ATJ 20 - 98 Design Review Checklist For Road Projects

Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 20/98
Design Review Checklist

for Road Projects
7.0m
5.0m
Roads Branch
Public Works Department Malaysia
Jalan Sultan Salahuddin
50582 Kuala Lumpur
FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY Design_Review Checklist For Road Projects
Forword
Proper road design and construction require intimate knowledge in many specialized fields of civil
engineering. Basic requirements of road design are::
- technically practical and cost effective
- environmental and instituitional acceptability
- social and political acceptability
Good engineered road design should comply with the above basic requirements so that the design
can be Implemented without encumbrance and road users including pedestrians can use roads with
ease, comfort, safety and no unexpectations.
In order to achieve the objective of producing good engineered designs, 28 Arahan Teknik, manu-
als and guidelines for various road design aspects have been published by Cawangan Jalan, Ibu
Pejabat JKR, to assist road designers.
To ensure the deliverables of road design ie drawings, works specifications and bills of quantities
for road projects are properly produced by suitably qualified engineers and compiled with all the
Arahan Teknik and departmental policies, a comprehensive Road Design Review Checklist is very
imperative.
It Is hoped that this Road Design Review Checklist will be useful to those engaged upon the
design review for road projects.
It is also necessary to emphasize that this Checklist is a current guidance document and, as such,
its recommendations should be adopted with cautions and good engineering judgement as the the
departmental policies and requirements may change from time to time. Users of this checklist are
encouraged to give feedback and to comment at any time to Cawangan Jalan on the contents of
the Checklist, so that improvements can be made to the future editions.
( DATO' IR DR. WAHID B. OMAR )

Pengarah Cawangan Jalan
Ibu Pejabat JKR Malaysia Sept. 1998.
Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 2

(42)dlm.PKR(J) Rb.Rb.1/1/3 Jld.3

19 Januari 1998.
Semua Pengarah JKR Negeri
Semua Pengarah Unit JKR.
Dato'/Tuan,
Penggunaan Bahan/Barangan Dan Per'khidmatan Tempatan

Dalam Proiek Pembinaan Jalan
Dengan hormatnya perkara tersebut di atas adalah dirujuk.
Sepertimana yang Dato'/Tuan sedia maklum semua bahan/barangan dan perkhidmatan yang digu-
nakan dalam kerja-kerja pernbinaan jalan mestilah menggunakan bahan/barangan dan perkhid-
matan tempatan. Ini adalah selaras dengan Surat Pekeliling Perbendaharaan Bilangan 6 Tahun
. . 1997 yang satu salinan disertakan unruk makluman dan rujukan.
Bahan/barangan yang selalunya digunakan dalam pembinaan jalan ialah seperti 'bridge joints/bear-
ings, woven and non woven geotextile, prefabricated vertical drains, steel piles, guardrail, road
marking material, traffic control device, slope erosion/protection materials, street lighting and
associated parts, pavement enhancement chemicals works and additives, etc.' mestilah meng-
gunakan bahan/barangan keluaran tempatan.
Sila pihak tuan maklumkan ke pejabat ini dengan segera sekiranya pihak tuan telah menggunakan
atau akan menggunakan bahan/barangan yang diimpot supaya justifikasi penggunaan tersebut
dapat disediakan dan kelulusan bertulis dari Perbendaharaan Malaysia diperolehi.
Kerjasama serta tindakan segera Dato'/Tuan dalam menjayakan arahan Kerajaan ini amatlah
diperlukan.
Sekian, terima kasih.
'BERKHIDMAT UNTUK NEGARA'
Sava yang menurut perintah,
(DATO' IR DR. WAHID B,. OMAR)

Pengarah
Cawangan Jalan
b.p. Ketua Pengarah Kerja Raya
JKR Malaysia.

CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
FOREWORD
CONTENTS
1. DESIGN REVIEW CHECKLIST
2. GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF ROAD DESIGN REPORT
3. GUIDELINES FOR SITE INVESTIGATION WORKS
4. GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN CRITERIA FOR ROAD WORKS
5. GARISPANDUAN UNTLIK POLISI DASAR KE ATAS KEPERLUAN KTMB BAGI

PROJEK JAMBATAN MELINTAS1 LALUAN KERETAPI
6. REINFORCED FILL STRUCTURES: DESIGN CRITERIA AND REQUIREMENTS
7. LIST OF ARAHAN TEKNIKJGUIDELINES PUBLISHED BY CAWANGAN ]ALAN,

JKR MALAYSIA
8. ROAD KERB DETAILS
9. STANDARD SPECIFICATION OF GEOTEXTILES

DESIGN REVIEW CHECKLIST

Design Review Checklist for Road Qualification and experience of all

Projects Designers, Checkers and approval for
major design activities should be
The main purpose of design review is to check checked by URJ Zon Head. Any un-
and to ensure the design deliverables consisting qualified personnel should be rejected
of drawings, BQ L Specifri;:ation are satisfac- and replaced. Major work items, basis of
tory with particular reference to the following the estimated quantities, locations etc
general aspects: should be included. All Designers
- safety: complying with all relevant JKR should be P. Eng with adequate
Arahan Teknik and codes of practice experience for the design works
with respect to adequate FOS against all Involved. If the designer for a design
modes of failure and durability activity is not a P.Eng, the checker must
requirements be a P.Eng with at least 10 years of
relevant experiences and a letter to JKR
- functional: adequate road and junction with the following details:"I,xxxx, l/C
capacity for the designed life; road nnnn have checked the design criteria /
profile above designed flood level etc. calculations, Drgs xxx, B.Q (items ........)
and relevant spec and have found the
- cost effectiveness: optimum cost and design is in good order and comply with
with in budget good engineering practice MS? BS? and
JKR Arahan Teknik ........Comments on
- aesthetic: all structures and road side the design calculations, drawings, RQ,
furniture should be pleasing and specifications should be included".
aesthetic in appearance. Other design details especially the basis
of design and estimated quantities
- constructibility: ease of construction; should be checked and documented
minimum temporary/abortive works; according to URJ's "Garispanduan
skills and machines/plants easily, Penyediaan Laporan Rekabentuk untuk
available. Projek jalan".
- maintainability: no problem to access 2. Earthwork

for maintenance; min maintenance. 2.1 Removal of unsuitable material under
road embankments or culverts should be
- environmental: minimum inconvenience based on design and on SI results.
and hazard to road users during Statement such as "Depth of removal of
construction and operation; min soft or unsuitable will be decided at site
community severance. by the SO" is not acceptable. Table
showing location (chainages), height of
- legal/statutory: comply with all local by embankment, depth of removal with
laws and regulations set by authorities design cross sections should be included
on Drg. Criteria of removal based on
- Government and departmental policy: technical need should be clearly stated
comply with the latest government & on drawings (for cases where detailed SI
department policy. is not available or feasible).
l. Design Report 2.2 Piled embankment as ground treatment

Designer and checker should have for road embankment on soft and
adequate experience and qualification to swampy ground should be avoided and
carry out the specific design activity. replaced by more cost effective
measures wherever posslible. Design

and cost comparion for various ground responsible to rectify at his own cost for
treatments and slope stabilization should all the defects/failures due to whatever
be carried out to justify the factors/ causes within the defect liability
recommendation. Unit cost should be period".
based on quotations from several
specialist contractors. When the cost and (b) Quantities for common excavation, rock
scope of ground treatment and slope excavation and imported material fill
stabilization works are significant, say should be clearly justified. Basis of
RM5juta or more, alternative design estimation should be made known to
may be allowed; but the acceptance ]KR in writing especially for projects
criteria shall be clearly specified on Drg with excavation exceeding l x 101m3.
and specifications. Generally the design
criteria should be the post construction (c) Estimation of rock quantities should be
settlement should be less than 100mrn in based on some geological evaluation,
5 years or less. (Refer to Geotechnical rock profile based on SI or seismic sur
Design Criteria for Road Works). vey and site inspection. Generally for
hilly/ mountainous terrain, rock
2.3 Earthwork design excavation may be around 10% of the
(a) The following notes should be specified total cut volume while for rolling terrain
in the earthworks design drawing/ it may have 2°% to 5% rock excavation.
specification:
"The Contractor shall submit detailed (d) The volumes of cut and fill should as far
weekly programme, time-location chart as possible balance one another.
and construction sequences with details
of constructional plants deployment for (e) Generally the slopes for cut and fill
SO's prior written approval before sections should be 1:1 and 1:1.5
commencement of earthworks for each respectively. Slope for rock section
location/hill/valley. Intercepted drain and should be 1:4 to 1:8. The designer shall
other drains if specified or directed by check the stability of slopes based on
the SO should be constructed first with technical analysis. FOS required should
proper permanent or temporary outlet be at least 1.2 (Refer to Geotechnical
before bulk excavation for roadway or Design Criteria for Road 'Works).
filling is allowed to proceed. Slope
protection such as hydroseeding or turf (f) In addition to typical cut and fill cross
ing or as specified or directed by the SO sections, designed cross sections with
shall be carried out immediately within specific typical details and specific need
14 days after the bulk excavation or for certain chainages should be
filling is initiated. All cut slopes shall be prepared.All cross sections should be
graded smooth by suitable grader. For categorised and designed accordingly.
cut slopes to be hydroseeded, suitable
horizontal grooves (Not vertical 3. Drainage
grooves) should be constructed. The 3.1 The designs of surface drains, sub -
necessary bench/berm drains shall be surface drains, culverts and slope
completed with proper temporary or protection etc should comply with ]KR
permanent outlet before it is allowed to guidelines (KT41/86, KT42/86,
proceed the earthworks to the next KT46/86 8t KT47/86). The schedule of
berm/ bench. If the Contractor fails to culverts including culvert no, location,
comply with any of these requirements, type & size, estimated length, invert
the SO reserves the right to order stop levels for outlet 8t inlet, etc. should be
work and the contractor shall be held shown on Drg. Similarly, schedule of

surface drains including type of drains, such as ADT, % of commercial vehicles,

locations, estimated gradient, length etc. annual growth rate, equivalence factor,
should also be shown on Drg. subgrade CBR shall be, elaborated and
justified.
3.2 No CMP is allowed except when the
following 3 condit ions are fully 5. Concrete/Structures
complied: 5.1 Piling Works
a) culvert size exceeds 2.5m diam or Bakau piles are riot allowed in ]KR
equivalent 3 project (arahan KPKR).
b) cast insitu box culvert is not possible or Local product (`f/T rebars or H piles etc)
practical because the waterway cannot should be used as reinforcement for
be diverted or too costly to divert the micropiles. All precast concrete piles
waterway. (spun/RC/prestressed) should comply
with MS 1314 Part 1. Environmental
c) access is very difficult or no proper problems of piling works should be
access is available adequately addressed especially in built-
up areas eg. No diesel hammers in City
4. Pavement Surface Evenness/ areas; only non-displacement piles near
lrregularities & Design railway lines or built-up areas etc.
Class of surface evenness should be
shown on Drawing and BQ. (Refer Pile schedule including locations of
Table 4.14 ]KR Standard Road Spec). piles, types 8t no. of piles, estimated pile
lengths, design load, test load etc. should
Class SRI should be adopted for all R4, be shown on Drg. Criteria of
R5, R6 new Roads. Class SR2 should be determining founding levels of piles
for urban road and the design speed is should also be specified on Drg.
less than 60 km/hr. SR3 should be for
R1 Road. 5.2 All bridge designs especially the flood
level, free board and hydraulic capacity
It is suggested that each traffic lane has should be cleared from ]PS. Demolition
to be tested longitudinally. Transverse of existing bridge or major culvert
direction should be tested at 100m should be justified. Structural and
spacing. The full extent of the area hydraulic capacity, foundation condition
which does not comply with the spec etc should be assessed before making
shall be made good based on acceptable recommendations. Adequate and
method of rectification approved by the appropriate deck drainage should not be
SO. A BQ item "To carry out all overlooked. Artist's impression of the
necessary Quality control tests for bridge should be prepared to check the
pavement works including surface aesthetic aspect. All bridge structures
evenness test - L.Sum" should be hould be checked by bridge engineers of
Included. (See Para 9.4). at least 5 years bridge design experience
and have published some technical
Design life of pavement should be 10 papers. Scope of checking should at
years as recommended in Arahan Teknik least include suitability of structural
5/85, but for major road where the layout, max flood level, compliance of
projected ADT up to 10 years exceeding geometric requirements, structural and
10,000 per lane, the design life should foundation design, drainage and bridge
be 20 years. Basis of design parameters furniture etc. Design report including

bridge proform based on JKR guidelines all traffic diversion and safety matters.
for bridge/structure should be submitted The Contractor has to provide and
for approval. maintain the approved traffic diversion
plan in good order at ,all time (no pot
5.3 Concrete Finishes hole, good road marking, adequate sign
boards, traffic barrier/cones/New Jersey
All concrete finishes shall be free from Barrier, blinker light etc). If the
defects such as honeycomb, porous contractor fails to comply with these
concrete, laitance, uneven surfaces etc. requirements within 2 hours after SO's
The dimensions of the finished concrete oral or written instruction, the SO or his
shall be within the tolerable limits representatives reserve the right to order
specified. stop work under Clause xx and/or to
engage any other third party to carry out
The defective finishes shall be rejected any of the works deemed necessary by
or rectified with satisfactory measures the SO and all the cost incurred
recommended by specialist and including at least 25% administrative
approved by the SO. cost shall be borne by the Contractor
and will be deducted accordingly from
All exposed concrete surfaces of the the Contractor's interim payment. These
complete structure affected directly or requirements should be included in Spec
Indirectly by the rectification works and Drgs to ensure satisfactory
have to be painted with 2 coats of implementation of traffic diversion plan
acrylic paints approved by the SO. which should be prepared bar qualified
All the costs involved In the rectification traffic engineer.
works have to be borne by the
Contractor. 7. Services relocation plan should be
properly prepared. Type, size or capacity
The above requirements are to deter of the buried or overhead utility/services
contractor from producing shoddy with their respective locations should be
works. shown on Drgs. These details should be
based on information furnished by the
5.4 Bar schedule for all R.C works should relevant utility agency plus site
be included on Drags. inspection plus trenching or other
reliable probing or testing. All necessary
6. Traffic diversion/management details and billed items should be
The Consultant has to prepare a included. The affected utility agencies
practical traffic diversion plan where should give due coorperation to help
appropriate so as to ensure minimum consultant to procure all the necessary
inconvernence to road users. eg during details fast; otherwise all the necessary
construction stage, no of traffic lanes testings and cost of preparation can be
and capacity should not be reduced passed to the utility agencies to pay.
especially during the peak hours; the This is in line with PM Department's
existing profile of road, if possible, circular that all costs involved in
should not be reduced or raised services relocation within ROW have to
significantly ( > 0.3m) unless proper be fully borne by the affected utility
diversion is arranged etc. The Contractor agencies.
shall engage a full time safety officer
with at least, with SPM qualification and If the utility agencies choose to carry out
min 5 year working experience in road the relocation/protection works by them
construction to supervise and maintain selves, the following points should be

clearly made known; to the utility state OPEN and Town and Country
agency concerned in writting as early as Planning Department about roadside
possible: development plans which should be
incorporated into the design.
- the scope, specification and plan of
services relocation works should be 9. Miscellaneous
agreed by ]KR so as to reduce
interface problems during 9.1 No imported material to be incorporated
construction in the design unless prior written
approval from Treasury and MITI have
- the utility agency and/or his been procured.
Contractor/agent will be fully
responsible to pay and reimburse the 9.2 Road kerbs should not exceed 150mm
full cost. to JKR or JKR Contractor high. New JKR kerb design should be
if the relocation work is delayed, or adopted. Embankment kerb drain (shall
the relocation works are not done u drain) should be used instead of half
according to JKR Spec or circle drain.
the relocation works have damaged
the complete works by the JKR 9.3 Interlocking blocks for raised walkway
contractor. or under the flyover should be replaced
by cast insitu or precast concrete slab if
8. Land Acquisition found necessary.
Land problems with particular reference
to the following should be highlighted: 9.4 All Consultants should be constantly
reminded to take note of the following:
- no, location and type of squatters
within ROW/Government land (if Use JKR Standard Spec with necessary
any) addendum but QC tests and necessary
subsequent rectification (if necessary
- no of private lots, land use and area and appropriate) for each section of
to be acquired works Spec should be proposed and
included in Addendum Spec. BQ
- no, size/area, and type of buildings according to sequence of spec should be
eg factory, shop, hall, timber house, preferred. BQ should include items for
mosque, kull, temples, school etc. the QC tests. The requirement that all
QC tests should be checked, witnessed,
- no, size and species of trees affected verified and endorsed by a P.Eng should
by construction be indicated in BQ and Specification.
Requirements for QC test to ensure
The cost and time/programme to resolve good quality works expressed in Spec a
these problems should be highlighted to BQ for earthworks, drainage works,
JKR in writing and shown on drgs pavement, road furniture etc should be
(verified by surveyor if possible). The included. (See enclosure).
cost for LA including compensation for
buildings should be based on advice by- 9.5 Estimated quantities should be justified
PTG and JKR district office. by detail take off, and audited by
independent person. Built up rate should
Preparation of LA plan shall comply be included. Quotations from few
with Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 7/85. suppliers or specialist contractors for
Check with JKR District/State as well as each major items should also be

included as part of the basis of the geotechnical & structural designs

estimated cost. should be checked, audited and
endorsed by experts who should have all
9.6 Sources of supply for important the following qualifications &
construction materials should be experience:-
identified and assessed for, availability (i) have at least 10 years working
and quality eg. where to procure sand, experience or a Ph.D holder In
stone, premix, imported fill, bricks, pre the relevant field of
cast piles/culvert pipes/kerbs etc for the specialization.
estimated quantities should be identified
and assessed etc. Quatations for unit (ii) a P.Eng
price for these quantities from the near
by suppliers should be assessed. The (iii) have published some relevant
design SHOULD not be accepted if a technical papers in the relevant
satisfactory report about sources of field of specialization In
supply of major materials has not been seminar/conference (at least
prepared. national level).
9.7 All accepted Working Drawings for

tender should be endorsed by P. Eng
(Director of the Consulting firm) after
the final Design Review.
9.8 Road Safety Audit Report for the detail

design especially the junction design, U-
turns etc should be submitted and
accepted before the Design Report.
Road Safety Auditor can be from the
same organisation except that he/she
must have all the following
qualifications and experience:
(i) have at least 5 year road design
experience or have published
some technical papers/reports
about road safety or have
presented a technical talk about
road safety/traffic management in
seminar/conference (at least
national level).
(ii) a P.Eng
(iii) have attended a road safety

course conducted by
IEM/REAM/ university/ IKRAM
or- have been accepted as a road
safety auditor for several road
projects.
9.9 In addition to road safety audit, all

GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION

OF R OAD DESIGN REPOR T

GARIS PANDUAN
PENYEDIAAN LAPORAN
REKABENTUK UNTUK
PR OJEK JALAN
KETUA PENGARAH KERJA RAYA

JABATAN KERJA RAYA,
JALAN SULTAN SALAHUDDIN,
50582 KUALA LUMPUR.

Garispanduan Penyediaan conceptional solutions

Laporan Rekabentuk untuk - Traffic studies/analysis &
Prorjek Jalan findings.
- EIA (problems, impact and
1. Tuiuan mitigation measures etc).
- Scope of survey and site
Tujuan garispanduan ini ialah untuk
investigation.
membantu Konsultan yang dilantik oleh
- Manual of maintenance and
JKR menyediakan laporan Rekabentuk
operation (if any).
mengikut format tertentu dan
mengandungi data-data penting untuk
c) Design Checklist certification
rujukan kelak. JKR akan menyemak
sebelum menerima clan rnendokumen The Consultant has to cover all
tasikannya. Ini adalah untuk mem items stated in Lampiran A with
pastikan semua rekabentuk adalah di- full details.
buat mengikut amalan kejuruteraan yang
baik dan disemak oleh jurutera yang d) Design Concept, Calculations and
bertauliah serta berpengalaman yang Analysis
mencukupi.
The following important road
design elements should be
2. Kandungan Laporan
furnished with design concept,
Rekabentuk
std, design parameter,
Konsultan dikehendaki mengemukakan calculations analysis etc:
salinan deraf kepada Pengarah
Cawangan Jalan untuk disernak dan - Cut slope stability analysis
diluluskan sebelum menyediakan 3 - Fill slope stability and
salinan laporan muktamat untuk tujuan settlement analysis
dokumentasi dan simpanan JKR. - ground treatments (if any)
Laporan Rekabentuk ini mestilah di- - slope stabilization works (if
sediakan setelah rekabentuk telah disiap any)
kan. - Bridges/viaducts/flyovers/
major culverts
Isi kandungan laporan mestilah - Retaining walls
mengandungi perkara-perkara berikut :- - Pavement Design
- Drainage Design
a) Introduction - Geometric Design
- Purpose of the report - Earthworks Design and
- Background and brief Planning
description of the project Guidelines to prepare the above are
- scope of the project (length, given in Lampiran B,C,D, D1 & E.
std,majorstructures/ bridges /
walls etc, estimated cost etc.) e) Road Safety Audit
b) Technical Proposal Copy of the road safety audit

checklist and result should be
- Methodology of design for enclosed. Auditor's name and
major design components. his/her qualification should be
- Programme (time input and clearly stated. Comments on how
design activities) all the issues raised by the
- Main technical problems, auditors are dealt with should be
specialists input, and

given.
f) Geotechnical Report
Generalized. subsoil profile and
important properties of the road
and a geological Map showing
the important geological
formation traversed should be
included. Locations and nature of
geotechnical/geological problems
should be highlighted. (see
Lampiran r and G for guidelines).
g) Services / utilities Relocation

Type and scope of services/
utilities relocation required
should be stated. Methods and
sequences of relocation and cost
involved for each type of utility
should be elaborated.
h) Material Source Study Report

Study on important construction
materials such as sand, laterite,
suitable fill, crushed rocks etc.
should be carried out in respect to
the required quantities, qualities,
possible sources, costing etc.
Possible cost effective sources
along or around the alignment
should identified.
i) List of Drawings
List of drawings and subject
matter (drawing titles) should be
included.

Lampiran A
Road Design Checklist/Certification
(shall be filled by the consultant/designer

and approved by Pengarah Jalan/JPK
before: calling tender)
1. Project:
2. General Description of the Works

Briefly describe scope of works including class of road, nature of works (upgrading,
improvement, new road, interchange ....... ); length of road; estimated cost for construction,
land acquisition, services relocation, Professional costs and miscellaneous, implementation
programme if available etc.
3. Records of Designers/checkers/ approval

Designers, checkers and director who approves the design with their respective brief CV &
post in the consulting firm together with their approximate man-month input for the project
should be given for the following important design activities:-
a) Overall planning & road design
b) Road alignment selection & Geometric design
c) Highway engineering and junction or interchange design
d) Road drainage &, hydrology
e) Bridge design
f) Geotechnical investigation and design (slope stability foundation etc.).
g) Pavement evaluation/design
h) Road safety design/audit
i) Other special structures
j) BQ, Quantities estimation
k) Land Acquisition Plan preparation
l) Specification & tender documents preparation.
m) Others
4. Design Justification for Major Works Items

Locations (chainage), ;ustification for the design or quantities adopted to show the basis
used or assumed, construction control criteria at site etc. shall be given for the following

major works items:-

- Rock excavation (locations, quantities & basis of estimation)
- Common excavation (locations, method of estimation)
- Removal of unsuitable materials below embankment, culvert and cut formation

(locations, quantities, basis of estimation & field control criteria).
- Bridge/retaining walls (quantities should be in Nos and surface area) and foundation
types (quantities & basis of the design).
- Ground treatment (locations, quantities, type of treatment & basis of selection).
- Slope stabilization works (locations, quantities, type of treatment & basis of

selection).
- Major culvert (>1.5 m size)
- Pavement (thickness of pavement elements & surface area).
- Other special structures
5. Confirmation/certification
This is to certify that the above mentioned road design works have been carried out with
reasonable and due professional skill, care and diligence by competent engineers as stated
above.
...................................... .............................................
(Name;
I/C: ............................................................................
Designation & Name of Consulting Engineer Firm
P. Eng. Chop

Example
Road Design Checklist
1.0 Project: Mernbina dan Menyiapkan Jalan Masuk ke Pelabuhan Baru.
2.0 General Description of the Works-

The project consists of:-
- Construction of 12 km of JKR R05 dual two highway of which 8 km is new
alignment and the remaining 4 km is existing R03/RO4 2 lane road to be upgraded.
- 2 bridges i.e. bridge over Sg. ABC of 120 m long (3 spans) and Bridge over Sg.CDE
of 80 m long (3 span).
- One diamond interchange
The estimated cost for the project is as follows:-

a) Construction cost : RM120 juta.
b) Land acquisition (40,000 m2) = RM20 j

Long houses for 50 squatters = RM2j
c) Services relocation TNB = RM2j

TMB = RM0.5j
JBA = RM1.0j
d) Professional fees (design & supervision) = RM7.0j
e) Miscellaneous (SI, Survey etc.) = RM1.0j
Total RM153.5j
This project is scheduled to be implemented in 1996 and completed within 2 years.
3.0 Records of Designers/checks/approval

The designer/checkers/approval for various important design activities are as follows:-
1. Project Director:- Ir Othman Ali
Designer Checker Approval
2. Chief Road Designer : Ir Lim AB - -
3. Geometric design }
4. Drainage design } Ir Ali Hassan Ir Lim AB Ir Othman Ali
5. Traffic design }
6. Road safety design }

7. Geotechnical design Ir Tan SV Ir Bala }

8. Geological design En. Rajo Ir Wong MY } Ir Othman
} Ali
9. Bridge/Structure design Ir Lee YY Ir Ho AB }

10. Spec. & Bo Ir Khoo XX Ir Razali
11. Land acquisition plan Ir Ali Hassan Ir Choo KK

12. Services relocation Ir Soo TT } Ir Mazlan } Ir Tan YY
13. Street Lighting/Traffic Ir Soo TT }
Signal
14. Landscaping design En. Ahmad Ali En. Azman
Brief CV of the key designers/checkers are as follows:-

1. Ir Lim AB : 35 years working experiences including 20 years of
BE, P.Eng.FIEM road design and supervision works.
FICE, CEng He is an associate director of the Co. Has published about 50
technical papers on road design and construction.
2. Ir Othman Ali : Director (Roads) of the Co.

BE, M.Eng, Has more than 35 years of working experiences.
FIEM, P.Eng. Has published several technical papers about road
engineering in international conferences.
3. Ir Ali Hassan : Senior road engineer

BE, M. Eng Have successfully designed five road projects of more
MIEM, P.Eng. than RM100 millions. Has more than l0 years experiences in
roads.
4. Ir Bala : Geotechnical Specialist

BE, M. Eng More 20 years in geotechnical design. Published
MIEM, P. Eng. more than 100 technical papers about geotechnical
engineering.
5. En. Wong MY : Senior Geologist

B.Sc. More than 10 years experiences in geological engineering.
6. Ir Ho AS : Senior Structural Engineer

BE, P.Eng, MIEM Has successfully designed
MISTruct E, MICE, CEng. more than 100 bridges/structures.
Has more than 10 years experiences in structural design.
7. Ir Razali : Senior Contract Engineer

(B.Sc., MIEM More than 15 years working
MBA, P.Eng) experience in site supervision and contract management.
8. Ir Choo KK : Senior Road Engineer

(B.Sc., MIEM More than 10 years road supervision &
P.Eng.) design experience.

9. Ir Mazlan : Senior Electrical Engineer

BE, MIEM, P.Eng, More than 12 years working experience.
10. En. Azman : Specialist in Landscaping

(B.Sc) More than 10 years working experience.
11. Ir Tan SV : Geotechnical Engineer

(BE, M.Sc, MIEM 5 years working experience in Geotechnical P. Eng.)
works.
12. En. Rajo : Engineering Geologist

(B.Sc) More than 5 years experiences.
13. Ir Lee YY : Bridge/Structure Engineer

(BE, MIEM, P.Eng) More than 4 years experiences in bridge design.
14. En. Khoo XX : Civil Engineer

(BE) 2 years experience
15. En. Soo TT : Electrical Engineer

BE : 2 years experience
16. En. Ahmad All : T.A

10 years experiences
4. Design Justification for Maior Works

4.1 Rock Excavation
- Estimated quantity = 12,000 cu.m
Mainly at Ch. 2,000 rn and 8,000 m; based on boreholes, seismic survey and site
inspection fx studies by geologist.
Definition for rock is according to JKR Standard Spec. for Road Works.
4.2 Common Excavation

- Estimated quantity = 1,000,000 cu.m
Mainly near Ch. 2001), Ch. 4000, Ch. 8000 and Ch. 11000 (See longi plan).
4.3 Removal of Unsuitable Material

- Below embankment Ch. 1500 - 1800 = 5000 cu. m
- Culverts at Ch. 4000, 4800 & Ch. 10,200 = 880 cu. m
Total quantity = 5,880 cu.m

Estimated based on BH3, 5 & 9 and 507 JKR probes. All very soft silty or peaty
clay should be removed or strata with JKR probes less than 30 blowsift. should be
removed for embankment height less than 5m. Expected thickness of soft material
between Ch. 1500 - 1800 is about 2 m.
4.4 Bridges/walls
- 2 bridges, total area = 4,500 m2.
68 Nos. bored piles of 600 mm diam & capacity 150 ton are used. Geological for

mation : Shale (SPT > 50) at 5 m bgl.
- RE walls = 2000 m2 for approach to flyover at diamond interchange.
4.5 Ground Treatment

Sand replacement mainly at Ch. 1500 - 1800; about 5,000 m3.
This method is the most cost effective to solve stability and settlement problem. EPS
embankment (35,000 m3 EPS) is used at Ch. 14,000 & 14,300 where embankment is 3 rn -
5m high and soft subsoil is more than 7m. Piled embankment is more expensive. Vertical
drain is too slow & also needs extra land for stabilizing berms. Detail report given to
Cawangan Jalan and has been accepted.
4.6 Sloge Stabilization

Soil nail and gunning method are used to stabilize cut slope at Ch. 11,000 - 11,200 to avoid
chasing the slope and ensure FOS > 1.5. 100 mm diam soil nails of 12 m long to 18 rn are
used (850 Nos.), area = 2,500 m2.
The cut slope consists of highly weathered shale/mudstone/sandstone and is highly unstabla
from geological point of view; presence of unstable relict joint and bedding.
4.7 Major culvert

Ch. 4000, box culvert 1.8 x 2 m Ch. 4800, CMP culvert 3.5m diam. Ch. 10,200, box cul
vert 1.8 m x 2m
All the above major culverts are not founded on piles. All unsuitable materials are replaced
with sand/laterite.
4.8 Pavement Works

40 mm ACWC = 200,000 m2
70 mm ACBC = 195,000 m2
320 mm Base Course = 195,000 m2
150 mm subbase = 195,000 m2
Design life is 20 years and design subgrade CBR = 5%
5. Certification
This is to certify that the above mentioned road design works have been carried out with
reasonable and due professional skill, care and diligence by competent engineers/specialists
as stated above.
(Ir Othrnan Ali)

I/C No. A 591100B
P.Eng. : M19999
Date :

Lampiran B
Cut Slope
All cut slopes or hill exceeding 1 benches or more than 10 m vertical height should be designed
and checked by expehenced geotechnical engineers. Design inventory for EACH cut slope should
include the following details for documentation.
1. Location (chainage)
2. Design parameters
Cu - short term analysis for cohesive soil
1 1
C , Ø - long term analysis
water table where?
Give justification/basis for the above important parameters including summarised soil investi
gation and lab test redsults. Geological report especially identification of geological formation,
presence of unstable geological features should be included. These should be shown on typical
cross-sections. Decision must be made whether to assume hydrostatic or other pore water
pressure distribution in the slope, justification of whitih shall be made based on sound site
investigation and monitoring scheme.
3. Analysis
Method of analysis used or name of established/well known software package used in analysis
should be stated. Details of print out should not be included unless requested by JKR.
FOS obtained for each slope should be stated for each design assumption.
Prefer to present the analysis in table form (include chainage, design parameter used, FOS
obtained). Justification for parameter used should be given below the Table. Typical cross-sec
tion for each designed slope should show W.T, geological information and subsoil profile etc.
Sensitivity analysis with hydrostatic head and etc. should be carried out.
Analysis must also be made on the performance of existing cut slopes within the vicinity of
the area of similar geology and topography. This helps in the evaluation of the strength param
eters used in design. References should be made to techniques used in applying the resistance
envelope theory and back analysis.
If geological condition is unfavourable, it is recommended that stereonets are plotted and

analysis is made to identify the most probable mode of failure.
Sensitivity analysis must be carried out with regards to the changes in the shear strength
parameters and pore water pressure conditions; the latter shall be checked for changes in
hydrostatic head and/or R values.
Refences concerning the analysis should be indicated.

4. Slope stabilization works (if any)

As para 3 above, but stability analysis should be carried for two or more types of
stabilization methods. Explain why the particular option is recommended. Brief
description of the system & works specification should be included.
Brief description of the cost analysis conducted shall be made to justify the stabilization
scheme selected. Special attention must be given to the effect of hydrogeology, topography
and geomorphology on the long term performance of the proposed scheme. Attention must
also be given to ease of construction and maintenance of the chosen scheme.
5. Instrumentation/monitoring works
Types, extent and purposes of instrumentation and monitoring works during construction and
operation stages should be clearly specified and justified.
Guidelines on maintenance must be clearly outlined and relevant standards shall be used and
clearly specified. For example, guidelines on lift-off tests and other maintenance and
monitoring works to be carried out on permanent anchors shall refer to BS 8081 or equivalent.
6. Other important information

a) Designer: name, acadermic qualification, P.Eng. No, No. of years of
working experiences.
b) Checker/Approval: name of director, acadermic qualification P.Eng No., no. of

years of working experiences.
c) Engineering geologist: name, acadermic qualification and no. of years of working

experiences.
d) Specialist Consultant if (any)
Note: One of the above should be a specialist in geotechnical engineering with not
less than 10 years experiences in geotechnical works.

Lampiran C
Fill Slopes
All fill slopes exceeding one berm or more than 6 m should be thoroughly designed and checked
against stability and settlement. For embankment on soft or unstable ground stability and settle-
ment checks should be carried out irrespective of height.
Design inventory for each embankment should include the following details.
1. Location (s)
2. Design parameters
Cu - for fill body and supporting ground

C1, Ø1
Water table?
Cv, Cc, CR - consolidation properties
Give justification/basis for the above parameters adopted. Show the typical cross-section with
design data and generalised subsoil profile.
3. Analysis
Method of analysis/calculaticns OR name of soft-ware package used. Detail print out not nec
essary unless requested by JKR.
FOS for slip failure and bearing capacity should be given/estimated by using established
methods.
Post construction settlement in respect to total settlement and differential settlement should be
estimated.
Acceptance criteria should be justified.
4. Ground Treatment (if any)

As Para 3 above, but stability and settlement analysis should be carried out for few options of
treatments. Explain why the particular type of treatment is adopted. Furnish with cost compar
ison. Furnish specification for the system and materials adopted.
5. Instrumentation/monitoring works
Types and extent of instrumentation and monitoring works during construction and mainte
nance stages should be clearly specified and justified.
6. Other information
See para 6 Lampiran B.

Lampiran D
Bridge/Viaducts/Flyover
Name of Structure
* River name, chainage no, stn.cc-tural no (if any). Design Code/Practice
* Design loadings
* Structural design
* Foundation design
* Bridge accessories Goint, bearing, parapet etc.)
* Hydrology and hydraulics.
Explanation of Design Concept

* Structural type/system &. material used
* Span arrangement, fxity etc.
* Vertical and lateral clearances
* Construction method and maintenance aspects
* Aesthetics
Specific Requirements (where relevant)

* K'TM
* Port Authority
* DOE
* JPS Detailed Design
* Design assumptions
* Design analysis
(to name softwares used for hydrology, hydraulic and structural design.
However no printout to be enclosed unless requested by JKR)
Foundation Design
As per Lampiran D1.
Important information should include:-
* Generalized subsoil prnfile.
* Structural & geotechnical capacity of the foundation system proposed.
* Justification for the foundation system.
* Analysis of working load on piles (vertical, horizontal & bending stress/load requested by
JKR. Input/assumptions used and important working loads predicted should be stated).
* Construction control.

Lampiran D1
Guidelines for Pile Foundation Report Preparation

(Geotechnical)
Suggested guidelines for preparation of the report are given below and the guidelines are not
considered to be exhaustive or intended to restrict the scope of the report in any manner.
1. Objective
2. Introduction
Types of structure and loading.
3. Site Condition
3.1 Surface condition
- topography : hilly, rolling, flat or fill ground
- types of vegetation
- any swamp or waterlogged areas?
- nearby structures with particulars reference to distance, height, types of struc

ture, types of foundation and their performance.
- land drainage paterns (rivers, tidal level, flood levels etc).
3.2 Subsurface condition

- geological information
- scope of S.I. carried out
- generalized subsoil properties and profile
- ground water (undersirable salt contents, possible fluctuation of water table

etc.).
- comments or evaluation of S.I. results.
3.3 Other relevant information

- geophysical data, if any
- aeriai photo, if any
- nearby S. I. results, if any
- nearby curdrop of rock, if known
- nearby deep excavation, if known
- buried structure (water pipes, sewer pipes, cables etc.).

- nearby quarry, railway etc.
- approach road condition
- etc.
4. Foundation analysis. and recommendations

4.1 Selection of types of foundation
- state types of foundation recommended and reasons/criteria based.
- if piles are used, analysis leading to conclusion on that particular type of pile
should be shown (use chart or table).
- also state whether the pile are frictional, end-bearing or both.
4.2 Estimation of ultimate loads

- state method/forrnula, assumptions, and correlation of soil parameters
(Quote reference).
- design perimeters used should be clearly stated. Analysis to obtain design

parameters should be shown in Appendix.
- for big pile group, check block failure and group efficiency with particular
reference to frictional piles. Negative friction may need to be considered if in
compressible subsoil where the ground is likely to settle.
- states FQS used to derive allowable loads of piles.
4.3 Settlement Analysis

- estimate elastic and consolidation settlement for the pile group and assumptions
should be clearly stated.
- detailed analysis to obtain. design parameters should be shown in Appendix.

Possible ground settlement due to fill on soft subsoil?
4.4 Load Testing Requirement

- state nos. of tests required
- method of test and details
- criteria of acceptance of load results (it different from JKR

Standard Specification).
4.5 Associated designs

- if there are major cut and fill slopes, state stable slope inclination, slope
protection, surface drainage, subsoil drainage, retaining walls etc.
if necessary.

- any soil improvement?
- general drainage design if geotechnical properties are affected.
- check how the above problems which may affect

loading in piles.
4.6 Constructional advice

- extent and degree of supervision
- possible site problerns and how to overcome
- special precautions necessary to ensure design considerations are fulfilled.
- methods of construction.
- special precautions against possible damages to nearby structures.
5. Conclusion
Brief summary of foundation
recommendation.
6. Reference
List of references.

Lampiran E
Pavement Design
- Design life (for major road should be ;20 years unless otherwise specified by JKR).
- ESAL & subgrade CER -- justification/basis for these values should be explained.
- Design calculation (Arahan Teknik).
Drainage Design
Should be based on JKR's guidelines for the return periods. Use JKR std. drain types. Global
drainage requirements should be checked.
Geometric Design
Route locations, comparison of various alternative routes and explain why the particular route is
chosen.
Junction design and traffic analysis

Capacity analysis
Road safety features
Earthworks Design and Planning

- Terrain & alignment conditions of the chosen route.
- Geology of the route chosen.
- Generalized subsoil profile
- Identify locations and quantitie=s of cut, fill and rock
- Identify sources suitable fill material and their properties
- Compaction control : % of compaction required, moisture content CBR of subgrade etc.

Make; sure the proposed spec. is adequate for the purpose and also achievable frcrr; the
proposed sources.
- Protection of earthrvorks : fill formation, cut and fill slopes.
- Machines requirements
- Tolerances of earthvvrork
- Quality control plan
- etc.

Lampiran F
JKR Guidelines for Preparation of

Geotechnical Report for Road Proiects
These guidelines are not considered to be exhaustive or intended to restrict the scope of the report
in any manner.
The geotechnical report snail basically consist of the following chapters/paragraphs:-

a) Objective
To state precisely and concisely the intents and purposes of the report.
b) Introduction
General/brief description of the project with particular reference to estimated project cost,
scope of works, length of road, no of traffic lanes, class of road, terrain traversed, major
structures involved etc. A topo plan showing the alignment and terrain, vegetation, swamp
etc. should be included.
c) Subsoil Conditions
Brief description with plan showing types of geological formation traversed by the
proposed alignment.
Scope of site investicfation and summarized subsoil properties.
A longitudinal secticsn showing the generalized subsoil profile with classified subsoil strata
and typical properties, water table etc. Generalized subsoil profile for important structures
shell also be included.
d) Geotechnical Analysis
Classification of geotechnical problems/design concepts. Justifications for each
geotechnical design criteria and design policy, instrumentation works should be included.
A table showing summaries of the design (enclosed) should be included. Detailed design
calculations for structural foundations, slope stabilization and ground improvernent works
and cost/technical comparison analysis of various design options shall be included in
Appendix.
e) List of references
Relevant references should be listed or enclosed.
f) Appendix
Detailed calculations, photos, drawings/sketches etc.

Project Name :
Summary of Geotechnical Design
Chainage Fill/Cut Height (m) Type of Subsoil Geotechnical Design/Remarks

FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L

Page 31
Design_Review Checklist For Road Projects
Guidelines For Planning Scope of conditions, and so the spacing and location of
Site Investigation Works For Road boreholes/test pits/types of tests should be more
Projects closely related to the detailed geology of the
project area and the geotechnical
by Ir Neoh Cheng Aik problem/analysis required to be carried out.
Jurutera Penguasa Kanan, Cawangan Jalan
JKR Malaysia The planning of SI works should be carried out
by suitably qualified geotechnical engineers
Abstract after review of the project brief/route location:
desk study and a preliminary field inspection.
Site investigation is an essential, part of geot-
All the quality SI works should be closely
echnical design process. Intimate knowledge of
directed, monitored, supervised and reported by
Ihr,-; test techniques and possible geotechnical
geotechnical e,igineers. Additional
problems arise from ground conditions with
scope of SI may be found necessary after some
part rular' reference to problems on stability
preliminary SI results are made available.
and df:formation or displacement of slopes and
founrations are essential for planning the scope
Filling Areas
of site investigation (SI) works. This paper
intends to suggest some guidelines for planning The purpose of SI in filling areas is mainly to
the scope of SI for road projects. Only general check bearing capacity and assess settlement of
principles and rationale underlying the site the ground, overall slope stability and provide
investigation practice are presesited. necessary soil data for design of ground treat-
ment works (if found necessary).
General
For filling areas where embankment is high (>
Site Investigation (SI) is the exploration or dis-
6 m) or the ground is swampy and consists of
covery of the ground conditions to enable engi-
compressible soils, adequate number of bore-
neers to make informed design decisions. This
holes and other relevant field tests should be
will avoid or reduce the likely risks of unex-
carried out to determine the subsoil condition
pected hazards being encountered during and
with particular reference to:-
after construction. The main purpose of SI is to
determine within practical limits, the depth,
the geometry of the subsoil strata both
thickness, extent & composition of each dis-
transversely and longitudinally, (usually
tinct subsoil stratum; the depth & composition
one or two borehoies in addition to three or
of ground water; the strength, compressibility
more Deep Sounding (DS) or piezocones
properties of soil/rock stratum and other ground
are used to determine the generalized sub
features information as required by geoieahni-
soil profile for deposited formation at each
cal engineers to perform appropriate cost effec-
stretch of soft ground. For residual soils
tive design.
areas, hand augering (HA) and deep boring
(DB) plus JKR probes are performed
All site investigation (SI) works should comply
instead of DS).
with BS 5930, BS 1377 and JKR Standard,
Specification for SI works. All deep boring
the nature of these subsoil strata, their
should be rotary wash boring with adequate
basic physical properties or index proper
capacity and accessories to perform the works
ties (moisture content, liquid limit, plastic
specified. The extent of site investigation main-
limit, sieve analysis, SG, organic content),
ly depends on the character and variability of
shear strength (Cu, C', o') and compress
the subsoil and ground water, and the amount
ibility (Cc, Cv, Mv). At least two undis
of existing information available. However it
turbed samples per distinct soft strata per
should be noted that subsoil conditions of a
borehole plus field & lab testing are pre
road alignment are very sensitive to geological
ferred.

Stationary piston samplers should be used Cut Areas

for taking samples from soft strata. The purpose of SI in cut areas is to procure
Additional penetration vane shear and geological information (soil/rock, interface),
pressure meter tests are invaluable to soil properties and water table conditions 'far
obtain representative strength and consoli slope stability checking and design of slope sta-
dation properties of the soft ground. The bilization works when necessary. The SI for cut
extent of site investigation in embankment areas to be pontential borrow areas is to deter-
areas should be sufficient to produce ade mine soil properties, (compaction properties)
quate characterization of site conditions and assess the suitability as construction mate-
and properties to assess slope stability, to rial specified.
predict amount and rate of settlement and
to design the necessary cost effective For cut areas, adequate soil investigation
ground treatment. should be carried out to determine the type of
soils (soil classification, index and strength
regime of ground water (and seepage). and properties from on quality samples etc.) and
its variation (by HA/DB and piezometers) . ground water level and its uariation and fluctu-
In, the case of sizeable project on subsoil ation (by Casangrande stand-pipe or pneumatic
consisting of very compressible organic piezometer). Infiltration, erosion and terrain
clay, instrumented trial embankments characteristics aspects are very important for
incorporated with ground improve-ment slope design. This is for assessment of the sta-
techniques may 1-iave to be carried out to bility of slopes and drainage requirements.
ensure the design is cost effective.
Exploration to a minimum depth of 2 m to 3 m
Generally, the depth of boreholes should below the proposed formation level is neces-
extend through all compressible or unsuit sary for ;proper assessment of possible sub-
able soil or unstable laminated weathered grade strength and drainage conditions. For
rock at shallow depth (< 6 m) which is sedimentary rock areas, in addition to geologi-
likely to encounter instability and settle cal mapping, at least three boreholes per major
ment problems due to the surcharge load of hill should be carried out to determine the
the filling. A a practical guide, boreholes stratigraphical formation, the presence of defec-
should only ba terminated after reaching tive or unstable geological structural disconti-
very stiff/dense strata ('two consecutive nuities and its strength properties. Seismic sur-
SPT values exceeding 20) for soft ground vey may have to be carried out for major road
areas such as in coastal alluvial soils. In projects passing through mountainous areas
residual soil areas, at least one borehole involving massive and deep excavation This is
should be extended until very hard/very to ensure that more geo logical information are
dense strata (SPT value exceeds 50). made available for slope stability assessment
and also the quantity of rock excavation can be
For filling on steep sloping ground, more estimated with reasonable accuracy. Foam
boreholes should be carrie=d out to deter drilling and Mazier sampling are only required
mine the presence of unstable so;f/rock for high quality undisturbed samples in deter
horizons, i.e. the character and orientaVon mining the shear strength of the residual soils.
of all structural discontinuities, e.g. joints,
sheared zones, laminated bedding, foliation For generalized subsoil profile purpose of the
etc. Detailed geological mapping may also whole alignment (including in filling areas), the
be required. spacing of boreholes or hand augering for
highway projects should be 60 m - 600 m. For
For low embankment in res:dual soil areas, road alignment passing through the same type
one or two hand augering plu,: a few JKR of geological formation, less number of bore-
probes are sufficient for design. holes are required or spacing should be 500 m

interval or more. For road alignment passing Field Test

through complex, variable/different geological SPT shall be carried out at 1.r rn interval
formations, more borehofes at closer spacing unless otherwise stated by the designer. In
are necessary. JKR probes should be carried case of soft ground, vane shear test shall
out near the HA positions and filling areas to toe carried out instead of SPT and interval
verify the consistency of the subsoil. of testing should be 'm interval.
At least one test pit (2 m deep or more) should Undisturbed samples, (UD samples) or
be carried out at each major cut area which preferable stationary piston samples shall
form major sources for filling. Bulk sampling be taken at, soft clay strata (alternate to
for classification test, CBR, dispersion and SPT/vane test) for consolidation/shear test
compaction test should be carefully planned for especially for boreholes at abutment/
study on suitability and availability of filling approach to abutment.
materials.
At least 3 water samples (from river and or
Bridges and Structures from UD samples) shall be taken for
For major structures like bridges, major cul- chemical test (pH, So4 & chloride con
verts and retaining walls, at least two Deep tents).
Boring should be carried out at each site or
minimum one borehole per pier or abutment or All soil classification test (natural moisture
maximum spacing of borehole should be 60 m. content, Atterberg limits, & sieve analysis
Additional boreholes should be allowed for etc.) shall be carried out for all typical dis
bridge approach embankments especially on turbed sample at various distinct strata.
soft ground or high embankment areas. Other
basic requirements are as follows:- Photographs (at least 5 nos.) shall be taken
to give general site conditions, access (ter
Bore Depth rain and vegetation etc.), river/stream bank,
All boreholes should be rotary wash bor & water flow conditions, boring machine
ing. Boring shall only be terminated after 5 set up, typical soil/ rock samples.
consecutive SPT exceeds 50 OA 5 consec
utive SPT exceeds 30 if the bore depth also SI Report
exceeds 60 m or refer to designer for The factual. SI report should be prepared and
advice and direction. Boring also can be checked by a suitably qualified engineer. The
terminated if rock is encountered:- report should include but not limited to the fol-
Min. Core
lowing:-
Rock Type
Length Terms of Reference, purpose and scope of
Igneous rock (granite) and bore depth 4.5m
<24m or recovery ratio R/r<50% SI. Methodology, procedure & equipment
Igneous rocks, bore depth >24m 3.0m
(Type, model etc.) used.
Shale/schist/slate/sand-stone, 6.0m
Recovery ratio R/r< 50% General relevant information (geological
setting, topography, vegetation & other rel
Recovery ratio R/r> 50% evant surface features).
Lime stone R/r> 50% and no cavity 6.0m
Lime stone R/r < 50% or with cavity 9m – 21m

Record of time & date of bo, ing operation
and ground water observation.
Other rocks R/r > 50% 4.5m
Other rocks R/r < 50% 6.0m Borelogs (field borelogs shah be corrected,
checked & certified by geotechnical engi
* Suitable triple tube core barrel of NMLC or NMLC
sizes should be used for rotary rock coring.
neer).

Piezometer records. such as SPT vane shear, (for soft to stiff

strata) permeability & pressure meter tests
Summary of lab testing results. can be carried out in the boreholes.
Disturbed and undisturbed samples can be
Photographs showing general site condi taken for various laboratory tests to deter
tions, typical soil and rock samples.. mine strength and deformation properties.
Piezometers can also be installed in the
Plan showing actual boreholes/te st loca borehole to monitor the ground water con
tions with coordinates or chainages & A.L. ditions. SPT tests are usually carried out at
1.5 m interval. For soft clay and residual
Generalized subsoil profile along the align soils strata, stationary piston and Mazier
ment showing soil strata, ground water, lab samplers are respectively used to take
and field test results, rock etc. quality undisturbed samples for laboratory
strength tests.
* Logging of bore logs should be prepared
by a suitably qualified technician or geologist! or Continuous soil sampling (Swedish or
engineer. Soil and rock description should be
Delft Samplers) is specified if identifica
strictly according to BS 5930.
tion of soil fabric or depth of changes in
Common SI Methods distinct strata & properties are required.
For uniform subsoil, more sampling for lab
(a) JKR Probes
tests; but for erratic subsoil more field tests
Results are used to determine thickness of should be carried out.
unsuitable material to be removed and also
for preliminary design of embankments. (d) Deep Sound(DS) - 100 kN/200 kN
Usually carried out near HA or DB posi capacity
tions and filling areas to verify the consis This is the static Dutch Cone Penetrometer
tency of subsoil of medium strength up to Test. It is usually used to supplement Deep
maximum of 12 m deep. Boring results in filling areas which are
fluvial or soft formation. Not suitable for
(b) Hand Augering (HA) boulder or gravel abundant subsoil. The
Used in soft to stiff cohesive soils or sandy results can be used to correlate and ascer
soils above water table. Usual spacing is tain strength & deformation properties etc.
60 m - 600 m. Maximum depth is about 5 of the subsoils. Useful and adequate to
m. Very extensively used for road projects determine subsoil profile. Piezocone tests
because extensive samples along the align is preferred.
ment can be obtained at a relatively fast
and cheap price for the basic and index (e) Test Pit & Bulk Sampling
properties; used for identification, classifi Usually up to 2 m deep. For visual inspec
cation and correlation of engineering prop tion of subsoil strata, soil type and strength
erties such as permeability, strength and (by pocket penetrometer). Bulk sampling
deformation etc. for lab tests (soil classification, CBR &
compaction tents). Undisturbed block sam
(c) Deep Boring (DB) ples also Grin be obtained for strength tests
Boreholes are advanced by power rotary in the laboratory.
drilling. Borehole sizes of NW or HW are
preferred. Invaluable to determine strati Concluding Remarks
graphical formation and subsoil properties
It is hoped that the above suggested brief
in cut and filling areas.
guidelines are useful and helpful to road engi-
neers to plan their scope of site, investigation. It
Usual spacing is 60 m - 600 m. Field tests
is vital to identify and understand adequately

the possible associated risks and geotechnical

problems to b-:~ encountered before planning a
proper SI scheme for a road project. Purpose
and scope of tests can only be determined after
the possible geotechnical problems are known.
Scope of Si works when planned by different
engineers tend to be varied ')ecause there
are an infinite number of conditions to be met
and the process of planning also leaves many
areas where individual engineering judgement,
knowledge and experiences must be applied.
Therefore it is important to realize that it is
impossible to provide an exhaustive step by
step guidelines applicable to all possible cases
for engineers who are not familiar with geot-
echnical design.
References
a) BS 5930 (1981) SITE INVESTIGATION
b) BS 1377 (1990) METHODS OF TEST
FOR SOILS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING
PURPOSES.
c) JKR STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR
SITE INVESTIGATION WORKS (1990).
d) NEOH C A (1990), IKRAM LECTURE
NOTES ON SITE INVESTIGATION.

Appendix H
TERMS OF REFERENCE
FOR
ROAD SAFETY AUDIT
PROPOSAL FOR CONSULTANCY SERVICES.
1.0 Road Safety Audit Objective.

The objective of Road Safety Auditing is to identify road safety deficiencies at various
stages in the development of road projects, so that they can be eliminated at the most oppor
tune time to reduce costs and minimise disruption to design and construction progress.
Road Safety Audit will be carried out in accordance with the Guidelines prepared by JKR
and shall include audits at the following stages of the project:
Stage 1 Audit - At the Planning and Feasibility Stage of the Project Development.
The Stage 1, Audit will be carried out towards the end of the planning phase and, where a
number of alternative proposals are being considered for the project, an audit is to be made
of each alternative. the results of which (to the extent relevant) should be included in the
evaluation process.
The Stage 1 Audit may be omitted on the approval in writing of JKR’s Supervising.
Engineer for minor projects involving only reconstruction or rehabilitation of and existing
road, intersection or interchange, or otherwise where them is little or no significant planning
phase in the project.
Stage 2 Audit - At the Preliminary Design Stage, when the Functional Layout
has been prepared and land acquisition requirements are being
determined.
The project development shall be not proceed into the detailed design stage before resolu
tion of each of the road safety items identified in the Stage 2 Audit.
Stage 3 Audit - At the Detailed Design Stage.

This audit trust be done: at an appropriate stage towards the end of the detailed design, or as
soon as it is possible to determine the safety implications of the design anti when changes
can be made at the most opportune time to avoid costly redesign. This may necessitate sep
arate audit checks as various elements of the project reach the desired stage of design. The
project shall not proceed to the construction stage until each of the road safety items identi
fied in the Stage 3 ikudit have been resolved.
Stage 4 Audit - At the Construction Stage.

Audit at this stage shall include two distinct aspects as follows:
Audit of Traffic Management through and in the vicinity of the project during the
construction phase. This shall include audit of traffic managernernt arrangements,
both by checking the relevant plans prior to the -works commencing and by site
inspections within 24 his of the star of construction of any particular `stage construc
tion to ensure that the traffic operation through and around the works is safe and

effective for all road users.
Audit of the project itself, at appropriate times during the construction when aspects
which influence the ultimate safety of road users are being finalised and when action
can still be taken to correct any identified safety deficiency. In particular the audit
shall include a final detailed check of the project just prior to it being òpened to traf
fic'.
Stage 5 Audit - At the operational stage of the projects, generally towards the
end of the prescribed `maintenance period'.
2.0 Use Of Road Safety Audit Check Lists.

The Road Safety Audit Guidelines issued by JKR include detailed `Check Lists' for each of
the above stages of Audit. These Check Lists should be used as a guide and `reminder' of
the items to be considered and it needs to be recognised that they do not necessarily provide
a complete list of the issues or points to be checked. It is the auditor's responsibi ity to criti
cally examine all aspects of the project which may have adverse safety implications, con
sidering carefully the needs of all road user groups.
3.0 Road Safety Auditors.

Road Safety Auditors for the project shall be nominated by the Contractor / Consultant and
shall be approved b;. MR, as the `Client' who will consider and make the final decisions on
the audit reports. The auditors must be independent of project planners, designers and con
struction companies involved in the project and have no business or other company associa
tions with them. The names, qualifications and other background experience relative: to
Road Safety Auditing, of all personnel who will be undertaking the various stages of audit
must be submitted to the Client and only these people shall undertake the audit. The. client
reserves the right to disallow the involvement of any person who is considered to have
insufficient qualification or experience in all or part of the various audit stages.
4.0 Reporting Of The Road Safety Audit.

Each stage of the Road Safety Audit shall be reported, in writing, generally as set out in the
JKR Guidelines and shall be submitted to the Client within 2 weeks of the audit C38 being
done or otherwise as agreed in writing.
The report should sptocifically describe the safety deficiencies, potential or real, which have
been identified along with the relevant references to accepted standards, practices and road
safety principles. The points should be illustrated wherever practicable by 'marking-up' on
the plans or other relevant drawings and / or by colour photographs of the items concerned.
The report m.ay include the auditors suggestions for eliminating or otherwise treating the
safety problem identified, but this is not an essential requirement.
The report should not be simplly a. copy of the `Check List' annotated with `ticks' or `cross
es' or `yes' / 'no' answers, or in any other way submitted as the Safety Audit Report.
5.0 Response To Road ` al'erti Audit Report

Within 2 weeks of he submis:;ion of a Road Safety Audit Report, JKR ( the Client) shall
provide a written response to the audit report, indicating the action to be taken by the con
tractor in respect to each of the issues or items raised by the Audit.

REAM Technical Committee (TCS )

GEOTECHNICS
GUIDELINES FOR
SITE INVESTIGATION W ORKS
Ir Neoh Cheng Aik

PWD Malaysia

Guidelines for Site Investigation Investigation, the action regr,lred, and

Works those who should have responsibility for
carrying out the actions.
1. Introduction
The basic purpose or objerive of site The planning of SI works should be car
Investigation Is to acquire all necessary ried out by sultably qualified,geotechnl
ground Information and data to enable a cal engineers after review of the project
safe, practical and economical geot brief/route location, desk study and fleld
echnical or foundation Cesign to tie pre inspection. All the quality SI works
pared. Site Investigation Is an essential should be closely directed, monitored,
part. of the geotechnlcal design process. supervised and reported by qualified
Intimate knowledge of the test methods geotechnical engineers registered with
and possible geotechnlcal problems that Board of Engineers Malaysia.
can arise from ground condltlons with
particular reference to problems on sta 2. Desk Study
bility and deformation or displacement Before planning Sl works, the following
of slopes and foundations are essential desk studies should be carried out first:
for panning the scope of site - Project brief with site & location
Investigation (SI) works. plan (to check overall details of
structures & nature of project,
This guideline is intended to assist engi loads, bearing capacity, settle
neers to plan and implement Site ment & stability requirements of
Investigation (SI) Works for road proj slopes, walls, bridges & other
ects so as to ensure that the S1 results superstructures). Usual geotech
are complete, adequate, accurate and nical design criteria for road
reliable according to usual good engi works are shown In Appendix A.
neering practice. Sound knowledge of SI
methods, insitu et laboratory testing, - Topo map (to assess terrain,
equipment, procedures coupled with access site/environment condi
understanding of typical potential geot tions).
echnical problems for road works will
ensure proper Sl methods and appropri - Geological map (to evaluate geo
ate tests for the situation are selected to logical formation et characteris
achieve the targeted purpose of SI. tics)
This guideline also Identities the typical - Aerial photo (to study site condi
geotechnical Issues or problems for road tions, land use etc.)
embankments, cut slopes and common
road structures In typical geological for - Other relevant records and infor
mations. Scope of SI and suitable SI mation.
methods including relevant types of
field tests, samples and laboratory tests - An evaluation of performance of
to procure the appropriate design param existing road or structure In the
eters for the geotechnical problems iden Immediate vicinity of the pro
tified are subsequently discussed. posed alignment or site, relative
General procedure of SI works includ to the foundation, material and
ing preparation of SI report Is also environment.
Included. Decision-making process of SI
is presented by the flaw chart In Figure I - A review of all available informa
which Indicates the stages of an tion on the geologic history and

formation of rock, or soil or both geological conditions and so the spacing

and ground-water conditions and location of boreholes/test pit types
occurring at the proposed align of tests should be more closely related to
ment or location and In the the detailed geology of the project area
Immediate vicinity. and the geotechnlcal problem/analysis
required to be carried out.
These Information plus site reconnais
sance or walk-over survey by designer Common SI methods and fist of relevant
or engineers involved in SI are crucial to lab and field test methods are given in
obtain basic knowledge of site condi Appendix B. List of abbreviations used
tions and project concept designs. The Is given In Appendix C.
need, purpose and the likely geotechnl Some typical geotechnical porblems and
cal issues or problems can then be iden usual applicable SI methods and tests
tified and subsequently used to deter for typical road works are given in the
mine or design the scope and methods following sections.
of SI works. Through SI, the knowledge
of behaviour of the ground and Its spa 3.1 Road Embankment on Soft/Weak
tial variability can be obtained for the Ground
necessary geotechnlcal design and con Coastal alluvium or deposited soil for
struction. mations or swamps are typical soft/weak
grounds. Trrplcal geotechnical problems
3. Scope of SI in such areas are settlement and stability.
Scope of SI for a project depends on Usual geotechnical design and checking
what Is known about the site and what are bearing (short & long term), slope
geotechnical data are required for geot stability (local & global, short & long
echnical design or evaluation of geot term), amount and rate of settlement
echnical issues or problems. (primary & secondary consolidation,
elastic deformation). Geotechnical
The following information has to be designs are usually carried out to check
procured before scope of SI can be whether the design criteria as shown in
planned: Appendix A can be complied and
- likely or possible or anticipated subsequently carry out the necessary
geotechnical issues or problems designs of ground improvement works.
to be encountered In design & Important data to be acquired through
construction -establish the pur SI are:
pose & need for SI - subsoil profile showing they
thickness of various compressible
- what Information Is required and firm strata, Water Table (WT)
etc. Deep Sounding/Deep Boring
- extent, areas et depth of ground (DS/DB) plus continuous sam
to be investigated pling are necessary If accurate
profile is required. Spacing of
- time et site constraint DS/DB should be in the range of
60m to 300m. DS/DB can be
The extent of SI mainly depends on the supplemented by Geonor Vane
character and variability of the subsoil tests and JKR probes. Usually
and ground water and the amount of one or two boreholes plus two or
existing Information available. However, more DS or plezocones are used
it should be noted that subsoil conditions to determine the generalized sub
of a road alignment are very sensitive to soil proille for each stretch of soft

groused. Criteria to terminate - see Appendix D for applicability

depth of bore hole are: of various tests for various engi
(a) until 10 SPT exceeding 10 neering properties.
or until 10 Insitu vane
shear nests exceeding 50 3.2 Road Embankment on Rolling &
kPa if the height of Hilly Terrains
embankment is less than The main geotechnical problems and
3m. relevant SI methods and tests are:
(a) Check the stability of embank
(b) until 5 SPT exceeding 20 ment body (local slope stablity);
or 5 insltu vane shear tests usually unsaturated soil, and the
exceeding 75 k.Pa if the design parameters especially the
height of embankment Is shear strengths are from compact
3m to 5m. ed samples using bulk samples
taken at least one or two samples
(c) until 2 SPT exceeding 50 at 1.5m deep from major cut
or 2 SPT exceeding 40 areas or borrow pits; assessment
(for depth exceeding 30m) on suitability of fill material from
if the height of embank relevant major cut areas (HA, test
ment Is more than 5m. pits & bulk samples for compact
lon/CBR & classification tests to
(d) at least one borehole get Index properties for engineer
along, the soft stretch ing property correlations).
should be extended until 2
consecutive SPT exceeds (b) Check global stability of embank
50 or until I .5m rock cor ment: bearing check of support
ing, whichever come first. ing ground (DB/SPT to obtain
shear strength parameters of sup
- consolidation parameters for set porting ground based on engi
tlement analysts (Cc, Cv, Mv, Pc neering property correlations.
etc. from consolidation tes6 using JKR Probes, HA and piezometer
quality undisturbed samples etc are used to supplement
obtained by stationary piston DB/SPT). Spacing of boreholes
samplers). These consolidation for low embankment (h < 6m)
properties also can be supple and high embankment should be
mented by correlation values 300m - 600m and 100m - 300m
from DS or piezocones tests. respectively. DB should be sup
plemented by at least one HA
- shear strength parameters for stabili plus few JKR probes. Depth of
ty and bearing analysis or ground borehole should be until 5 SPT
improvement design (Cu from insitu exceeding 20 if embankment
vane shear tests or undisturbed sam height is less than 6m OR until 5
ples, C' & Ø' from triaxial tests using SPT exceeding 30 if the height of
quality undisturbed samples ....) embankment is more than 6m.
SPT should be carried out at
- Index properties (LL, PL, PI, M/C, 1.5m Interval. Classification tests
gradation, organic contents etc) for for all disturbed samples especial
soil classification and engineering ly those from the top bm should
property correlations etc. be carried out.

(c) Stability check of supporting paction/CBR tests and shear

ground is very Important when strength parameters from com
the embankment is on sloping pacted samples etc).
ground or is very high eg 12m
high or more. More DB/HA/3KR (c) to determine the bedrock profile,
Probes plus site Inspection etc to rock condition and to determine
Identify possible unstable fault rock type and Its quantity (by site
ed/sheared geological formation, Inspection, geological mapping,
laminated bedding, foliation, col seismic survey or DB)
luvium, water seepage ground etc
should be carried out. Depth of Spacing DB/HA in cut areas is usually
borehole should be until 3m (or 60m to 600m depending on type of geo
more) rock coring especially for logical formation. For stable formation
the case of sedimental rock for and low cut areas of less than 6m high,
mation. bigger spacing or HA only is acceptable.
For sedimentary rock areas especially at
(d) Refer Appendix D for applicable cut height exceeding 12m, at least 2
tests for relevant parameters. boreholes per major hill should be car
ried out to determine the stratigraphical
3.3 Cut Areas formation, the presence of defective or
Usual purposes of SI in cut areas are: unstable geological structural disconti
(a) to assess the slope stability and nuities and Its strength properties.
obtain soil data for the design of Seismic survey to supplement DB may
slope stabilization works if found have to be carried out for project passing
necessary. Usualily DB Is carried through moutalnous areas.
out to procure information such
as subsoil profile, weathering DB in cut areas is usually terminated
profile, WT conditions by after 1.5m rock coring or at least 3m
piezometers and shear strength below the design formation level,
parameters (from SPT' based on whichever comes first., For highly frac
engineering property corelacuons tured sedimentary rock of RQD less
or triaxial tests from quality than 25% or boulder abundant forma
undisturbed samples ie Mazier tions, at least 3m coring should be speci
samplers)., For major high cut fied.
areas and unstable geological for
3.4 Pavement Evaluation
mations (sheared/faulted zone or
colluvium areas or relict joints Tests relevant for pavement evaluation
etc) more DB Is required. of the existing road for upgrading works
Refer Appendix D for applicable are test pits plus bulk samples, water
SI methods and tests. table monitoring, Insitu plate bearing,
field density, DCP (Dynamic Cone
DB is usually supplemented by Penetration) & CBR tests. These tests
geophysical surveys and/or HA are carried out at about 200m to 1000m
plus JKR probes etc. interval after pavement condition
inspection/surveys/traffic count survey.
(b) to determine the suitability of cut Falling weight Deflectorneter or
material as filling material for Benkiman Beam tests at 50m to 200m
embankment.(HA, test pits, bulk Interval depending on the severity of
samples plus JKR probes or DE pavement conditions may also need to
for classification tests, com be specified.

3.5 SI for Structures are required for bearing design eg rock

Purposes of SI for structures such as socket design or shallow foundation
bridges, walls, major culverts etc are for design. See Para 3.4, Appendix D, D 1
foundation design and construction with & E for additional guidance.
particular reference to capacity, settle
ment and constructibility assessment. Preparation of "Summary of Scope of SI
Works’ and an illustrated example are
At least 2 DB should be carried out at enclosed in Appendix H.
each site or minimum one DB per
pier/abutment or one DB per 60m spac 4. Procedure
ing especially for erratic or unstable 4.1 The guidance given in Para 3 above can
geological formation areas (limestone, be used to determine the locations, num
boulder abundant areas, faulted/sheared bers and types of SI methods or bore
zone etc). Borehole could be terminated holes or Insitu testing required
after 5 consecutive SPT exceeding 50 or basing on the need and purpose of SI
10 consecutive SPT exceeding 30 if the established from the desk study. Size of
bore depth is more than 60m or refer to boreholes depends on the size of soil &
designer for direction. If rock Is encoun rock samples required. Size of samples
tered coring shall be carried out and depends on types of soils/rocks and
minimum core length depends on type types of tests required.
& condition of rock. Suggested mini Common 51 method; are JKR Probe,
mum core lengths are as follows: HA, MHEI, DB, DS (IOT/20T),
Piezocone, DO, Sampling, Test Pits,
Min. Core Geonor Vane, continuous sail sampling,
Rock Type
Length
SBP, seismic surveys, etc. Methods, pro
Igneous rock (granite) and bore depth 4.5m cedure and equipment for SI methods,.
<24m or recovery
ratio R/r<50% testing should comply with standard
Igneous rocks, bore depth >24m 3.0m
JKR Sl Spec. and relevant
MS/BS/ASTM standards. Standard
Recovery ratio R/r< 50% borehole or casing sizes commonly used
are 75 rnm, 100 mm, 150 mm. Usually
Recovery ratio R/r> 50% size NW casing or borehole 'ss specified
Lime stone R/r> 50% and no cavity 6.0m for DB except when extensive and high
Lime stone R/r < 50% or with cavity 9m – 21m
quality large undisturbed samples airy.
required ua determine accurate consoli
dation properties and shear strength for
Other rocks R/r < 50% 6.0m stability and settlement analysis.
Min core size should be 52mm diam (NMLC or
HMLC or equivalent Guidance on selection of SI methods,
spacing and depth of boreholes, types of
For structures on soft ground, insitu Acid and lab tests etc have been dis
vane shear tests and undisturbed sam cussed. Appendix E & E 1) also provide
pling for shear strength and consolida some guidance in specifying the meth
tion tests should be carried out. These ods of sampling and applicability of
test results are necessary for foundation common field tests.
design, stability analysis, and construc
tion/temporary works design. 4.2 The sequence of SI methods or boring
Pressuremeter and plate bearing tests or Insitu testing at criteria of termination
may be specified If detail fractured rock of boreholes should be clearly stated In
conditions (stiffness and deformation) the document for Sl contractor, Phasing

of SI programme may be necessary for grout that rock will accept, to

large/complicated projects (Preliminary check the effectiveness of grout
& detall SI works). ing, to obtain a measure of frac
turing of rock, to give an approxi
4.3 Some guidances to determine the fre mate permeability of rock.
quency & types of insitu tesdng/sarn Undisturbed sampling
pling in the bureholes are: - thin wall open tube sampler, 50
Vane shear test mm, 75 mm or 100 mm diam;
- very suitable for very soft to stiff area ratio is about 10%; suitable
clay to obtain undrained strength for soils having some cohesion
unless they are too hard or too
SPT gravelly.
- Suitable for almost all soil types
- stationary piston thin wall sam
except very soft clay and coarse
pler 50mm, 75 mm or 100 mm
gravel; disturbed samples (35
diam; suitable for very soft to
mm diameter) are procured from
firm clay when strength and con
the test for field
solidation properties are required.
Identification/descilptiori of soil
types and subsequent lab classifi
- Denison sampler for stiff to very
cation and index properties tests.
stiff cohesive soils and sandy
SPT Is usually carried out at a
soils (SPT - 4 To 20).
change of strata or 1.5m interval
except when undisturbed sam
- Quality requirements of samples
pling or vane shear test or pres
(Appendix G).
suremeter test is required. SPT
may be: carried out at 1.0m
- Mazier sampler, 50 mm and
Interval If detailed Information is
74mm diam; suitable for residual
required eg. for shallow founda
soil when strength tests are
tion at deep excavation works.
required; careful air foam drilling
technique is preferred to ensure
Pressuremeter test
high sample quality.
- Menard or self Boring type; suit
able for most soil types and soft - Delft (29 mm or 66 mm diam) or
rocks except soft organic soil 8t Swedish (68 mm diam) continu
hard rock; useful to obtain accu ous soil samplers for soil fabrics
rate bearing capacity, stiffness & stratigraphical/profiling evalu
and compressibility properties; ation.
costly at slow test; usually carried
out only when duality undis 4.4 If rock is encountered or rock coring is
turbed samples or disturbed sam required, determine the size, length at
ples are difficult to procure but type of coring (or criteria of coring).
important for the design e.g.
- Double tuba swivel type (30 mm,
highly fractured soft rock, sandy
42 mm, 54 mm diam, TNW 61
material etc.
mm diam) could be used In most
rocks.
Packer test
- Single or double Packer test Is - Triple tube core barrels (NMLC,
sometimes carried out in rock 52 mm diam or HMLC, 64mm
strata to assess the amount of diam) should be used for weak,

weathered or fractured rocks. 4.9 Usual Important laboratory tests;
- wire line barrels for rock coring - Important geotechniced proper

at great depth. ties from lab. tests are:-
- BW or larger drill rods are pre BASIC PROPERTIES (colour,
ferred If bore depth exceeds 20m. natural moisture content, sg,
porosity, void, reactivity etc.) for
4.5 Prepare BQ, Spec., Costing & Works soil description,
programme (Std. JKR BQ at Spec. classification & correlations.
should be used).
INDEX PROPERTIES (LL,, PL,
4.6 Determine procedure, extent of supervi PI, SL, particle size distribution,
sion at monitoring of SI works (supervi organic content etc) for soil
sor and drillers should have CIDB cerd description, classification 8t cor
flcates). relations with engineering proper
ties.
4.7 The proposed scope of SI should be
checked or audited by an expert before CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Implementation. Ensure rellabie/rep (total dissolved salts,sulphate ex
utable SI contractor registered with chloride contents; pH value
CIDB Is engaged. Check the proposed etc) for corrosion & durability
works programme and ensure all equip assessment of foundations.
ment proposed comply with relevant
standards. ENGINEERING PROPERTIES
(shear strength, stiffness, com
4.8 Determine scheme of laboratory testing pressibility, compaction/CBR,
including types of lab tests for permeability etc.) for analysis and
- disturbed samples (mainly for design. Engineering properties
basic & Index properties tests). can be obtained front insitu test
Soil classification tests shall be ing and laboratory tests on undis
carried out: for all typical dis turbed samples. The results from
turbed samples at various distinct the Insitu anti laboratory testing
strata. should be viewed as complimen
tary and then compared with the
- undisturbed samples (mainly for recommended data from the pub
engineering property tests) lished literatures before adopting
as design parameters. For Iniform
- water samples (mainly for cherni subsoil, more! elaborate lab test
cal nests). At least 3 water sam ing should be done, but If the
ples from river for bridge project subsoil is complex. or erratic,
shall be taken far chemical tests more insitu testing is more mean
(pH, S04, Chloride etc). ingful.
- classification & index tests
- block samples (mainly fear engi from disturbed & undisturbed
neering property tests) samples are mainly for classi
fication, Identification & sim
- bulk samples (mainly for com ple preliminary correlations
paction/CBR tests plus classifica for shear strength parameters
tion tests) & other engineering proper
ties/behaviour.

tube samples of 50 mm to 100

- shear strength tests from block mm diam along the alignment
samples and undisturbed samples can be obtained at a relatively
(UU, CU, CKUC, CIUC, CIUE, fast and low price for the basic
CD triaxial tests, direct shear test, and Index properties; used for
UCS etc.) are for analysis and Identification, classification and
design. correlation of engineering proper
ties such as permeability, strength
- consolidation ex permeability and deformation etc. HA is par
tests from undisturbed samples or ticularly valuable In connection
block samples are for settlement with ground-water determination.
analysis and seepage evaluation
(c) Deep Boring (DB)
- compaction/CBR tests from bulk Boreholes should be advanced by
samples coupled with Index power rotary drilling with ade
properties are for fill suitability quate capacity for the spefified
evaluation and stability analysis depth of drilling i.e open hole
etc. rotary drilling or casing advance
ment drilling method. To avoid
5. Common SI Method disturbance of the underlying soil
SI method and the type of equipment or stratum, only side discharge of
sampler required. for a SI job depend on flushing medium (water) from
the nature of terrain, access, type of geo drilling rod bits is allowed;
logical formation and intended use of bottom discharge from casing
the data. should not be permitted.
Borehole size of NW or HM are
Experience plus engineering judgement preferred. For borehoes deeper
are required in selection of SI method. than 20m, rods with a stiffness
Common SI methods are briefly out equal to or greater than BW drill
lined as follows: rods but less than 10 kg/m should
be specified. Invaluable to deter
(a) JKR Probes mine stratigraphical formation
Results can be used to determine and subsoil properties in cut and
thickness of unsuitable material filling areas.
to be removed and also for pre
liminary design of embankments. Usual spacing Is 60m - 600m.
Usually carried out near HA or Field tests such as SPT, vane.
DB positions and filling areas to shear, (for soft to stiff strata) per
verify the consistency of subsoil meability and pressure. meter
of medium strength up to maxi tests can be carried out In the
mum of 12m deep. boreholes. Disturbed and undis
turbed samples can be taken for
(b) Hand Augering (HA) various laboratory tests to deter
mine strength and deformation
Used In soft to stiff cohesive soils
properties. Piezometers can also
or sandy soils above water table.
be installed in the borehole to
Usual spacing Is 60m - 600m.
monitor the ground water condi
Maximum depth Is about 5m.
tions. SPT tests are, usually car
Very extensively used for road
ried out at l .5m interval. For soft
projects because extensive open
clay and residual soils strata, sta

tionary piston and Mazler sam sists of a tripod with block &
plers are respectively used to take tackle or motor driven winch.
quality undisturbed samples for The borehole is advanced by
laboratory strength tests. chopping while twisting rods and
washing with pump-circulated
Continuous soil sampling water. It Is simple, portable and
(Swedish or Delft Samplers) is can be used in all types of soils
specified if identification of soil except those containing big boul
fabric or depth of changes in dis ders. Progress is slow when
tinct strata and properties are encountering very stiff/dense
required. For uniform subsoil, material especially when deeper
more sampling for lab tests; but than 10 m. MHB can be adopted
for erratic subsoil more field tests easily at locations where access is
should he carried out. difficult. Normally casing is used
and max. depth of boring is about
(d) Deep Sound (DS) - 100 kN/200 20m.
kN capacity
SPT, vane shear test and undis
This Is the static Dutch Cone
turbed sampling (only soft to
Penetrometer Test. Is is usually
medium soil) can be carried out
used to supplement Deep Boring
In the borehole at the required
results In filling areas which are
depth.
fluvial or soft formation. Not
suitable for boulder, or gravel
(g) Geophysical Survey
abundant subsoil. The results can
be used to correlate and ascertain Sometimes geophysical survey is
strength and deformation proper used to supplement borehole
ties etc. of the subsoils. Useful results. The seismic refraction
and adequate to determine subsoil method with muldgeophones
profile. Plezocone tests Is pre reception of seismic wave of sig
ferred. nals originating from explosives
or hammer blows (for shallow
(e) Test Pit, Bulk Samples & Block investigation only) can be used to
Samples determine the approximate rock
profile and geologic features eg
Usually test pit can be up ro.2rn
faults etc. The electrical resistivi
deep. Visual Inspection of sub
ty method for measuring the
soill .strata, soil type and strength
resistance of soil to a direct or
(by pocket penetrometer) can be
alternating current is also useful
carried In test pit. Bulk samples
In determining depth to rock,
(about 50kg) for lab texts (soil
evaluating stratified formations
classification, CBR arrd compac
where a denser stratum overttes a
tion tests) can be collected.
lesser dense stratum. Corroslvity
Undisturbed block samples also
of soil and geological features
can be obtained for strength tests
and cavities can also be deter
In the laboratory.
mined.
(f) Motorised Hand Boring
(MHB) 6. SI Report
MHB or commonly called wash The SI report submitted by the SI
boring or percussion drilling con Contractor registered with CIDB should
be checked to ensure the following

items are included/complied: and raising or lowering of level

Including: dates and times
The factual SI report should be pre measured.
pared, checked and certified by a suit
ably qualified geotechnical engineer or Type, size & depth of casing;
engineering geologist. drilling fluid.
It should include but not limited to the Size, type and design of core
following details. bits, core barrel & reaming
(a) Introduction shell used.
State for whom the SI works was
done, the nature at scope of SI, Types of Insitu testing, sam
purpose of SI and period on time pling and rock coring details
over which SI was done. (R/r, RQD, types of sampler).
(b) Site Description Depth, date and time of bor

ing disruptions and termina
Describe access, terrain, vegeta tion of boreholes.
tion, land use, geological
Information etc. about the site. Any change to drilling fluid
or drilling fluid return.
(c) Field Works
Legends & symbols for sub
Account for SI methods, testing, soil profile.
procedures, types and models of
equipment used (quote standards Soil/rock description of each
used). Problems encountered In straturn & thickness/levels
testing er sampling; date & time shall be made In accordance
of SI. to BS 5930.
Weather conditions. A typical engineering borelog

is shown in Appendix GI.
Photos showing site & testing
process/conditions. (e) Summary of all important lab.
test results for each borehole
Plan showing site & with reference to sample NO
boreholes/testing locations. & RL.
(d) Bore Logs (f) Generalized subsoil profile -

(field borelogs should be correct Drg.
ed & checked)
Title of Investigation/project. (g) Appendix - plan/drawing;
Location reference/borehole no photos for site conditions,
and sheet no. plant/machine set up, typical
rock samples, typical soil
Name of Super visor/driller. samples etc.
Date of boring, type of boring, 7. Concluding Remarks

make of plants/tools It is hoped that this guideline for Site
Investigation works Is useful and helpful
GL/RL; Depth to ground water assist geotechnical and road engineers to

plan and execute a proper Site 8.6 SI STEERING GROUP. Site

Investigation works. Experience In geot Investigation In construction series.
echnical engineering design plus sound Thomas Telford UK, 1993.
knowledge of SI methods and proce
dures are crucial to ensure that, proper
SI methods and tests are selected to
achieve the targeted purpose of SI.
The scope of SI works for a project

depends mainly on what is known about
the site and the nature of the project ie
the possible geotechniral problems
and issues likely to be encountered dur
ing construction at service. The scope of
SI works may also need to be changed
In the light of new discoveries during
the process of SI.
Scope of SI works when planned by dif

ferent engineers of different background,
training and experience tends to be var
ied because there is an infinite number
of conditions to be met and the process
of planning also leaves many areas
where Individual engineering judge
ment, knowledge and experience must
be applied. Therefore It Is Important to
realize that It Is Impossible to provide
an exhaustive step by step guidelines
applicable to all possible cases for engi
neers who are not familiar with geotech
nical design.
8. References
8.1 BS 5930 (1981), Site Investigation
8.2 GEO HONG KONG (1993), Guide to

Site Investigation
8.3 JKR Standard Specification for Site

Investigation Works (1990)
8.4 NEOH CA (1997), Guidelines For

Planning Scope of Site Investigation
Works For Road Projects, IEM Bulletin
August 97
8.5 NEOH CA (1990), Site Investigation,

IKRAM Lecture Notes

Project Initiation
Preliminary Engineering Assessment

- Project Brief
- Scope of Works
- Design Criteria
- Define Project Work Plan
Preliminary Project Appraisal

- Desk studies
- Site reconnaissance
- Identify likely geotechnical issues & problems

NOT - Determine design parameters required NOT
OK - Prepare preliminary SI programme & budget OK
Send SI proposal to client for approval
OK
- Design or determine scope of SI

- Prepare of tender/contract documents, BQ & Spec
OK
Audit by Expert
OK
- Execute SI programme
- Determine scope of Lab tests
- Direct, supervise and monitor SI works
YES
Additional SI ?
NO
Prepare factual SI report
End
Fig. 1 : Flow-chart for SI works

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN CRITERIA FOR ROAD WORKS
DESIGN
M INIM UM LIFE
M A XIM UM P ERM ISSIB LE M OVEM ENTS
DESIGN COM P ONENT M ODE OF FA ILURE FA CTOR OF (durabllity
SA FETY o f materials)
VERTICA L LA TERA L DIFFERENTIA L
1. Unreinfo rced Slo pes 1.1 Lo cal & glo bal stability 1.2 75 yrs A nalysis sho uld be acco rding to GEOTECHNICA L M A NUA L FOR SLOP ES
(cut & fill slo pes) (1984). GEO Ho ng Ko ng
1.2 B earing (fill) 2
2. Reinfo rced o t treated 2.1 Lo cal & glo bal stability 1.5 76 yrs
slo pes (no t o n so ft (cut & fill slo pes)
gro und 2.2 B earing (fill) 1.5
3. P ermanent A ncho rs 3.1 Tensile Resistance 2 75 yrs Geo Spec 1 (1989), GFO Ho ng Ko ng

3.2 Resistance at So il B S 8081
Gro ut Interface 3
3.3 Creep/co rro sio n

4. Rigid Retaining 4 1 Overturning 1,8 75 yrs 15 mm alo ng 15 mm alo ng 1: 150
Structures 4.2 Sliding 1.6 face o f wall face o f wall alo ng face of wall
4.3 Overall Stability 1.5 Geo guide 1(1983), GEO Ho ng Ko ng
4 4 B earing 2
5. Reinfo rced fill walls/ 1 : 100
External Stability
structures B S 8006 120 yrs ± 5mm per metre height ± 15mm fro m reference alignment alo ng f ace of wall
Internal Stability
6. Individual Fo undatio n 6.1 Shaft Resistance 2 75 yrs 12 mm alo ng axis o f pile
P iles (mainly under axial at pile head at design lo ad
lo ads) 38 mm o r 10% pile size
at pile head at twice design lo ad
6.2 B ase Resistance 2 B S 8004
7. Individual Fo undatio n Ultimate lateral 2.5 75 yrs 12 mm alo ng axis o f pile 12 mm perpendicular to axis o f pile
lo ads (mainly under lateral & Resistance at pile head at design lo ad at design lo ad
bending lo ads perpendicular

to axist o f pile) B S 8004
8. P ile gro up B lo ck B earing Capacity 2 75 yrs 12 mm at Wo rking Lo ad 10 mm

B S 8004
9. P iles as retaining A s fo r 4. 6 & 7 abo ve A s fo r 75 yrs

A s 4 abo ve fo r rigid retaining structures
structures individual
B S 8004
fo undatio n
piles
10. Embankment o n So ft 11.1 B earing (sho rt term) 1.4 75 yrs - To tal po st co nstructio n settlement < 400 mm
Gro und 11.2 Lo cal & glo bal slo pe 1.2 - 5 years po st co nstructio n settlement < 100 mm (o r 10% o f estimated ultimate settlement)
stability (lo ng term) (Fo r embankment within 10 m fro m bridge abutment, the abo ve settlement criteria sho uld be reduced to 15%)
Page 52
Appendix B
List of Lab & Insitu Tests

1. Soil Classification Tests. BS 1377: Part 2: 1990
Moisture content, Liquid limit, Plastic: limit, Plasticity index, linear shrinkage, particle size
distribution. (These tests are from disturbed samples such as split spoon samplers (SPT),
bulk samples etc).
2. Chemical & Electro-chemical tests: 135, 1377 Part 3: 1990
Organic matter content, Mass loss on ignition, Sulphate content of soil and ground water,
Carbonate content, Chloride content, Total dissolved solids, pl-i value, Resistivity and
Redox potential.
3. Compaction-related tests: BS 1377 : Part 4
(These tests are from bulk samples)
3.1 Dry density - moisture relationship (2.5 kg/4.5 kg hammer)
- Soil with sorre coarse gravels
- vibrating method
3.2 Moisture conditon value (MCV)
3.3 CBR tests
4. Comoressibility, Permeability and DurabiliryTests: BS 1377: Part 5
4.1 1-D conso test
4.2 Swelling and collapse tests
4.3 Permeability by constant head
4.4 Dispersibility
5. Consolidation ez Permeability Tests in Haydraulic Cells & with pore
Pressure measurements: BS 1377: Part 6
5.1 Consolidation Properties using hydraulic cell
5.2 Permeability in hydraulic conso cell
5.3 Isotropic conso properties using triaxial cell
5.4 Permeability in a triaxial cell
6. Shear Strength Tests (Total Stress) BS 1377 : Part 7
6.1 Lab vane shear
6.2 Direct shear box (small)
6.3 Direct shear box (large)
6.4 Residual strength
6.5 Undrained shear strength (UU)
6.6 Undrained shear strength (multi loading)
7. Shear Strength Tests (Effective Stress) BS 1377: Part 8
7.1 CIU with pore pressure measurement
7.2 CD with pore pressure measurement
8. Insitu Tests: BS 1377: Part 9
Field Density (cone, sand replacement & balloon), CBR, SPT, Plate Bearing,
Vane shear (Acker, Geonor, cylindrical), DS (Static Dutch cone), Peizocon Test, etc.
These tests are from undisturbed samples (thin wall samplers,Mazier samplers,block sam
ples etc).

Appendix C
List of Abbreviations/Symbols
ASTM = American Society hor Testing Arid Meterials

BS = British Standard
BQ = Bills of Quantities
Cc = Compression Index
Cv = Coef..of Consolidation
C1 = Effective Cohesion
Cu = Cohesion.
CBR = California Bearing Ratio
CIDB = Construction Industry Development Board
CU = Consolidated Undrained Triaxial Test
CD = Consolidated Drained Triaxial Test
CIUC = Consolidated Undrained Compression Triaxial Test With Pore Pressure
Measurement (Effective stress)
CIUE = - Ditto - extension
CkoUC = Consolidated Undrained Compression At Ko Conditions
DB = Deep Boring (rotary drilling)
DS = Deep Sounding (Static Dutch Cone Penetrometer)
GL = Ground Level
HA = Hand Auger
HMLC = 65 mm Triple Tube Core Barrel (DCMA)
JKR = Jabatan Kerja Raya
LL = Liquid Limit
M/C = Moisture Content
Mv = - Coef. of Compressibility
MHB = Motorized Hand Boring (Wash Baring/Percussion Drilling)
MS = Malaysian Standard
NW = N Size Casing (101.6 mm diam)
NMLC = 52 min Triple Tube Core Barrel (DCMA)
pH = Acidity Index
PL = Plastic Limit
PI = Plasticity Index
PC = Effective Preconsolidated Pressure
RL = Reduced Level
RQD = Rock Quality Designation
R/r = Recovery Ratio
SI = Site Investigation
SPT = Standard Penetration Test
TNW = 61 mm Double Tube. Core Barrel (Atlas Copco)
UU = Unconsolidated Undrained Test gives undrained shear strength (total
stresses)
UCS = Unconfined Compression Strength
WT = Water Table

APPENDIX D
APPLICABILITY OF COMMON FIELD OR INSITU TESTS
Soil Soil Rock SOIL TYPE SOIL PARAMETERS

FIELD TESTS
type Profile H. Rock S. Rock Gr Sand Silt Clay Peat Ø Cu Mv Cv K
1 Penetrometer
1.1 JKR Probe X C X X C B B B B X B X X X

1.2 SPT A B X B B A A A A B B X X X
1.3 DS (CPT) B A X X B A A A A C B C C X
1.4 Piezocone (CPTU) A A X X A A A A A B B A A B
1.5 Flat Dilatometer B A X X C A A A A B B C C X
1.6 Resistivity Probe C C X X C A A A A B C X X X
2 Vane Shear B C X X X X B A B X A X X X
3 PB Pressuremeter B B C A B B B A B X B B C X
4 SB Pressuremeter B B C B B B B A B B B B B B
5 Continuous Soil Sampling A A X B B A A A A C B B B C
Legends :-
A = suitable/useful O = effective frictional angle K = coef. of permeability

B = moderate Cu = undrained strength
C = doubtful Mv = coef. of volume compressiblity
X = not suitable Cv = coef. of consolidation
Page 55
SC O PE O F SI & METHO D A p p end i x D 1
SI M et ho Geophysical sur vey Geophysical Logging Sounding
Seismic Elect r ic A applicable
Sco p e & p ur p o se o f SI B supplement ar y
b y t yp e o f r o ad st r uct ur e or may be
A
Ident it y soil & r ock weat her ing pr of ile A B A B B B A B A B applicable
B
suit abilit y of const r uct ion mat er ial sur vey A B B B B A A A
subgr ade invest igat ion r ock B B
( af t er excavat ion) soil B B B A B A

St abilit y r ock A B B A B B B B A B
soil A B B B B B B B A B B B A B B A B B B B A B
Ident it y soil & r ock weat her ing pr of ile A B B B B B B
suit abilit y of const r uct ion mat er ial sur vey A B B B B B

sur f ace deposit A A B B B B A B A B B B B
r ock pr oper t y ( st r engt h et c.) A A B A A A B B A A B A B B A
geologic st r at a ( f ault et c) A A B B B A A A A A A A A B B B
seepage B B A A B B A B A B B A B A
lulus B B B
sand gr avel B B B
mount ainous
sandy soil B B B B
clayey soil B B B B B B B
sandy soil B B B B B B B
r olling/ f lat
clayey soil B B B B B B A A B B
sandy soil A A A B B B B A B
f lat ( sof t ) clayey soil A A A B A B A A A B
peat A A A B A B B A A A B
f oundat ion f or pipe culver t , r et aining wall( t oe w A B B B B A B A B B B B
st r uct ur es wit h mount ainous/ r olling B B A B B B A B A
small- medium f lat ( gener al) B A B B A B B A B B A
scale f lat ( sof t ) B A B A A B A A A
mount aino suppor t ing st r at a B B A B A B B B A B A A
/ r olling excavat ion B B A B A B A A A
st r uct ur es lar ge scale excavat ion B B A B A B A B A A A
wit h suppor t ing st r at a B B B B A B B A B A B B A B A
lar ge f lat ( gener aexcavat ion B B B B A B B A B A B B A B A A
scale excavat ion below wat er B B B B A B B A B A A A A
suppor t ing st r at a B A A A A B A A B A B A
f lat ( sof t ) excavat ion B A A A B B A A A B A A
excavat ion below wat er level A A A B B A A A A B A
Page 56
Appendix E
Common Samplers
Type of Samplers Remarks

1. OPEN DRIVE SAMPLERS 1. No piston; penetration by static thrust or
1.1 Split-spoon for SPT dynamic impact; suitable for almost all
1.2 Thin-wall sampler types of soils except gravelly soils or
1.3 Thick wall sampler hard/dense materials.
(50mm, 75mm, 100mm, I:50mm).
2. THIN-WALL SAMPLER WITH 2. The most reliable sampler to procure

STATIONARY PISTON undisturbe soft to stiff cohesive soils; area
(50mm, 75mm, 100rnm, 150mm) ratio is usually about 10%. The inside
clearance ratio shall be 0.5 to 1 %.
Mainly for shear strength 8t consolidation
tests.
3. DENISON SAMPLER 3. No piston; suitable for stiff to very stiff

(Double tube with this: wall tube) cohesive soil and sandy soil (SPT = 4-
20); open drive sampler
4. MAZIER SAMPLER 4. Triple tube sampler; usual core size

(74mm) 74mm diam & PW casing Is required; air
foam drilling technique is preferred to
procure high quality undisturbed samples
from residual soils. Not suitable for
gravelly soils.
5. FOIL CONTINUOUS SAMPLERS 5. With stationary piston; suitable for minor

(DELFT 29mm, 66mm OR SWEDISH stratification ie sand seams because of
SAMPLER 68mm diam) continuous samples of 5 to 8m can be
procured.
Continuous samples for soil fabrics &
stratigraphical or profiling evaluation etc.
6. BLOCK SAMPLING 6. Blocks of soil (200 to 350mm cubes) cut

from test pits; Need careful sealing and
handling. Mainly for triaxial, shear box &
permeability tests.
7. ROTARY ROCK CORE SAMPLERS 7. Double tube core barrels for strong rock
(Grade 1 or 2): 30mm; 42mm; 54mm;
TNW, 61 mm; T2-76, 62mm.
Triple tube core barrels for fractured
rock; HMLC, 52mm; HMLC, 64mm
Notes: 1. Std. sampler size (UK) : 50, 75, 100, 150, 250 mm diam
Std. sampler size (LIS) : 1 1 /2, 2, 2 1/2, 3, 4, 5 inches diam
2. Samples should be labelled, handled, transported and extruded carefully in accor
dance with BS 5930.

Appendix F
List of Standard sizes of Drilling Rods
Core Bits & Casing
ASTMD2113
DCMA
E,A,B,N,H,P = 1 ½“, 2”, 3”, 4”, 5”
Core TABLE 1 : Core Bit Sizes size

(mm) Outside Diameter Inside Diameter
T2-76 62 Site Designation
in mm in mm
Double TNW 61 RWT 1.16 29.5 0.375 18.7 WF series (BS4019)
Tube T2-101 84 EWT 1.47 37.3 0.905 22.9 WT series ( CDDA)
T6-101 79 EWG, EWM 1.47 37.3 0.845 21.4 WM series (DCMA)
AWT 1.88 47.6 1.282 32.5 Craelius T or K serius
NMLC 52 AWG, AWM 1.88 47.6 1.185 30.0 (Atlas Copco)
Triple HMLC 64 BWT 2.35 59.5 1.750 44.5
Tube 3C-MLC 76 BWG, BWM 2.35 59.5 1.655 42.0
C-MLC 102 NWT 2.97 75.3 2.313 58.7
NWG, NWM 2.97 75.3 2.155 54.7
2 ¾ x 3 7/8 3.84 97.5 2.69 68.3
HWT 3.89 98.8 3.187 80.9
HWG 3.89 98.8 3.000 76.2
4x5½ 5.44 138.0 3.97 100.8
6x7¾ 7.66 194.4 5.97 151.6
K3 – 76 48
Tb – 76 57
K3 – 86 58
TABLE 2 : Casing Sizes

Site Outside Diameter Inside Diameter Will Fit Hole Drilled with Core
Threads per in.
Designation in mm in mm Bit Size
RW 1.144 36.5 1.19 30.1 5 EWT, EWG, EWM
EW 1.81 46.0 1.50 38.1 4 AWT, AWG, AWM
AW 2.25 57.1 1.91 48.4 4 BWT, BWG, BWM
BW 2.88 73.0 2.38 60.3 4 NWT, NWG, NWM
NW 3.50 88.9 3.00 76.2 4 HWT, HWG
HW 4.50 114.3 4.00 101.6 4 4x5½
PW 5.50 139.7 5.00 127.0 3 6x7¾
SW 6.63 168.2 6.00 152.4 3 6x7¾
UM 7.63 193.6 7.00 177.8 2 -
ZW 8.63 219.0 8.00 203.2 2 -
TABLE 3 : Drill Rods

Site Rod and Coupling Outside Rod Inside Diameter Coupling Bore, Threads
Designation in mm in mm in mm per in
RW 1.09 27.7 0.72 18.2 0.41 10.3 4
EW 1.38 34.9 1.00 25.4 0.44 11.1 3
AW 1.72 43.6 1.34 34.1 0.63 15.8 3
BW 2.13 53.9 1.75 44.4 0.75 19.0 3
NW 2.63 66.6 2.25 57.1 1.38 34.9 3
HW 3.50 88.9 3.06 77.7 2.38 60.3 3

Appendix G
Quality of Samples (After ROWE)
Quality Typical Sampling

Properties Purpose
Class Procedure
1 - Remoulded properties Laboratory data on Piston thin walled
- Fabric in situ soils sampler with water
- Water content (classification tests balance
- Density and porosity & engineering
- Compressibility & deformation properties) Mazier sampler with
- Effective strength parameters foam drilling
- Total strength parameters
- Permeability* Block samples
- Consolidation*
2 - Remoulded properties Laboratory data on Pressed or driven thin
- Fabric in situ insensitive or thick walled
- Water content soils sampler with water
- Density and porosity balance
- Compressibility and deformation*
- Effective strength parameters* Mazier sampler
- Total strength parameters*
3 - Remoulded properties Fabric examination Pressed or driven thin
- Fabric A * 100% recovery. and laboratory data or thick walled
Continuous on remoulded soils samplers. Water
B * 90% recovery. balance in highly
Consecutive permeable soils.
4 - Remoulded properties Laboratory data on Bulk and jar samples
remoulded soils. (from SPT split
Sequence of strata samplers)
5 None Aproximate sequence Washings (washed
of strata only samples)
Items changed from original German classification (7th. Int. Conf. Soil Mech. Foundn.
Engng. Mexico 1969).

Appendix H
Summary of Scope of SI Works
Summary of Scope of SI Works should include the following details:

1. Brief Project description and objectives of SI.
2. SI Methods & Location {Scope of SI Works)

- Types & methods SI & the quantities should be indicated
- Locations of SI sho1n,n on Drawings should be indicated
3. Criteria of Terminating Boreholes

Criteria of terminating boreholes or other Sl methods should be clearly indicated eg in Cut
Areas, in fill areas (in soil ground/swamp and residual soil areas) and in structure areas.
4. Field testing & sampling criteria

Types & frequency of various field tests & sampling should be indicated.
5. Laboratory Testing
Types of lab testing & the selection criteria should be indicated.
6. Special requirements
Special requirements about S1 methods, testing & sampling if any should be clearly men
tioned.
Examples or case histories of Scope of SI Works for road projects are enclosed.
Scope of SI works are based on "Guidelines for planning SI works for Road Projects"

Project Jalan ABC (Example)

Scope of SI Works
1. Objectives
This project involves in construction of a new R5 highway of about 30km through
rolling to hilly terrains with some localized swamps and 5 bridges. The alignment trav
erses through sedimentary shale and granitic formations. Preliminary geological and ter
rain evalution studies show that potential slope instability areas are at KM5, KM9 and
KM 12.
The main objectives of SI are:

- To determine generalised subsoil profile for the proposed road alignment (earth
work planning & rock estimation)
- To identify unstable soil formation and water table (water bearing zones and free
water table depth) in cut areas (colluvium, faulter or sheared zones) for stability
analysis & pavement or subsoil drainage design
- To obtain subsoil propertes and water table for embankment design & necessary
ground treatment
- To determine suitability of fill and borrow sources
- To obtain subsoil properties; for foundation design for structures
2. SI Methods & Locations

- Rotary wash boring (NW & HW casings) - 33 Nos
- Rotary wash boring (air foam drilling technique) - 10 Nos (for Mazier
samples)
- Trial pits & bulk samples/block samples - 10 locations (1.5mx

1.5mx2.Om deep)
- JKR Probes - 200 locations (Until

12m deep or until
400 blows/300mm)
- Hand Augers - 20 Nos Locations of

the above are shown
in Drg. Nos A 100
Locations of the above are shown in Drg. Nos A100

Works Spec: JKR Std. Spec. for SI Works (1980).
3. Criteria of Terminating Boreholes

3.1 Cut Areas
Boreholes should be terminated after 3 consecutive SPT exceeding 50 or after 3m rock
coring or the max depth (about 3m below formation level) specified below, whichever

comes first:
BH21, 131-1213, BH35, BH40 - Max depth = 15m
BH4, BH30, BH38 - Max depth = 25m
BH 15, BH31, BH25, BH26, BH39 - Max depth = 30m
BH 11, 131"124, BH33, BH42 - Max depth = 35m
BI-141 - Max depth = 40m
Locations of borehoies to be selected to Instal prezometers (Casangrande type) will
be decided at the site by the Designer.
3.2 In Fill Area

Boreholes In filing areas should be terminated as follows:
3.2.1 Alluvial or Soft or Swampy Areas:
(a) until 10 SPT exceeding 10 or until 10 Insitu vane shear tests exceeding 50
kPa If the height of embankment is less than 3m.
(b) until 5 SPT exceeding 20 or 5 Insitu vane shear tests exceeding 75 kPa if
the height of embankment is 3m to 5m.
(c) until 2 SPT exceeding 50 or 2 SPT exceeding 40 (for depth exceeding

30m) if the height of embankment is more than 5m.
at least one borehole along the soft stretch should be extended until
3 consecutive SPT exceeds 50 or until 3m rock coring.
3.2.2 Residual Soil Areas:

(a) until 5 SPT exceeding 20 If the height of embankment is loss than 6m.
(b) until 5 SPT exceeding 30 If the height of embankment is more than 6m.
3.3 Bridges & Structures

Locations of boreholes (BH 5, 6, 7 & BH 12 & 13) are shown in the Drg A 100.
Estimated depths are given in the BQ.
Boring should be terminated after 5 consecutive SPT exceeds 50, or, 5 consecutive SPT
exceeds 30 if the borehole depth also exceeds 60m. Boring should also be terminated if
rock Is encountered. Rock corings shall be carried out as follows:

Rock Type Min. CoreLength
Igneous rock (granite) and bore depth <24m or recovery 4.5m
ratio R/r<50%
Igneous rocks, bore depth >24m 3.Om
Shale/schist/slate/sand-stone, Recovery ratio R/r< 50% 6.Om
Shale/schist/slate/sand-stone, Recovery ratio R/r> 50% 3.Om
Lime stone R/r> 50% and no cavity 6.Om
Lime stone R/r < 50% or w ith cavity 9m - 21m
Other rocks R/r < 50% 6.Om
Min core size should be 52mm diam (NMLC or HMLC or equivalent) 4.
4. Field Testing & Sampling

SPT should be carried out at 1.5m interval except when taking undisturbed samples or
where soft cohesive stratum is encountered where Insitu vane shear test should be car
ried out (at 1.0m to 1.5m interval) instead of SPT.
Typical undisturbed sanr,ples from soft to firm strata using thin walled stationary piston
samplers should be taken (ruin 63.5mm diam).
Typical undisturbed sarriples from residual soils using Mazier samplers with detachable
inner liner (74mm diarn) should be taken at selected boreholes shown in the Drg. or as
directed by the Designer. Air foam drilling technique should be used.
5. Laboratory Testing
Field borelogs should be sent to the Designer as soon as each borehole is completed.
This is to enable the cieslgner to determine as early as possible the types of lab tests
required. This is also to enable the Designer, after examination of the field borelogs, to
determine the adequacy of SI (to add or to omit scope of SI).
As a general guide, typical disturbed samples from Hand Augers and SPT samplers
from each borehole should be selected for classification tests which Include natural
moisture content, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, and particle size distribution
(excluding; sg, pipette/ hydrometer tests and other chemical tests unless otherwise speci
fied or directed by the Designer).
Typical undisturbed samples from soft to firm strata may be selected for odeometer
tests/UU/CIU tests etc.
Typical undisturbed samples from residual soils may be selected for CIU/CD tests.
Water samples are for PH & salt contents tests.
Bulk samples from trial pits are mainly for classification, compaction 8t CBR tests.
Block samples will be mainly for trlaxial tests (CIU/CD).

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN CRITERIA

FOR R OAD W ORKS

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN CRITERIA FOR ROAD WORKS
DESIGN
M INIM UM LIFE
M A XIM UM P ERM ISSIB LE M OVEM ENTS
DESIGN COM P ONENT M ODE OF FA ILURE FA CTOR OF (durabllity
SA FETY o f materials)
VERTICA L LA TERA L DIFFERENTIA L
1. Unreinfo rced Slo pes 1.1 Lo cal & glo bal stability 1.2 75 yrs A nalysis sho uld be acco rding to GEOTECHNICA L M A NUA L FOR SLOP ES
(cut & fill slo pes) (1984). GEO Ho ng Ko ng
1.2 B earing (fill) 2
2. Reinfo rced o t treated 2.1 Lo cal & glo bal stability 1.5 76 yrs
slo pes (no t o n so ft (cut & fill slo pes)
gro und 2.2 B earing (fill) 1.5
3. P ermanent A ncho rs 3.1 Tensile Resistance 2 75 yrs Geo Spec 1 (1989), GFO Ho ng Ko ng

3.2 Resistance at So il B S 8081
Gro ut Interface 3
3.3 Creep/co rro sio n

4. Rigid Retaining 4 1 Overturning 1,8 75 yrs 15 mm alo ng 15 mm alo ng 1: 150
Structures 4.2 Sliding 1.6 face o f wall face o f wall alo ng face of wall
4.3 Overall Stability 1.5 Geo guide 1(1983), GEO Ho ng Ko ng
4 4 B earing 2
5. Reinfo rced fill walls/ 1 : 100
External Stability
structures B S 8006 120 yrs ± 5mm per metre height ± 15mm fro m reference alignment alo ng f ace of wall
Internal Stability
6. Individual Fo undatio n 6.1 Shaft Resistance 2 75 yrs 12 mm alo ng axis o f pile
P iles (mainly under axial at pile head at design lo ad
lo ads) 38 mm o r 10% pile size
at pile head at twice design lo ad
6.2 B ase Resistance 2 B S 8004
7. Individual Fo undatio n Ultimate lateral 2.5 75 yrs 12 mm alo ng axis o f pile 12 mm perpendicular to axis o f pile
lo ads (mainly under lateral & Resistance at pile head at design lo ad at design lo ad
bending lo ads perpendicular

to axist o f pile) B S 8004
8. P ile gro up B lo ck B earing Capacity 2 75 yrs 12 mm at Wo rking Lo ad 10 mm

B S 8004
9. P iles as retaining A s fo r 4. 6 & 7 abo ve A s fo r 75 yrs

A s 4 abo ve fo r rigid retaining structures
structures individual
B S 8004
fo undatio n
piles
10. Embankment o n So ft 11.1 B earing (sho rt term) 1.4 75 yrs - To tal po st co nstructio n settlement < 400 mm
Gro und 11.2 Lo cal & glo bal slo pe 1.2 - 5 years po st co nstructio n settlement < 100 mm (o r 10% o f estimated ultimate settlement)
stability (lo ng term) (Fo r embankment within 10 m fro m bridge abutment, the abo ve settlement criteria sho uld be reduced to 15%)
Page 65
DRAF PINDAAN OKTOBER 1998
Draf t
GARIS PANDUAN UNTUK

POLISI DASAR KEATAS KEPERLUAN
KTMB B ALI PR OJEK JAMB ATAN
MELINTASI LALUAN KERETAPI
JABATAN KERJA RAYA

IBU PEJABAT JKR
JALAN SULTAN SALAHUDIN
50582 KUALA LUMPUR

Polisi Dasar atas Keperluan KTMB bagi

Projek Jambatan Melintasi Laluan Keretapi
1.0 Tujuan
1.1 Tujuan garis panduan ini adafah untuk memaklumkan keperluan serta syarat-
syarat yang ditetapkan oleh Kereltapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) bagi pro
jek-projek jambatan JKR yang melintasi laluan KTMB.
2.0 Later Belakang

2.1 Di dalam melaksanaka.n projek-projek infrastruktur, sama ada pembinaan jalan
baru ataupun menaikkan taraf jalan sedia ada, pihak JKR kerap mendapati ianya
melibatkan lirtasan ke atas laluan keretapi.
2.2 Apabila perkara ini berlaku pihak JKR mengikut lazimnya akan merujukkan
cadangan mereka kepada. KTMB untuk mendapatkan ulasan serta kelulusan.
Biasanya pelan tatatur serta lukisan-lukisan kejuruteraan yang berkaitan akan
dikemukakan kepada KTMB. Berdasarkan cadangan ini pihak KTMB akan
memberikan ulasan serta syarat-syarat yang perlu dipenuhi oleh JKR.
2.3 Sejak kebelak angan ini JKR mendapati banyak ketidakseragaman timbul
didalam keperluan serta syarat-syarat yang diberikaan oleh KTMB. Perbezaan
amat ketara di antara satu projek dengan projek yang lain dan menyebabkan JKR
berada didalam dilema untuk mernenuhi keperluan-keperluan tersebut. Perkara
ini menjadi lebih ketara dm kr.itikal sejak projek `KTMB Double-Tracking'
dilaksanakan. JKR khuatir di dalam rnemenulu keperluan KTMB ini, ketidakser
agaman akan dikesan oleh pihak Odit dan JKR akan dipersalahkan di dalam hal
ini.
2.4 Rezab Bersama (Common Reserve)

JKR mempertikaikan tindakan KTMB yang menetapkan syarat yang perlu
dipatuhi oleh JKR memandangkan.TKR juga mempunyai hak keatas rezab terse
but. Pihak Kerajaaa perlu memutuykan pihak mana yang berhak ke atas common
reserve ini.
2.5 Oleh yang demikian JKR mendapati amat perlu supaya satu polisi dasar ditetap
kan oleh kerajaan bagi keperluan-keperluan yang kritikal bagi memudahkan
kedua-dua pihak melaksanakan tanggungjawab masing-masing. Perkara ini juga
perlu ditetapkan bagi menjamin kedua-dua pihak mernperolehi kos pembinaan
yang ekonomik.
2.6 Keperluan-keperluan yang; dianggap kritikal oleh JKR meliputi perkara-perkara

seperti `Flagging charge', Ìnsurance Policy', kelegaan pugak dan mendatar
(Horizontal dan vertical clearance) serta kerja.-kerja perlindungan (protection
works) yang perlu disediakan.
3.0 Keperluan - Keperluan KTMB

3.1 Flagging Charges
3.1.1 Tuntutan ini berlaku hanya apabila Zon keselamatan KTMB dimasuki. Zon keselamatan
KTMB adalah ditetapkan sebagai kawasan yang berada di dalam ketinggian 6 m mene

gak di atas landasan dan jarak 10 m mendatar dari garis tengah landasan (within 6 m
above the track and 10 m from the centre line of the track).
3.1.2 Kakitangan KTMB perlu berada ditapak bina bagi mengawal/menghadkan hadlaju nor
mal keretapi kepada 10km/jam.
Tuntutan bukan bagi keseluruhan tempoh projek tetapi hanya pada masa-masa ya.ng
sebenar diperlukan sahaja dan kadar yang digunakan adalah tetap. Kadar i:ni telah digu
nakan oleh KTMB selama 10 tahun.
Kadar yang dituntut adalah 2 (man) x RM50/hari
3.2 Inconvenience charges

3.2.1 Penutupan sementara atau pengawalan halaju normal keretapi mengganggu kelancaran
jaclual perjalanan.
3.2.2 KTMB mahu mempastikan landasan keretapi sentiasa selamat. JKR perlu menjelaskan
aktiviti kerja yang akan mengganggu perjalanan keretapi supaya k:os ke atas bayaran
kesulitan dapat ditaksirkan.
3.2.3 Kadar 'incovenience charges' akan dibayar kepada KTMB mengikut Garis Panduan
yang dikeluarkan oleh Jabatan Keretapi Malaysia.
3.3 Insurance Coverage

Pihak KTMB menetapkan supaya satu polisi insuran untuk tujuan `damage & potential
loss of income' disediakan oleh JKR bagi melindungi kerja-kerja melibatkan laluan
mereka semasa pembinaan.
KTMB tidak akan mengem:&an'Insurance Coverage' yang berasingan jika Àll Risk
Insurance' yang disediakan oleh JKR di dalam kontrak utama meliputi:
(a) Kerugian yang ditanggung oleh KTMB akibat daripada kelewatan perjalanan
keretapi (train delay) disebabkan oleh akitiviti-aktiviti yang berkaii.an dengan
projek.
(b) Kerugian pendapatan (loss of income)

‘All risk insurance' yang disediakan dalam kontrak JKR didapati wajar dan cukup
untuk tujuan ini. Oleh itu JKR berpendapat bahawa kos tambahan untuk satu
insuran polisi yang berasingan adalah membazirkan dan tidak diperlukan.
3.4 Kelegaan Pugak (Vertical Clearance)

3.4.1 Kelegaan P.Igak ada.lahi kelegaan yang diperlukan dari landasan keretapi ke bahagian
paling bawah struktur jambatan yang merentangi landasan keretapi.
3.4.2 JKR menghadapi rruisalah besar di dalam perkara ini di mana pihak KTMB kerapkali
mengubali kelulusan asal di atas kelegaan pugak. Penambahan kelegaan pugak ini
bukan sahaja meningkatkan kos pembinaan jambatan dengar, bariyak teta.pi juga
menyukarkan JKR untuk menyediakan cerun yang selarnat yang memenuhi kriteria
Arahan Teknik Jalan terutama jika jambatan ini terletak. berhampiran dengan persim
pangan.

3.4.3 Keperluan maksimum KTMB bagi kelegaan pugak dari sudut kejuruteraan Elektrik
adalah 6.1m bagi landasan yang mempunyai sistem `catenary'. Ketinggian pugak
kabe adalah 4.4m. Amalan KTMB buat masa ini untuk landasan ya.ng tiada talian
elektrik kelegaan pugak adalah 6.Om dari paras landasan. Bagi landasan berelektrik
kelegaan pugak adalah 7.0m.
3.4.4 Kelegaan Fhigak yang telah dipersetujui untuk digunapakai adalah seperti berikut .
3.4.4.1 Kelegaan Pugak 7.0 m adalah diperlukan bagi struktur jambatan yang merentangi
laluan keretapi yang telah merrlpunyai sistem elektrifikasi iaitu di Lembah Klang
(laluan Sentul ke Pelabuhan Klang dan laluan Seremban - Rawang).
3.4.4.2 Sekiranya Kelegaan Pugak 7.0 m yang diperlukan bagi struktur jambatan yang
merentangi laluan keretapi yang telah mempunyai sistem elektrifrkasi tidak dapat
dipenuhi oleh pihak yang; bertanggungjawab membina jambatan tersebut kerana
sebab-sebab teknikal dan sebagainya yang munasabah, pihak KTMB akan memberi
pertimbangan berdasarkan projek ke projek.
3.4.4.3 Kelegaan Pugak 6.1 m adalah diperlukan bagi struktur jambatan yang merentangi
laluan keretapi yang belum mempunyai sistem elektrifrkasi.
3.5 Kelegaan Mendatar (Horizontal Clearance)

3.5.1 Kelegaan mendatar yang telah dipersetujui adalah 25m. Ini telah mengambilkira
jarak antara landasan dari tengah ke tengah yang mempunyai talian elek.trik iaitu
4.7m dan jarak zon keselamatan minima dari tengah landasan k:e rezab KTMB
memberi jumlah lebih kurang 17m kelegaan mendatar bagi laluan `double tracking'.
3.5.2 Bagi laluan berhampiran stesyen, di mana kelegaan mendatar 25m tidak mencukupi
dare KTMB memerlukan kelegaan mendatar yang lebih, KTMB hendaklah menge
mukakan justifikasi lengkap berhubung dengan kelegaan yang diperlukan dan ianya
hendaklah diluluskan oleh Jabatan Keretapi Malaysia.
3.6 Parapet Wall

3.6.1 KTM bersetuju merlggunapakai lukisan `New Jersey Barrier' dan `Parapet Wall'
yang telah disediakan oleh JKR pada jambatan merentangi laluan keretapi yang telah
disediakan untuk projek Jalan Lingkaran Dalam Johor Baluu, Johor untuk. diguna
pakai bagi lain-lain projek jambatan merentangi laluan keretapi. `New Jersey Barrier'
dan `Parapet Wall' ini telah direkabentuk dengan inengambilkira faktor keselamatan
pengguna jalanraya atau jimbatan dan juga keselamatan laluan keretapi di bahagian
bawah jambatan tersebut.
3.6.2 `New Jersey Barrier' dan `Parapet Wall' pada jambatan merentangi laluan keretapi
yang digunapakai tersebut telah direkabentuk dengan mengambilkira perkara-
perkara berikut
(a) Kenderaan ttidak rnudah jatuh ke atas landasan KTMB.
(b) Pejalan kaki - pejalan kaki tidak sewenang-wenangnya boleh melompat dari
pada jambatan berkenaan.
(c) P'ejalan kaki-pejalan kaki tidak mudah melakukan perkara-perkara yang

boleh mendatangkan bahaya kepada mereka dan kerosakan harta benda. ter
masuk melontar objek ke kawasan laluan keretapi.
(d) Keperluan standard rekabentuk geometri jalan seperti jaraj pandangan (sight
distance) dan faktor keselamatan pengguna jalanraya/jambatan dengan peng
gunaan New Jersey Barrier.
3.6.3 Ketinggian Parapet: Wall adalah 1.8 m.
3.6.4 Àpproach, road' ke jambatan hendaklah mempunyai New Jersey Barrier bagi meng
halang kenderaan daripada terjatuh kedalam kawasan laluan keretapi.
3.7 Kerja-Kerja Perlindungan

Pagar keselainatan sementam perlu disediakan 50m sebelum dan 50m selepas lokasi
jambatan melintasi landasan. Ini adalah untuk keselamatan pekerja semasa kerja
pembinaan dijalankan bagi menghalang pekerja dari memasuki landasan keretapi.
Ketinggian pagan hendaklah 6m.
4.0 Prosedur Melaksanakan Projek Lintasan Keretapi

4.1 Permohonart kepada KTMB
4.1.1 Segala bentuk perirlohonan pembinaan jambatan melintasi landasan kere
tapi perlu dialamatkan kepada:
Jabatan Pengurusan Hartanah

Tkt. 1 , Blok Annexe Selatan
Bangunan Stesen Keretapi
Jalan Sultan Hishamuddin
50621 Kuala Lumpur
4.1.2 Permohonan hendaklah dalam bentuk 9 set dokumen-dokumen yang mengandungi

perkara dibawah:-
4.1.2.1 Lukisan Kejuruteraan
Lukisan kejuruteraan berserta rekabentuk konsep hendaklah mengandungi
lukisan susun atur tapak yang menunjukkan kelegaan pugak dan ufuk
cadangn pembinaan jambatan itu. la hamslah menunjukkan bentuk pepari
tan yang akan disediakan bagi membolekan pihak KTMB mengetahui
cara mengeluarkan air larian permukaan, bentuk struktur jambatan, jenis
cerucuk yang digunakan.
4.1.2.2 Lukisan Ukur Tanah

Pelan susun atur dan keratan bujur bagi landasan keretapi 1000m sebelum
dan 1000m selepas jambatan melintasi landasan keretapi.
4.1.2.3 Program kerja yang menjelaskan jadual kerja pembinaan yang akan dilak
sanakan dikawasan sekitaran landasan keretapi.
4.1.2.4 `Method Statement' bagaimana kerja-kerja akan dijalankan dikawasan

tersebut. Antara lain perkara-perkara yang perlu adalah kaedah
bagaimana pembinaan jambatan akan dijalankan, kaedah penanaman ceru
cuk, jenis mesin yang akan digunakan. Aktiviti-aktiviti yang ada kaitan

dikawasan rezab KTMB hendaklah dinyatakan juga. Ini bagi anggaran kos
kesulitan dapat ditaksirkan.
4.1.3 Salinan surat pen;nohonan kepada KTMB hendaklah dihantar kepada

Jabatan Keretapi Malaysia.
4.1.3.1 Salinan surat permohonan tersebut hendaklah disertakan
bersama:
a) Pelan susun atur jambatan yang merentangi laluan kere
tapi.
b) Pelan Keratan rentas di bahagian bawah jambatan.
4.1.3.2 Salinan surat permohonan hendaklah dialamatkan kepada:

Pengarah Teknikal
Jabatan Keretapi Malaysia
Blok B, Tingkat 2, Wisma Semantan
Jalan Gelenggang
50490 KUALA LUMPUR
4.2 Tempoh Permohonark Dam Kelulusan.

4.2.1 Permohonan untuk melaklanakan jambatan merentangi laluan keretapi hendaklab dike
mukakan kepada KTM Berhad tidak kurang dari lima (5) minggu sebelum kerja -kerja
pembinaan dijalankan.
4.2.2 KTM Berhad akan Inemberikan kelulusan untuk melaklsanakan kerja-kerja pembinaan
dalamntempuh tidak lebih daripada lima (5) minggu dari tarikh permohonan dike
mukakan kecuali bagi kes-kes yang luar biasa.
4.3 Koordinasi Antara Agensi Terlibat.

Koordinasi antara JKJt, KTMB dan Jabatan Keretapi Malaysia akan dibuat dari masa ke
masa semasa perin,gkat rekabentuk sehinggalah pembinaan struktur lintasan keretapi
bagi melicinkan Fperjalanan projek dan mengurangkan gangguan kepada perjalanan
keretapi.
5.0 Tarikh Berkuat Kuasa & Gunapakai

5.1 Peraturan yang ditetapkan dalam garis panduan ini adalah berkuat kuasa serta-merta.
5.2 Panduan ini boleh digunapakai oleh lain-lain jabatan atau agensi Kerajaan yang berkai
tan.
5.3 Sebarang persoalan b.rkai.tan dengan pelaksanaan mana-mana peraturan seperti yang
ditetapkan dalarn garis panduan ini, hendaklah ditujukan kepada:
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia

Cawangan Jalan
Ibu Pejabat Jabatan Kerja Raya
50582 Kuala Lumpur.

JABATAN AUDIT NEGARA

(National Audit Department) Telefon : 03-2946422
JALAN CENDERASARI Telefon : 603-2930264
50518 KUALA LUMPUR Kawat : AUDITNEGARA, K.L.
MALAYSIA (Cable)
Ruj. Tuan :
Ruj. Kami : (16)dlm. Audit/Ps:JKR/726/4 Jld.III
Tarikh : 24 Oktober 1998
Ketua Pengarah Kerja Raya

Ibu Pejabat Jabatan Kerja Raya
50580 Kuala Lumpur
u.p. Puan Ir.Nafisah bt Hj.Abd Aziz
Cawangan Jalan.
Puan,
Garis Panduan Untuk Dasar Terhadap Keperluan KTMB

Bagi Projek-projek Jambatan Melintasi Laluan Keretapi
Dengan segala hormatnya perkara tersebut di atas adalah dirujuk.
2. Pada pandangan Audit, perkara yang penting dalam menetapkan garis panduan ini adalah
penetapan prosedur-prosedur teknikal dan pentadbiran yang perlu dipatuhi oleh Jabatan Kerja
Raya (JKR) dan juga Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) dalam pelaksanaan projek
Lintasan keretapi. Pihak Audit kurang bersetuju terhadap bayaran Flagging Charges dan
Inconvenience Charges yang diminta oleh KTMB. Berikut adalah sebab-sebabnya:
i. Tiada sebarang peraturan atau undang-undang yang sedang berkuatkuasa
Setakat ini tidak ada sebarang peraturan atau undang-undang yang membenarkan bayaran.
pampasan kepada orang awam atau mana-mana pihak lain dalam pelaksanaan projek-pro
jek infrastruktur Kerajaan Persekutuan akibat dari gangguan kepada pihak- pihak yang
berkenaan ketika sesuatu kerja sedang dilaksanakan.
ii. Tanggungjawab KTMB terhadap Pembangunan Infrastruktur Negara

Sebahagian bestir modal wham KTMB dimiliki oleh Kerajaan Persekutuan. Maka dalam
usaha Kerajaan Persekutuan membangunkan infrastruktur negara yang mana memberi
faedah kepada sernua pihak, adalah kurang munasabah bagi KTMB untuk tidak mahu
memikul sedikit kos (flagging charges & inconvenience charges) bagi membuktikan
bahawa KPAB juga prihatin terhadap pembangunan infrastruktur negara.
iii. KTMB dapat menjimatkan kos

Pembinaan jambatan melintasi laluan keretapi bukan sahaja memberi faedah kepada
orang awam, tetapi juga secara langsung menjimatkan kos dan masa kepada KTMB. Ini
adalah kerana KTMB tidak perlu lagi menempatkan pekerja-pekerjanya bagi mengawal

lalulintas ketika keretapi melintasi lintasan berpagar. Gaji dan kemudahan yang perlu
disediakan bagi pekerja-pekerja yang berkenaan adalah penjimatan kepada KTMB.
iv. Tuntutan KTMB akan menjadi precedent kepada pihak lain

Jika inconvenience charges dibayar kepada KTMB dalam urursan kerajaan melak
sanakan projek-projek pembangunan kerana ado elemen gangguan kepada KTMB,
ITiaka pihak-pihak lain juga akan membuat tuntutan yang sedemikian terhadap kerajaan
kerana telah mengalami gangguan. Maka bayaran kepada KTMB akan menjadi satu
precedent kepada pihak-pihak lain. Mengikut amalan, di setiap lintasan keretapi berpa
gar, KTMB terpaksa menghalang lalulintas sementara waktu bagi membenarkan kere
tapi melintasi jalan raya. Dalam kes-kes sedemikian tidak pernah timbul permintaan
inconvenience charges oleh mana-mana pihak lain terhadap KTMB.
v. Gangguan tidak dapat diukur dalam nilai wang

Kerugian yang telah dialami oleh KTMB akibat daripada kerja-kerja yang sedang dilak
sanakan oleh kerajaan tidak dapat ditentukan ataupun ditaksirkan. Pihak Audit hanya
bersetuju KTMB menuntut kerugian dalam keadaan-keadaan yang berikut:
- Sekiranya terdapat litigasi oleh pihak swam terhadap KTMB yang berpunca dari
kerja-kerja yang dijalankan oleh JKR secara langsung.
- Laluan keratapi langsung tidak dapat digunakan.
- Bilangan. keretapi yang boleh lalu setiap hari terpaksa dikurangkan akibat kerja-
kerja JKR.
vi. Flagging charges pada RM50/hari bagi duo orang pada masa-masa sebenarnya diper
lukan merupakan sate petty claim. Biarkanlah ini menjadi satu sumbangar. kecil oleh
KTMB terhadap pembangunan infrastruktur negara oleh kerajaan.
3. Dengan sebab-schab yang tersebut di atas pada pendapat Audit, adalah tidak wajar sama sekali
bagi KTMB meminta kerajaan membayar KTMB kerana terdapat sedikit gangguan terhadap
laluan keretapi. Apa yang amat penting demi menjaga keselamatan terhadap orang avvam don
harta benda kerajaan ataupun KTMB, ialah mengadakan prosedur-prosedur teknikal don pen
tadbiran bagi KTMB don JKR mematuhi, supaya kerja-kerja pembinaan jambatan melintasi
laluan keretapi dapat dilaksanakan dengan lancar, selamat don mengakibatkan kesulitan yang
paling minimum kepada inana-mana pihak.
Sekian,terima kasih.
‘BERKHIDMAT UNTUK NEGARA’
‘AUDITAN BERKUALITI MENINGKATKAN AKAUNTABILITI’
Saya yang menurut perintah,
(PRANCES SOOZA)
Ketua Cawangan Audit Kerja Raya
Bahagian Audit Kerajaan Persekutuan
B.p.Ketua Audit Negara Malaysia

1. This kinematic envelope is based on

a speed of 120 Kph and incorporates
the following track tolerances :-
1.1 Track alignment ± 25mm
1.2 Vertical track tolerance ± 25mm
1.3 Cross level error ± 15mm
2. This kinematic envelope allows for

vehicle bounce of 25mm
3. The clearance indicated are based on

straight and level tracks;
allowances must be made for
superelevation and curvature
(End throws/centre throws)

REINFOR CED FILL STR UCTURES

Reinforced Fill Structures

by Fig.6 - Min FOS against various ulti
Ir Neoh Cheng Aik mate limit states - external
stability.
1. Introduction
Reinforced fill structures mean struc Fig.7 - shows serviceability limit
tures with vertical or near vertical face states external and internal
(B > 70°) which compresses tensile and stability.
shall include any connections and any
facing ensure stability. Table 2 Usually accepted tolerances
for faces of reinforced fill
There has been an increasing extensive structures/walls.
use of reinforced fill structures to
replace conventional R.C. Walls for road 3. Types of Reinforced Fill
projects in Malaysia since early 80'. Structure
There are at least 5 different reinforced Reinforced Fill StrucL-ure systems such
fill structure systems available In as RE Walls, Nehemiah Walls, Wetsoll
Malaysia market. The rehability and Walls, Muld Anchor Wall, Keystone
durability aspects of these systems with Walls etc have been commonly used. A
particular reference to reinforcing ele comparison with particular reference to
ments, fills, facings, connections etc are the facings, fasteners, connections, rein
quite doubtful due to lack of acceptance forcing elements, fills etc are given In
criteria and approval procedure. Appendix A.
This paper will briefly discuss the 4. Proposed Design Criteria

foundamental concept of reinforced fill 4.1 Design life:
structures, compare the differences
(a) For bridge abutments walls and
between various common systems avail
bridge approach walls: 120 years
able and subsequently propose mini
mum design requirements for reinforced
(b) For retaining walls: 70 years
fill structures.
(c) For Temporary Works: 5 years or
2. Foundamental Concept
service life expected
Fig. l - shows effect of reinforcement
on a soil element. 4.2 FOS
See Pos Slim Lojing
Fig.2 - shows typical forms of rein
forcement. 4.3 Reinforcing element (steel)
Table l Checklist for investigation of Carbon Steel Strip to BS 1449:

reinforcement products. Part 1: 1972 either quality KHR
34/20P or KHR 54/35P. Shall be
Fig.3 - Definitions and types of walls hot-dip galvanised (BS 729:
and abutments. 1986) and minimum zinc coating
610g/m1(85 microns). The sacri
Fig.4 - Design procedure for rein ficial steel thickness allowance
forced soil walls for each surface of galvanised
steel component should be
Fig 5 - Minimum sizing of reinforces 0.75mm.
fill structures.

4.4 Fill
Basically sand with the following
properties shall be use
Max size 150mm
%passing l0mm BS sieve >25
%passing 600 microns >8
%passing 63 microns 0-10
pH 5-10
resistivity (ohm-m) >10
chloride ion content <0.02%
Total sulphate content <0.2%
Total sulphide content <0.03%
4.5 Facings
R.C types of various shapes
4.6 Connections
Connections between facing and
reinforcing element shall be
(a) Precision hexagon bolts,
screws and nuts which shall
be made from steel alloy
Grade 8.8 to BS 3692: 1967
(b) Black hexagon bolts, screws

and nuts which shall comply
with BS 4190:1967. The
strength grade shall not less
than 4.6 for bolts and screws
and 4.0 for nuts.
(c) Plain washers shall be of

either Form A or Form E to
BS 4320: 1968 and shall be
made from cold-rolled carbon
steel strip
CS4 complying with BS
1449: Part 1: 1972
(d) Dowels and rods (BS 4449:

1984) or Grade 50B comply
ing with BS 4360:1979
All steel shall hot-dip gal
vanised to BS 729:1972 and
minimum zinc coating shall
be 610g/mz (85 microns).

B5 8006.
Design philosophy
Limit state design, with load factors and material factors
General
Load factors ffs applies to weight of structure and earth pressure behind (here:
fts - 1.5)
fq applies to traffic load and induced earth pressure (fq = 1.5)
Material factor fm material factor: fm = (fmss*fm12)*(fm21*fm2:)
to take account of...
fm11 manufacturing variations
fm12 extrapolation of data and confidence of long-term capacity
assessment
fm21 construction damage
fm22 rate of environmental and aging degradation
Ramifications of failure, fn to take account of economic ramifications of failure (fo = 1.0 to
1.1)
Long-term base strength TB
Design tensile load TD < TB / (fm *fn) where TD includes load factors
i.e. practically: (frs; fq)*Tal < To / (fm *fo)
Galvanized steel strip reinforcement

(width w)
Design thickness Ec = En - Es (nominal thickness-sacrificed
thickness)
Sacrificed thickness Es = 0.9mrn for 70 yrs service life; 1.5mm for 120yrs
Long-term base strength TB = w* Ec *au (au = rupture stress)
Material factors (En > 4mm) fm = (fm11*fm12)*(fm21*fm22) = 1.5
Allowable tensile load Tassow S w*E:*au /[(fts: fq)*fm*fn]= w*Ec*au /(1.5* 1.5* 1.0)
Tauow S 0.414*( %,*Ec*au)
Polymeric reinforcements
Long-term base strength TB = extrapolated tensile creep rupture strength at end of serv
ice life TCR
Material factors fm11 > 1.0 depending on quality control and tolerances
fm12 > log(td/tt) depending on consistency of products tested
where to =design service life, ti = duration of real time creep
tests
fm21 to be derived from trials, plus assessment of long term effects
fm22 to be assessed, depending on polymer, soil chemistry. tempera
ture, state ofstress, design service life etc..
Allowable tensile load Taw% s Tctt / [(frs: fq)*fm*fn) = TCR /[1.5*fin* 1.0) Tatsow 5
0.67*Tcx / [(fmst*fmr2)*(fm21*&_2)J

AASHTO (Interim 1994)
Design philosophy
Working stresses (no load factors)
Galvanized steel strip reinforcements (width w)

Allowable stress 0.55 ay (sy = yield stress)
Design thickness EC = En - Es (nominal thickness-sacrificed thick

ness)
Sacrificed thickness (until end of design service life)
1/ galvanization (86p) 15u/side/yr for first 2 years, 4g/side/yr for subsequent years
2/ steel (Es) 12p/side/yr after zinc depletion (i.e. 1.42mm for 75 yrs serv
ice life)
Allowable tensile load Tallow s w*Fu*0.55Fy
Tassow S 0.5.5*(w*Ec*ay)
Polymeric reinforcements
Limit state tensile load T1 highest load level at which no failure can occur within design
service life
Factors FC "factor of safety" with respect to construction damage. to be

determined by tests (1.05 < FC < 3.50)
FD "factor of safety" with respect to environmental and aging loss

es, to be based on product specific data (1.1 < FD < 2.0)
FS overall factor of safety to account for uncertainties in structure

geometry, externally applied loads, fill properties, reinforcement
manufacturing ,variations (FS = 1.78)
Allowable tensile load Tallow s: Ti/QFC*FD*FS)

Tallow s 0.56*Ti/(FC*FD)

GARISPANDUAN & ARAHAN TEKNIK (JALAN)

JABATAN KERJA RAYA MALAYSIA
Garispanduan dan Arahan Teknik (Jalan) yang telah diterbitkan oleh Unit Rekabentuk Jalan, Cawangan Jalan,
boleh dibeli daripada:-
Cawangan Pengurusan Tender dan Harta
Bahagian Kewangan dan Akaun
Blok A, Tingkat Bawah
Kementerian Kerja Raya
50580 Kuala Lumpur.
Tel: 4684316
Pembayaran hendaklah dibuat dengan kiriman wang (money order) atau postal order atas nama
Ketua Akauntan Kementerian Kerja Raya
1 Harga Garispanduan & Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 14 Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 10/86
A Guide To The Design of Cycle
Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 1/85 (Pindaan 1/89) Track ......... RM2.00
Manual On Design Guidelines of
Longitudinal Traffic Barrier ............................ RM2.00 15 Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 11/87
A Guide To The Design of At-Grade
2 Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85 Intersections ................................................... RM11.00
Manual on Traffic Control Devices:
Standard Traffic Signs ................................... RM8.00 16 Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 12/87
A Guide To The Design of
Interchanges ........ RM10.00
3 Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2B/85
Manual on Traffic Control Devices: 17 Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 13187
A Guide To The Design of Traffic
Traffic Sign Applications ............................... RM5.00 Signals ...... RM9.00
4 Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2C/85 18 Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 14/87

Manual on Traffic Control Devices: Model Terms of Reference For Detailed
Temporary Sign And Work Zones Ground Survey And Engineering Design
Control .......................................................... RM10.00 of Roads RM3.00
5 Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2D/85 19 Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 15/97

Manual on Trat Control Devices: Intermediate Guidelines to Drainage
Design of
Road Marking And Delineation .................... RM4.00 Roads ............................................. RM30.00
6 Arahan Teknik listen) 2E/87 20 Note Teknik (Jalan) 19/97

Manuel on Traffc Control Devices: Intermediate Guidelines to Road Reserve
Guide Signs Design And Application ............ RM9.00 Landscaping ................................................... RM20.00
7 Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 3/85 (Pindaan 1/88) 21 Construction Supervision Manual for
Contract
Garispanduan Untuk Memproses Pembangunan Roadworks ....................................... RM60.00
Tepi Jalan Persekutuan................................. Tidak dijual
8 Arahan Teknlk (Jalan) 4/85 (Pind.1997) 22 Guidelines for Inspection A Testing of
Road
Application for The Installation of Public Works .................................................... RM30.00
Utilities Services Within the Road Reserve
First Scheduler - Guidelines For JKR Engineers Tidak dijual 23 A Guide to the Visual Assessment of
Second Schedule - Instruction To Applicants... RM11.00 Flexible Pavement Surface Conditions RM20.00
9 Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 5/85 24 Interim Guide to Evaluation and

Rehabilitation of Flexible Road
Manual On Pavement Design ..................... RM2.40 Pavement ..... RM20.00
10 Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 6/85 (Pindaen 1/88) 25 Interium Guide on Idendifying, Prioritising
Guidelines for Presentation of and Testing Hazardous Locations on Roads
in
Engineering Drawings ................................... RM5.00 Malaysia ...................................................... RM30.00
11 Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 7/85 26 Guidelines for the Environmental Impact

Assessment of Highway/Road
Garis Panduan Untuk Penyedaian Pelan Project ........... RM45.00
Pengambilan Balik Tanah Bagi Projek
Standard Specification for Road
Jalan Persekutuan ......................................... 27 Works ......... RM22.00
12 Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 8/88 28 Road Safety Audit

A Guide On Geometric Design of Roads ...... RM9.00 Guidelines for the Safety Audit of Roads






Minit Mesyuarat Defination Rock, Unsuitable Material &

Concrete Road Kerb Yang Diadakan Pada 17 Mac 1998
di Bilik Mesyuarat,Cawangan Jalan,Ibu Pejabat JKR,Kuala Lumpur
1. Yang Hadir
1. Dato' Ir Dr. Wahid b. Omar - Pengarah Jalan (Pengerusi)
2. Ir Neoh Cheng Aik - JPK (R)
3. Ir Chin Wei Cheng - Tim. Pengarah (Caw. SKP)
4. Ir Rohani bt Razak - JPK (J)
5. Ir Wong Wai Cheng - JPK (Projek)
6. Ir Goh Chee Eng - PPK (HPU)
7. Ir. Abu Harith b. Hj. Shamsudin - PP (Caw. Bangunan)
8. Pn. Tan Kim Lian - Jurukur Bahan Kanan (Caw. Kontrak dan
Ukur Bahan)
9. Cik Noriha Derin - Wakil LLM
10. Ir Kamalaldin Abd. Latif - PPK (Standard)
11. Pn. Aishah Othman - PPK (Pelbagai)
12. Dr. Azmi b. Hassan - PPK (Senggara)
13. Pn. Nafisah bt. Abd. Aziz - PPK (Zon Selatan)
14. Ir Baharanuddin Che Zain - PPK (Zon Utara)
15. Ir Kamil Puat b. Nil - PPK (Zon Timur)
16. Pn. Roziyah bt. Ismrail - PP (Jurukur Bahan)
17. Pn. Naelah bt. Mat Kasa - Jurutera Awam (Standard)
2. Tujuan Mesyuarat
Tujuan mesyuarat ialah:-
1. Membincang definition baru untuk 'rock & excavation of rock'.
2. Membincang definition of unsuitable material and removal/replacement of

unsuitable material.
3. Membincang cadangan baru concrete road kerb.
3. Definition of Rock & Excavation of Rock

Ir Neoh explained various typical definitions of rock by geologist, engineers & QS.
For works specification purpose, definition of rock should be :-
- SIMPLE easily understood by contractors & site supervisors; only simple test by
equipment easily available; no expert knowledge is required in interpretation.
- PRECISEclear-cut, objective and specific in nature; minimum personal discretion is
required in interpretation & decision.
- REALISTIC realistic in reflecting cost of excavation & time (within a reasonably
accurate margin).
Ir Neoh also informed that when rock is encountered in bulk excavation, it can usually be
loosened by:-
- drilling & blasting (use explosives or chemicals)
- ripping (use D7, D8 or DO).
- excavating by powerful hydraulic excavator (effective and practical only for soft
rock)

- pneumatic tools (slow, < 5m3/hr).

- wedges & sledge; hammers (very slow, practical only for small quantity of rock).
- combination of the above.
Cost effective method for rock excavation depends on:-
- type of rock
- degree of weathering
- joints/discontinuities (spacing)
- zon (intact/sheared/faulted) - quantities/volume
- time constraint
- environmental and site constraints
Ir Neoh briefed the meeting that the existing JKR Spec. for definition of rock is basically
any hard material that CANNOT be ripped by a tractor of 20 tonnes & 200 bhp. With rip
per. In other words, any hard material that can be ~ ripped by the specified tractor with rip
per is NOT rock and this included grade 3 and 4 rock which can be ripped and then exca
vated by large excavator or shovel; but the output is quite low (5 to 20 m3/hr) and the unit
cost can be in the range of RM5 to RM15 per metre cube.
The main complaints about the, existing JKR Standard Specification for rock excavation
are:-
- Excavation of rock does not include excavation of hard material which requires rip
ping or large excavator. Excavation of hard material can be 2 to 5 times more costly
than common excavation.
- Work delay due to dispute on whether the excavation is rock or common.
Ir Neoh suggested 2 proposals or amendments to the existing JKR Standard Specification
for Road Works Subsection 2.2.1 (f), (g) about definition of rock and hard materials and
Subsection 2.2.3.7 about excavation of rock.
After detailed discussions 4 possible proposals are included for further consideration (see
Lampiran A).
Proposal 1
Basically this proposal recommended 3 types of excavation for earthworks:-
(a) Rock Excavation - rock is defined as hard material that cannot be ripped by
track-type tractor with ripper of 20 tonnes & 200 bhp.
(the existing definition remains unchanged).
(b) Hard Excavation - any hard material that requires to be loosened by track-
type tractor with ripper (20 tonnes & 200 bhp) or track
type hydraulic excavator (30 tonnes and minimum 165
flywheel hp.).
(c) Common Excavation - excavation that can be effectively excavate by normal

excavators, shovel (> 10 m'/hr.).
This proposal did not change the definition of rock in the existing specification except that
the excavation of rippable material such as grade 3 or 4 rocks were classified as hard mate
rial/excavation.
PROPOSAL 2
Basically this proposal changes the definition of rock to include hard material and 3 types

of excavations in earthworks are:-

(a) Class 1 Rock Excavation shall include loosening the rock by drilling and blasting
with suitable explosives or chemicals.
(b) Class 2 Rock Excavation shall include loosening the rock by ripping with a track
type tractor with ripper (20 tones & 200 bhp) or using track-type hydraulic excavator
(> 16.5 flywheel horse power & 30 tones).
(c) Common Excavation

Excavation of materials that cannot be classified as rock.
Proposal 3
This proposal has 2 types of excavation i.e.:-
(a) Rock Excavation - Rock is defined as hard material that in the opinion of the
S.O. requires to be loosened by blasting.
(b) Common Excavation - Excavation of all materials that cannot be classified as

rock i.e. excavation of materials which in the opinion of
the S.O., no blasting is required.
Proposal 4
This proposal combined the concepts of Proposal 1 & 3 and also has 3 types of excavation
for earthworks i.e.
(a) Rock Excavation - Rock is defined as hard material that required to be loos
ened by blasting AND in the opinion of the S.O. cannot
or not practical be ripped by tractor with ripper (20 tones,
200 bhp).
(b) Hard Excavation - Hard material, in the opinions of the S.O. requires to
be loosened by tractor with ripper (20 tones, 200
bhp) OR track-type hydraulic excavator (min. 30
tones, 165 fly wheel hp.)
(c) Common Excavation - Excavation of any materials which cannot be classified

as rock or hard material.
Dato' Pengerusi directed that the above 4 proposals with details should be referred to
Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Spesifikasi for final selection as soon as possible.
Tindakan : JPK (R)
4. Definition of Unsuitable Material

Ir Neoh informed the rriieeting that the excavated material/soil from cut or borrows may be
unsuitable as a fill material because it is too peaty (low shear strength, etc.) or too wet or
contains undesirable/hazardous materials, etc. Generally the definition for unsuitable
material as given in Subsection 2.2.1 (d) of the existing JKR Standard Specification for
Road Works is satisfactory except that the so defined unsuitable material may be suitable as
a fill material for low embankment especially when the moisture is low. Slight amendment
is proposed as shown in Lampiran B.

5. Removal of Unsuitable Material

The amount or depth of unsuitable material required to be removed and replaced before
construction of embankment or culverts depends on:-
- conditions/shear strength of the subsoil
- height of embankment
- method and rate of filling
- tolerable limit of post construction settlement
The details about locations/chainages and the respective design depth for removal &
replacement of unsuitable material should be clearly shown on drawings if detail SI is avail
able, otherwise criteria to determine depth of removal of unsuitable material for various
possible cases should be indicated on drawing. Drawings with notes such as "actual depth
of removal of unsuitable material to be decided at site by the S.O." without indicating the
design criteria is not acceptable and usually ends up a lot of VO and disputes.
Backfilling of the void created by the removal of unsuitable material SHOULD be carried
out immediately with SUITABLE MATERIAL. In case the Contractor does not backfilI
immediately, sand backfill may be necessary if the void created by the removal of unsuit
able material is full of water due to rain or high water table & permeable sub-soil. In such
case, the additional cost (if any) due to backfiliing with sand instead of suitable material
should be borne by the Contractor. The amended specification for subsection 2.2.3.4
(Removal of Unsuitable Material to take care of these situations is shown in Lampiran B).
6. Replacement of Unsuitable Material Under Standing Water

Free draining material such as sand and crushed rock or mixture shall be used to fill up the
void due to removal of unsuitable material if the area is under standing water -eg.
ponds/lakes or water course if the pumping or water diversion is not practical. Subsection
2.2.3.5 of the Specification is amended as shown in Lampiran B.
7. Standard Concrete Road Kerbs

Kerbs are used to delineate the edges of carriageway, to separate carriageway from pedestri
an areas, to support the edge of the pavement etc. The existing Std. JKR Road Kerbs for
Road works are shown on Drg. No. KPKR/J/R/STD/AM 311. These kerbs are classified
into .4 types i.e. barrier, semi-barrier, mountable & semi-mountable. These kerbs are 225
mm to 75 mm high. The proposed new road kerbs are more user-friendly and generally
lower, 150 mm to 40 mm in height as shown in Lampiran C.
The drainage outlets are part of the drainage design and not included in the road kerb
details.
Barrier type should riot be used for high speed road; it is recommeded for raised footpath
(pedestrian ) along the road with operating speed less than 70 kph.
Mountable kerb is appli cable for traffic islands (on the approach noses of exposed islands);
pedestrian or footpath crossing near traffic junctions etc.
Semi-mountable kerbs are the standard kerb to be used for delineation and drainage on all
intersections etc.
Ir Neoh explained that the proposed new design of road kerbs has incorporated the follow

ing features directed by ICPKR:-

1) The new kerbs are generally lower & more user-friendly.
2) The new kerbs are more. pleasing and have better aesthetic appearance.
3) Kerb size and joint tolerances are clearly specified to ensure consistent quality and
aesthetic appearance.
8. Penutup
The definition of rock, unsuitable material and road kerbs were presented and discussed.
The proposed amendments to the Standard Specification for Road Works will be referrer,)
to Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Spesifikasi for final decision.
Suggestions and comments, if any were requested to send to Cawangan Jalan as soon as
possible.

Appendix A
Proposal 1
1. Definition of rock as given in Sub-section 2.2.1 (f) maintains.
2. Replace Subsection 2.2.1 (g) by the following:-
(g) Hard Material

This shall mean any hard artificial material or material found in ledges or masses in its orig
inal position which would require to be loosened with a track-type tractor with mounted
and drawn ripper as described in Subsection 2.2.1 (f) or a track-type hydraulic excavator of
minimurn 30 tonnes in weight and minimurn.165 flywheel horse power or approved pneu
matic tools. The tractor or excavator shall be in good condition and operated by experi
enced personnel skilled in the use of the equipment. Hard material shall exclude individual
masses less than 0.5 cubic metre.
Proposal 2
1. The whole Sub-section 2.2.1 (f) for definition of Rock shall be replaced and read as fol
lows:-
(f) Rock
Rock shall mean hard material found in ledges or masses in its original position which can
only be loosened either by blasting or by ripping using track-type tractor of more than 20
tonnes and 200 brake horse power or approved pneumatic tools or, if excavated by hand, by
wedges and sledge hammers. All equipment used shall be in good condition and operated
by experienced personnel skilled in the equipment.
Boulders or detached rock pieces shall only be regarded as rock if they individually exceed
C1.5 cubic metre.
2. Add the following after first paragraph of Sub-section 2.2.3.7 Excavation of Rock:-
2.2.3.7 Excavation of Rock
Excavation of rock for the purposes of payment shall be classified as fol
lows:-
CLASS 1 Rock Excavation shall include loosening the rock by drilling and
Wasting with suitable explosives or by suitable chemical blasting approved by
the S.O. and CLASS 2 Rock Excavation shall include loosening the rock by
ripping with a track-type tractor of more than 20 tonnes and net horse power
rating of 200 brake horse power or more or by using track-type hydraulic
excavator of more than 165 flywheel horse power and 30 tonnes weight or
other suitable equivalent means approved by the S.O.
Proposal 3
1. Replace Subsection 2.2.1 (f) by the following:-
(f) Rock
Rock shall mean material hound in ledges or masses in its original position which would
normally, in the opinion of the S.O., have to be loosened by blasting

Boulders or detached pieces shall only be regarded as rock if they individually exceed 0.5
cubic metre.
Proposal 4
1. Replace Subsection 2.2.1 (f) & (g) as follows:-
(f) Rock
Rock shall mean material found in ledges or masses in its original position, or artifical hard
material, which would normally have to be loosened either by blasting or by pneumatic
tools or, if excavated by hand, by wedges and sledge hammers and which in the opinion of
the S.O. is not practical or incapable of being loosened by 100 mm ripper penetration or
more with a track-type tractor With mounted and drawn ripper of the following descrip
tion:-
i) Tractor Unit: Equipment with a minimum weight of 20 tonnes and net horse power
rating of 200 brake horse power or more. The tractor unit is to be in good condition
and operated by experienced personnel skilled in the use of ripping equipment;
ii) Ripping Unit : The ripper to be attached to the tractor shall be the most efficient par
alllelogram type recommended by the tractor or ripper Manufacturer. The ripper
shall have a single shank in good working condition with sharpened cutting point.
Boulders or detached pierces shall only be regarded as rock if they individually exceed 0.5
cubic metre.
(g) Hard Material

This shall mean material found in ledges or masses in its original position or any hard artifi
cial material which in the opinion of the S.O. would ron-nally require to be loosened by 300
mm ripper penetration with a track type tractor with mounted and drawn ripper as described
in Subsection 2.,2.1 (E) or a track-type hydraulic excavator of minimum 30 tonnes in
weight and 165 flywheel horse power or more. The excavator shall be in good condition
and operated by experienced personnel skilled in the use of excavator equipment. Hard
material shall exclude individual masses less than 0.5 cubic metre.

Appendix B
Standard Specification for Road Works

JKRISPJ/1988. JKR 20401-0017-88
Addendum No. 2
Section 2 Earthworks
1. The whole sub-section 2.2.1 (d) for definition of Unsuitable Materials shall be replaced and
read as follows:-
(d) Unsuitable Matelials
Unsuitable materials shall include :-
i) running silt, peat, logs, stumps, perishable, hazardous or toxic material,
slurry or mud, or
ii) any material

- consisting of highly compressible organic clay and silt;
- which is clayey or silty material having a liquid limit exceeding

80% or natural moisture content exceeding 90% of its liquid
limit and/or a plasticity index exceeding 55%;
Material that are soft or unstable merely because they are too wet (due
to over exposure to rain) or too dry for effective compaction are not to
be classified as unsuitable, unless otherwise classified by the S.O.
2. The whole sub-section 2.2.3.4 and sub-section 2.2.3.5 shall be replaced and read as fol
lows:-
2.2.3.4 Removal of Unsuitable Material
Unsuitable material shall be excavated to such designed depth and over such area
shown in the drawing and according to the specified criteria or as directed-by the
S.O. and be transported and disposed of in an approved manner. Unless approval
of the S.O. to dump and spread the unsuitable materials within the Site is
obtained, the Contractor shall be responsible for providing his own dump site for
such unsuitable materials. The Contractor shall comply with statutory require
ments such as payment of royalties, environmental protection, etc. Voids created
due to removal of unsuitable material shall be backfilled immediately with suit
able material compacted to a dry density not less than that of the surrounding
material or that specified for the respective part of the earthworks or as directed
by the S.O.
2.2.3.5 Replacement of Unsuitable Material Under Standing Water

Where it is shown in the drawing or decided by the S.O. that replacement of
unsuitable material shall he done under standing water (due to high water table
and permeable or very soft ground), voids created due to removal of unsuitable
material shall be backfilled with hard clean crushed rock, natural gravel or sand
having grading within the respective limits specified in Table 2.1.

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Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 20/98

Design Review Checklist

( DATO' IR DR. WAHID B. OMAR )

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 2

(42)dlm.PKR(J) Rb.Rb.1/1/3 Jld.3

Semua Pengarah JKR Negeri

Semua Pengarah Unit JKR.

Penggunaan Bahan/Barangan Dan Per'khidmatan Tempatan

Dengan hormatnya perkara tersebut di atas adalah dirujuk.

Sekian, terima kasih.

'BERKHIDMAT UNTUK NEGARA'

Sava yang menurut perintah,

(DATO' IR DR. WAHID B,. OMAR)

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 3

1. DESIGN REVIEW CHECKLIST

2. GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF ROAD DESIGN REPORT

3. GUIDELINES FOR SITE INVESTIGATION WORKS

4. GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN CRITERIA FOR ROAD WORKS

5. GARISPANDUAN UNTLIK POLISI DASAR KE ATAS KEPERLUAN KTMB BAGI

6. REINFORCED FILL STRUCTURES: DESIGN CRITERIA AND REQUIREMENTS

7. LIST OF ARAHAN TEKNIKJGUIDELINES PUBLISHED BY CAWANGAN ]ALAN,

8. ROAD KERB DETAILS

9. STANDARD SPECIFICATION OF GEOTEXTILES

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 4

DESIGN REVIEW CHECKLIST

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 5

Design Review Checklist for Road Qualification and experience of all

- maintainability: no problem to access 2. Earthwork

l. Design Report 2.2 Piled embankment as ground treatment

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 6

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 7

surface drains including type of drains, such as ADT, % of commercial vehicles,

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 8

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 9

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 10

included as part of the basis of the geotechnical & structural designs

9.7 All accepted Working Drawings for

9.8 Road Safety Audit Report for the detail

(iii) have attended a road safety

9.9 In addition to road safety audit, all

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GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION

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KETUA PENGARAH KERJA RAYA

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Garispanduan Penyediaan conceptional solutions

b) Technical Proposal Copy of the road safety audit

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g) Services / utilities Relocation

h) Material Source Study Report

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Road Design Checklist/Certification

(shall be filled by the consultant/designer

2. General Description of the Works

3. Records of Designers/checkers/ approval

b) Road alignment selection & Geometric design

c) Highway engineering and junction or interchange design

d) Road drainage &, hydrology

f) Geotechnical investigation and design (slope stability foundation etc.).