboration

2.Example :

“The Importance of English Language”

   I personally think that English is the world’s most important language. Why do I say that?

    Firstly, English is an international language. It is spoken by many people all over the world,
either as a first or second language.

    Secondly, English is also the key which opens door to scientific and technical knowledge,
which is needed for the economic and political development of many countries in the world.

    Thirdly, English is a top requirement of those seeking for jobs. Applicants who master either
active or passive English are more favorable than those who don’t.

    From the facts above, it is obvious that everybody needs to learn to greet the global era.

(adapted from: Student Book for SMA, Balai Pustaka)

H. HORTATORY EXPOSITION

1. Characeristic :

a. Communicative Purpose:

To persuade the reader or listener that something should be/shouldn’t be the case

b. Generic Structure :

 Thesis (pernyataan isu yang dipersoalkan)

 Arguments: berupa alasan mengapa ada keprihatinan, dan mengarah ke rekomendasi

 Recommendation: pernyataan tentang bagaimana seharusnya atau tidak seharusnya.

2. Example

“CARS SHOULD BE BANNED IN THE CITY”

Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of
road deaths and other accidents.

Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to most of the pollution in the world. Cars emit a deadly
gas that causes illnesses such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and ‘triggers’ off asthma. Some of these
illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.

Secondly, the city is very busy. (point) triggers wander everywhere and cars commonly hit
pedestrians in the city, which causes them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killers.

 Thirdly, cars are very noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or
concentrate on your homework, and especially talk to someone.

In conclusion, cars should be banned from the city for the reasons listed.

I. SPOOF

1. Characteristic :

a. Communicative Purpose :

To retell an event with humorous twist

b. Generic Structure :

 Orientation: memperkenalkan participants (tokoh), waktu, dan tempat

 Events: berisi kejadian/peristiwa/kegiatan 1, 2, 3, dst

 Twist: akhir yang tidak terduga atau lucu.

2. Characteristic :

 Generic Structure/Text Organization

 Orientation
 Event(s)
 Twist

Penguin In The Park

Orientation Once a man was walking in a park when he came across a penguin.

Event 1 He took him to a policeman and said, ‘ I have just found this penguin. What should I
do?’ The policeman replied, ‘ take him to the zoo’.

Event 2 The next day the policeman saw the same man in the same park and the man was still
carrying the penguin with him. The policeman was rather surprised and walked up to the man
and asked, ‘Why are you still carrying that penguin about? Didn’t you take it to the zoo? ‘ ‘I
certainly did,’ replied the man.

Twist ‘and it was a great idea because he really enjoyed it, so today I’m taking him to the
moviest!

  

J. EXPLANATION

1. Characteristic :

a. Communicative Purpose :

To explain the process invloved in the formation or workings of natural or sociocultural

phenomena

b. Generic Structure :

 A general statement to position the reader (pernyataan umum untuk memposisikan pembaca).

 A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs (penjelasan yang berurutan tentang
mengapa dan bagaimana sesuatu itu terjadi)

 Closing (Penutup)

2. Example  

Topic: “How Do Floods Occur?”

          In winter there is snow on the mountains. When spring comes the sun comes out, it shines
onto the snow. The snow melts. The melting snow turns into water and flows off the mountain
and enters the rivers. The huge amount of water makes the water level rise

          If rocks and concreted areas around rivers they can cause floods. If it rains the rain falls
onto the rocks, nothing can soak up the water. The water flows down the rocks and into the river.

          When it rains for a long time the huge amount of rain cannot soak into the soil. The water
forms small streams. The streams all lead to the main river and feed it. As the water enters the
river the water level rises. If there is not a dam on the bank of the river the river will flood.

—ooo0ooo—

K. DISCUSSION
1. Characteristic :

a. Communicative Purpose :

To present at least two points of views about an issue

b. Generic Structure :

 Issue: Statement dan preview

 Arguments for and agaist or statement of differing points of view.

 Conclusion or recomendation

1. 3.   Example
 

Topic: “HACKING: PRO AND CONTRA?”

Do you know what a hacker is? Well, a hacker is a person  who enjoys exploring the details of
programmable systems on computers and they like to stretch the capability of the systems. And
you know what, the activities they do in the computers are called ‘hacking’.

So, what’s the problem with ‘hacking and its hackers’? Well, the problem is whether ‘hacking
and its hackers’ is legal or illegal? What I mean is that people in the world have many different
views about hacking and the hackers. Some of them take sides, but many objects.

To get back to what I was saying previously, let us see the positive points of a hacker, shall we?
Although in most places breaking into computer systems is considered illegal, I believe that
hackers don’t do anything illegal because they only want to know and try the systems. I dare to
say that a hacker likes finding the strengths and the weaknesses of a computer system. They feel
proud if they can find the weaknesses. So I don’t really see the crimes in this case. In addition,
these hackers sometimes help the police catch the ‘white collar criminals’, such as bank robbers,
money launderers, credit card forgers. For example, in 2000, the U.S. hackers caught some
Singaporean hackers who made ‘Virus Love’ to break up the programs of the U.S. National
Security system.

Nevertheless, those who object to the good points of a hacker say that hacking is a crime. The
reason is that some hackers use their brilliant skills to break into banks and other vital institutions
where they can get money, destroy information, and the worst thing is they can get secret
information and sell it to another country. This is a treachery.

Take for example, in 1994, The U.S. government broke a conspiracy of computer hackers out of
Majorca, Spain. These hackers were responsible for accessing and eliminating 190,000
telephone credit card numbers over computer bulletin boards in America and Europe. Seeing this
fact, I don’t blame those who think negatively about hackers.
To put the whole thing in a nut shell, I personally think that hackers are not bad people with their
brilliant skills. However, they could be bad because of money orientation to get the wealth.
That’s just the point.

  

L. REVIEW

1. Characteristic :

a. Communicative Purpose :

To critique an art work, event for a public audience. Such works of art include movies, TV
shows, books, plays, operas, recordings, exhibitions, concerts, and ballets

b. Generic Structures :

 Orientation: compare a thing as general and specific way.

 Interpretative recount: explanation about a thing created

 Evaluation: giving an evaluate

 Evaluative Summation: summarize

2. Example

Topic: Harry Potter:

Order of the Phoenix I absolutely love the Harry Potter series, and all of the books will always
hold a special place in my heart. I have to say that of all of the books, however, this was not my
favorite. When the series began it was as much of a “feel good” experience as a huge mug of hot
cocoa. The stories were bright, fast-paced, intriguing, and ultimately satisfying.

Order of the Phoenix is a different kind of book. In some instances this works…you feel a whole
new level of intensity and excitement by the time you get to the end. I was truly moved by the
last page. Other times the book just has a slightly dreary, depressing feel.

The galloping pace of the other books has slowed to a trot here, and parts of it do seem long, as if
we’re reading all about Harry “just hanging out” instead of having his usual adventures.

Reading in detail about Harry cleaning up an old house, for example – housekeeping is still
housekeeping, magical or no, and I’m not very interested in doing it or reading about other
people doing it.

A few other changes in this book – the “real” world comes much more in to play rather than the
fantasy universe of the previous books, and Harry has apparently been taken off his meds. I
know that he had a lot to be grumpy in this book, especially with being a teenager and all, but the
sudden change in his character seemed too drastic.

He goes from being a warm-hearted, considerate person to someone who will bite his best
friend’s heads off over nothing. It just seemed like it didn’t fit with his character, like he turned
into a walking cliché of the “angry teen” overnight.

The “real” story seemed to happen in the last 1/3 of the book, and this part I loved. I actually
liked the ending (and yes, I cried!) as sad as it was. It packed a punch and it made me care about
the story even more. Still a really good book, with some editing it would have been great.

Note: Please find out difficult words/ vocabularies!

M. ANECDOTE

1. Characteristic:

a. Communicative/social purpose :

The communicative purpose of the text is to share with others an account of an unusual or
amusing accident

b. Generic structure :

Abstract: Take or display the storytelling of unusual events.

Introduction (Orientation): shows events

Crisis (crisis): Describes unusual events.

Actions (incidents): Reactions or responses to crises

Koda (Coda): Reflection or evaluation of the incident.Abstact Orientation Crisis Reaction Coda

2. Example

1. 1.   Title: “Snake in the Bath”

Abstract         How would you like to find a snake in your bath? A nasty one too!

Orientation   We had just moved into a new house, which had been empty for so long that
everything was in a terrible mess. Anna and I decided we would clean the bath first, so we set to,
and turned on the tap.

Crisis Suddenly to my horror, a snake’s head appeared in the plug-hole. Then out slithered the

rest of his long thin body. He twisted and turned on the slippery bottom of the
bath, spitting and hissing at us.
Reaction         For an instant I stood there quite paralysed. Then I yelled for my husband, who
luckily came running and killed the snake with the handle of a broom. Anna, who was only there
at the time, was quite interested in the whole business. Indeed I had to pull her out of the way or
she’d probably have leant over the bath to get a better look!

Coda                Ever since then I’ve always put the plug in firmly before running the bath water.
 CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

From all of material above, this paper explains about what the function of itself, where it has two
catagories for describing the function, they are Literary and Factual type. Each catagories have
some kinds of text which are classification by different function, pupose, generic structure and
language feature.

REFERENCE
Stefan Titscherr, Michael Meyer, Ruth Wodak and Eva Vetter, Methods of Text and Discourse
analysis, p.27
https://rusmanhaji.wordpress.com/2013/05/09/genre-jenis-text/