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    Vector and Tensor Analysis 3

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    Meetu Kaur
    Vector and tensor analysis discusses vector differential operations including del, gradient, divergence, curl, and Laplacian. The del operator is a vector differential operator defined in rectangular coordinates. There are three types of del operations on vectors: (1) gradient is a second order tensor, (2) divergence is a scalar, and (3) curl is a vector. The Laplacian operator applies the divergence to the gradient of a scalar field and is important in vector analysis. A vector must have three components and transform according to the specified rules when coordinates are rotated to fully qualify as a vector.

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    Vector and Tensor Analysis 3

    Uploaded by

    Meetu Kaur
    68 views5 pages
    Vector and tensor analysis discusses vector differential operations including del, gradient, divergence, curl, and Laplacian. The del operator is a vector differential operator defined in rectangular coordinates. There are three types of del operations on vectors: (1) gradient is a second order tensor, (2) divergence is a scalar, and (3) curl is a vector. The Laplacian operator applies the divergence to the gradient of a scalar field and is important in vector analysis. A vector must have three components and transform according to the specified rules when coordinates are rotated to fully qualify as a vector.

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    Vector and tensor analysis 3

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    Vector and tensor analysis discusses vector differential operations including del, gradient, divergence, curl, and Laplacian. The del operator is a vector differential operator defined in rectangular coordinates. There are three types of del operations on vectors: (1) gradient is a second order tensor, (2) divergence is a scalar, and (3) curl is a vector. The Laplacian operator applies the divergence to the gradient of a scalar field and is important in vector analysis. A vector must have three components and transform according to the specified rules when coordinates are rotated to fully qualify as a vector.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    68 views5 pages

    Vector and Tensor Analysis 3

    Uploaded by

    Meetu Kaur
    Vector and tensor analysis discusses vector differential operations including del, gradient, divergence, curl, and Laplacian. The del operator is a vector differential operator defined in rectangular coordinates. There are three types of del operations on vectors: (1) gradient is a second order tensor, (2) divergence is a scalar, and (3) curl is a vector. The Laplacian operator applies the divergence to the gradient of a scalar field and is important in vector analysis. A vector must have three components and transform according to the specified rules when coordinates are rotated to fully qualify as a vector.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 5

    Vector and tensor analysis 3

    Vector differential operation or del operation


     

    The vector differential operator  is defined in the rectangular


    coordinate system as follows
     

     
    The vector differential of the del operation is always followed by a
    quantity which can be a scalar or a vector or a tensor.
     
    Del operation on scalars
     
    Del operation of a scalar s is called the gradient of the scalar s and is
    defined as follows:
     

     
     
    Del operation on vectors
     
    Three types of del operations are possible for vector quantities: (a)
    gradient, (b) divergence, and (c) curl of a vector field
     
    (a) Gradient of vector field
     
    Dyadic product of the del operator and a vector quantity is called
    the gradient of a vector field and is a second order tensor quantity. If  is
    a vector quantity then gradient of a vector field is
     

     
     
    (b) Divergence of vector field
     
    Dot product of the del operator and a vector quantity is called the
    divergence of vector field. It is a scalar quantity. If  is a vector quantity
    then divergence of a vector field is
     

     
    (c) Curl of vector field
     
    Cross product of the del operator and a vector quantity is called curl of
    vector field. It is a vector quantity. If  is a vector quantity then curl of a
    vector field is
     

     
    (d) Laplacian of a scalar field
     
    If we compute the divergence of the gradient of a scalar field s then it is

    called the Laplacian of scalar field s. To understand this, let consider   


    be the divergence of a vector field   where   is the is the gradient of a

    scalar quantity s, i.e., 


     
    Then,
     

     
     

     
    Therefore, the Laplacian operator may be defined as
     

     
    (e) Laplacian of a vector
     
    Laplacian of a vector field   is similarly defined as follows
     

     
    Second necessary requirement of a vector quantity
     
    Before proceeding further, we would like to revisit the definition of a
    vector. As we have discussed earlier there are two necessary
    requirements for a physical quantity to be a vector. The first requirement
    is that any vector quantity should have three components. The second
    necessary requirement is that it should follow certain transformation rule
    when the coordinates are rotated by some angle.
    Thus a rigorous definition of vector   is that it has 31=3 components and
    it follows the following transformation rule
    where i is the dummy index and p is the free index
     
    v'p are the components of vector in new rotated coordinate system
    and vi are the components of vector in the old coordinate system. Here,
     

     
    For example, for p = 1, we have

     
    Proof of transformation rule in two dimensional coordinate system
     

    Fig 3.1 Rotation of axes


     
    As shown in Fig. 3.1 , x1 and x2 are the old axes and v1 and v2 are
    components of vector   in the old axes. If axes are rotated by angle α.
    Now, new axis are x1' and x2' and the components of vector   in new
    coordinate are v'1 and v'2. The angle of x1’ axis to line which joins origin
    to   is θ. therefore, we have
     

    and 

     
    Thus,
     
     
    Similarly, for component v2
     

     
    From Equation (3.18) and Equation (3.21), we can solve for v'1 and v'2 in
    terms of v1 and v2 as shown below
     

     
    which may be generalized to
     

    This prooves that vector   in a two dimentional coordinate systems


    follows the transformation rool given above in Equation (3.12).

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