ADAMSON UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
M a n i l a

ChE Calculations 2

SOLID FUELS (TYPE I)

Submitted by:
Aquino, Katherine Faye
Diaz, Manuelito
Gagui, Farah Mae
Legaspi, Jeswino
Torneros, Angeline
Yagin, Michael Andrew

Tue/ 8-10; Thu/7-10(lab)

Submitted to:
Engr. Agbayani

Date Submitted: February 23, 2016

1. A sample of lignite was found to contain 34.55% moisture, 22.91% FC, 7.2% Ash, 1.1%

Sulfur, and 0.57% Nitrogen with a calorific value of 16.45 MJ/kg. Calculate:

a. Proximate Analysis

b. Modified Analysis

c. Ultimate Analysis

d. Analysis of VCM

e. Calorific Value of VCM

Given:

34.55% Moisture
22.91% Fixed Carbon
7.2% Ash Lignite
1.1% Sulfur
0.57% Nitrogen
CV = 16.45 MJ/kg

Required:

a. Proximate Analysis
b. Modified Analysis
c. Ultimate Analysis
d. Analysis of VCM
e. Calorific Value of VCM
Solution:
%VCM = 100 – Moisture – Fixed Carbon – Ash

%VCM = 100 – 34.55 – 22.91 – 7.2

%VCM = 35.34%
 Proximate Analysis:

FC 22.91%
VCM 35.34%
Ash 7.2%
Moisture 34.55%
Total 100.00%

%C = 5.88 + 2.206(CV – 0.094S) + 0.0053[80 – 100 (VCM/FC)]1.55

1.55
35.34
%C=5.88+2.206 [ 16.45-0.094 ( 1.1 ) ] +0.0053 80-100∙| 22.91 |
%C = 46.15%

O
CV=0.338 ∙C+1.44 H- ( 8 )
+0.094 ∙S

( H- O8 )= Net Hydrogen (NH)

therefore,

CV=0.338 ∙C+1.44 ∙NH+0.094 ∙S

CV-0.338 ∙C-0.094 ∙S
NH=
1.44

16.45-0.338 ( 46.15 ) -0.094 ( 1.1 )

NH=
1.44

NH = 0.52%
Combined Water (CW) = 100 – NH – C – Moisture – N – S – Ash

CW = 100 – 0.52 – 46.15 – 34.55 – 0.57 – 1.1 – 7.2

CW = 9.91%

Modified Analysis:

C 46.15%
N 0.57%
S 1.1%
Ash 7.2%
Moisture 34.55%
Net Hydrogen 0.52%
Combined Water 9.91%
Total 100%

Hydrogen in CW & M = (9.91 + 34.55)(2/18)

Hydrogen in CW & M = 4.94

Total Hydrogen = Hydrogen in CW & M + Net Hydrogen

Total Hydrogen = 4.94 + 0.52

Total Hydrogen = 5.46%

Oxygen in CW & M = (9.91 + 34.55)(16/18)

Oxygen in CW & M = 39.52%

 Ultimate Analysis:
C 46.15%
H 5.46%
O 39.52%
N 0.57%
Ash 7.2%
S 1.1%
Total 100%

Volatile Carbon in VCM = Carbon – Fixed Carbon

Volatile Carbon in VCM = 46.15 – 22.91
Volatile Carbon in VCM = 23.24

VCM Analysis:
C 23.24 65.76%
Net Hydrogen 0.52 1.47%
Combined Water 9.91 28.04%
S 1.1 3.11%
N 0.57 1.61%
Total 35.34 100%

CV of Coal (100 ) -CV of C (FC)

CV of VCM=
VCM

16.45 ( 100 ) -33.8(22.91)

CV of VCM=
35.34

CV of VCM = 24.64 MJ/kg

2. A burner uses Pittsburgh coal analyzing 14.1% ash, 2.1% N and 4.3% S. Excess air is supplied
dry at 22 oC and 1 atm. The stack gas at 285 oC, 765 mmhg analyzes 9.65% CO2, 1.16% CO,
0.24% SO2, 0.58% H2 and 9.16% O2. Calculate:
a) Equivalence Ratio
b) Complete Ultimate Analysis
c) m3 air/kg coal
d) m3 SG/kg coal

Given:

Excess air
22oC
1 atm

285 oC
765 mmhg

14.1% ash 9.65% CO2

2.1% N 1.16% CO
4.3% S 0.24% SO2
0.58% H2
9.16% O2
Basis: 100 kg of Coal
Sulfur Balance
4.3 kg S
=(.0024)(DSG)
32 kg/mole
DSG = 55.9896 moles
DSG
CO2 =0 .0965 DSG = 5.4030 moles CO2
CO = 0.0116 DSG = 0.6495 moles CO
H2 = 0.0058 DSG = 0.3247 moles H2
SO2 = 0.0024 DSG = 0.1344 moles SO2
O2 = 0.0916 DSG = 5.1286 moles O2
Moles N2 = Total moles of DSG – (moles of (CO2 + CO + H2 + SO2 + O2))
Moles N2 = 55.9896 – (5.4030 + 0.6495 + 0.3247 + 0.1344 + 5.1286)
Moles N2 = 44.3494 moles
2.1 kg N
N2 supp = 44.3494 - kg = 44.2744 moles
14 ∗2
mole
21
O2 supp = 44.2744 * = 11.7691 moles
79
CO H 2
O2 free = O2 excess + +
2 2
0.6495 0.3247
O2 excess = 5.1286 - -
2 2
O2 excess = 4.6415 moles
excess O 2 4.6415
% excess air = x 100 = x 100 = 65.12 %
TheoO 2−excessO 2 11.7691−4,6415
100 100
a) Equivalence ratio = ' = = 0.606
100+ x ss 100+65.12
b) Complete Ultimate Analysis
Carbon Balance
%C( 100)
= (0.0965 + 0.0116)(DSG)
12
%C = 72.63%
CO
O2 unused = O2 supp – O2 free – CO2 – – SO2
2
0.6495
O2 unused = 11.7691 – 5.1286 – 5.4030 – – 0.1344 = 0.7784 moles
2
Net H = (O2 unused x 4) + (H2 x 2) = (0.7734 x4) +(0.3247 x2) = 3.7630 kg
CW&M = 100 – (C + Net H + Ash + N + S)
CW & M = 3.107 kg
2 2
Total H = Net H + (CW & M)( ) = 3.7630 + (3.107)( ) =4.1082 kg
18 18
16 16
Total O = (CW & M)( ) = (3.107)( ) = 2.7618 kg
18 18
Ultimate Analysis

Element/other mass %
C 72.63 72.63
H 4.1082 4.11
O 2.7618 2.76
N 2.1 2.10
Ash 14.1 14.10
S 4.3_____ 4.30___
100 kg 100%

c) m3 air / kg coal
total moles of air = N2 supp / 0.79 = 44.2744/0.79 = 56.0435 moles
22+273
56.0435 x 22.4 x
3
m air / kg coal = 273 = 13.57 m3/kg
100
d) m3 SG / kg coal
SG = DSG + (Total H2 – H2 unused) = 55.9896 + ((4.1082/2) - .3247) = 57.719 moles

760 285+273
57.719 x 22.4 x x
3
m SG / kg coal = 765 273 = 26.25 m3/kg
100
3) On an “as received” basis, the proximate analysis of a representative coal from the Seminara
Plant is 32% VCM, 53% FC, 10% ash, 1.2% N and 6.2% S. Its calorific value is 23.78 MJ/kg.
On the assumption that this coal is burnt with 150% excess air so that the molal ration of CO2 to
CO is 5:1, calculate:
a) m3 dry air at 25oC, 750 mmHg/ kg coal
b) Complete analysis of the flue gas
c) m3 flue gas at 240oC, 770 mmHg/ kg coal
d) % CV lost due to
i) Unburnt combustibles
ii) Uncondensed water
iii) Sensible Heat

Given: 150% excess air

32% VCM C O2 5
=
53% FC CO 1
10% ash
1.2% N
6.2% S
CV= 23.78 MJ/kg

Solution:
Basis: 100 kg coal

Solving for Moisture content of coal: M =100−32−53−10=5 % Moisture

Solving for total Carbon using Calderwood Equation:
C=5.88+2.206 ( CV −0.094 S )+ 0.0053¿
C=5.88+2.206 ( 23.78−0.094( 6.2) ) +0.0053 ¿
C = 57.5876%
Solving for net H using Dulong’s formula:
CV =0.338 C+ 1.44 ( net H ) +0.094 S
23.78−0.338 ( 57.5876 )−0.094(6.2)
net H = =2.5921 %
1.44
Solving for Combined Water by difference using the modified analysis:
CW =100−%M−%ash−%N −%S−%net H−%C
CW =100−5−10−1.2−6.2−2.5921−57.5876=17.4203
Solving for total H:
2
H=net H + H CW ∧M =2.5921+ ( 17.4204+ 5 )
18
=5.0832 ( )
Solving for O in coal:
16
O=O CW ∧M =( 17.4204+5 )
18
=19.9292 ( )
Solving for O2 theoretical:
H 57.5876 5.0832 6.2 19.9292
O2 =C + + S−mol O 2= + + − =5.6407 kgmol
4theo
12 4 32 2 ( 16 )
Solving for O2 from air:
O 2 =O 2 +O 2 (%excess air )=5.6407+5.6407 ( 1.5 )=14.1018 kgmol
air theo theo

Solving for N2 from air:

79 79
N 2 =O 2
21
air
=14.1018
21
air ( )
=53.0497 kgmol ( )
273+25 760
3 (14.1018+53.0497)(22.4)( )( )
a) m dry air 273 750 m3
= =16.64
kg coal 100 kg coal kg

57.5876 5 57.5876 1
CO 2=
12 6 ()
=3.9991 kgmol CO=
12 6()
=0.7998 kgmol

6.2 1.2
SO2= =0.19375 kmol N 2=53.0497+ =53.0926 kgmol
32 28

CO 0.7998
O 2 =O 2 + =( 14.1018−5.6407 )+ =8.861kgmol
free excess
2 2

total H 5.0832
H 2 O= = =2.5416 kgmol
2 2

b) Complete analysis of flue gas:

gas mol %
CO2 3.9991 5.76%
CO 0.7998 1.15%
SO2 0.19375 0.28%
N2 53.0926 76.41%
 O2 8.861 12.75%
H2O 2.5416 3.66%
69.48785 100%

273+240 760
3 (69.48785)(22.4)( )( )
c) m flue gas 273 770 m3
= =28.87
kg coal 100 kg coal kg

d) % CV lost due to:

i) unburnt combustibles:
( 0.7998 ) ( 283.16 )
CO : ( 100 )=9.52 %
23.78 ( 100 )
ii) uncondensed water:
( 2.5416 ) ( 44.04 )
H2O : (100 )=4.71 %
23.78 ( 100 )
iii) Sensible Heat:

T ¿=240 o C=240+ 273=513 K

2 2
C3 C5
Cp=C 1 +C2

Stack Gas
[ ( ) ] [ ( )]
T

sinh 3
C
T

mol
+C 4
T
C
cosh 5

Cp
T

nCp
CO2 3.9991 0.0451 0.1804
CO 0.7998 0.0299 0.0239
SO2 0.19375 0.0469 9.0869x10-3
N2 53.0926 0.0296 1.5715
O2 8.861 0.0312 0.2765
H2O 2.5416 0.0354 0.09
2.1514
( 2.1514 )( 240−25 )
% Sensible Heat loss= ( 100 ) =19.45 %
23.78 ( 100 )
4.) A boiler is fired with coal containing 72.63%C, 14%ash, 1.6%N and 1.2%S burnt under
conditions that the elimination of combustibles from the residue is complete. The air enters the
furnace at 25ᵒC, 760mmHg with 80%RH. The flue gas goes to the stack at 280ᵒC and 110 Kpa.
The average flue gas orsat analysis is 8.41% CO2, 2.52%CO, 0.76%H2 and 9.86%O2. Assume that
all the sulfur and nitrogen in the coal burns to SO2 and N2 respectively. Calculate the following:
a.) %excess air
b.) ultimate analysis of coal
c.) m3flue gas/ kg coal
d.) m3air/ kg coal
Given: x’ss air at25ᵒC, 760mmHg with
80%RH

72.63%C, 14%ash, 1.6%N

and 1.2%S 8.41% CO2, 2.52%CO, 0.76%H2
and 9.86%O2

Solution:
Basis: 100kg coal
C bal:
72.63/12= (0.0841+0.0252) DSG
DSG= 55.3751 kgmole
S bal:
 (%S)(55.3751) = 1.2/32
S= 0.0677%
%N=100-8.41-2.52-0.76-9.86-0.0677= 78.382%
DSG (in kgmoles)
CO2 = 4.6570
CO = 1.3955
H2 = 0.4209
O2 = 5.46
N2 = 43. 4043
SO2 = 0.0375
N2 supp = 43.4043-(1.6/28) =43.3472 kgmoles
O2 supp = 43.3472(21/79) = 11.5227 kgmoles
X’ss O2 = 5.46 – (1.3955/2) – (0.4209/2) = 4.5118 kgmoles
a.) %x’ss air = [4.5118/(11.5227-4.5118)]x 100 = 65.3%
65.3%
b.) Ultimate analysis of coal:
O2 unaccounted= 11.5227- 4.6570- (1.3955/2) – 5.46 – 0.0375 = 0.67045
Net H = 0.67045x4= 2.6818 + 0.8418 = 3.5236
CW= 100- 72.63 -14 -1.6- 1.2- 3.5236 = 7.0464
HCW = 7.0464(2/18) = 0.7829
OCW = 7.0464(16/18) = 6.2635
Total H = 3.5236 + 0.7829= 4.306%

UA:
C= 72.63%
H= 4.306%
O= 6.264%
N= 1.6%
Ash= 14%
S= 1.2%
c.) Ps= {exp[73.649- 7258.2/298 – 7.3037ln(298) + 4.1653x106(2982)]} x (760/101325)
Ps= 23.568 mmHg
23.568(.8)
nH2O = ( 43.3472+11.5227 ) x =1.3959
760−23.568(.8)
Total H2= H2(h2O) + H2(unburned)
H2(h2O) = 2.153-0.4209 = 1.7321
101.325 273+280
3 (1.7321+1.3959+55.322751)(22.4 )( )( )
m flue gas 110 273 m3
= =2445.45
kg coal 100 kg

3
d.) m air
=
( 1.3959+43.3472+11.5227 )( 22.4 ) ( 101.325 298
101325 273 )
)( =13.76
3
m
kg coal 100 kg
5. A certain coal is pulverized and burnt in a burner. Analysis of coal showed 70% C, 10.7% Ash, and
1.2% N. The residue is substantially free of combustible. A sample of the flue gas collected and analysed
in an orsat apparatus over mercury contains 8.3% CO 2, 3.32% CO, 0.32% SO2 , 3.32% H2 , and 9.53% O2 .
Air is supplied at 30˚C, 1 atm, and saturated with water. Calculate:
a) % excess O2
b) complete ultimate analysis of coal
c) m3 flue gas (850˚C, 1 atm) / kg of coal
d) mg SO2 per NCM

Solution:
Air ( 30˚C, 1 atm )

Coal Flue Gas

•70% C •8.3% CO2
•10.7% Ash •3.32% C
•1.2% N •0.32% SO2
•3.32% H2
•9.53% O2
Basis: 100 kg of coal

C bal:
70
x 100 = ( 8.3+ 3.2 ) x (DSG)
12

DSG = 50.2008 kg

S bal:
%S x 100
= ( 0.0032 ) x (50.2008)
32
 %S = 0.0514 x 100 = 5.14%

%N = 100 - 8.3 - 3.32 - 0.32 – 3.32 – 9.53 – 5.14

%N = 75.21%

1.2
N2 supplied = ( 0.7521 ) x ( 50.2008 ) -
28
= 37.7132 moles

21
O2 supplied = 37.7132 x
79
= 10.0250 moles

CO = H2 = ( 3.32 x 50.2008 ) / 100 = 1.6667 moles

1.6667 1.6667
Excess O2 = ( 0.0953 ) x ( 50.2008 ) -
2
-
2
= 3.1174 moles

Answers:

a) % excess O2

3.1174
% excess = x 100
10.0250−3.1174

% excess = 45.13%

b) Ultimate Analysis

DSG moles

CO2 4.1667
CO 1.6667
SO2 0.1606
H2 1.6667
O2 4.7841
N2 37.7560

1.6667
O2 unaccounted = 10.0250 – 4.1667 - - 0.1606 – 4.7841
2
O2 unaccounted = 0.08205 moles

net H = 0.08025 x 4 = 3.6544 moles

CW = 100 – 70 – 10.7 – 1.2 – 5.14 – 3.6544
CW = 9.3056 moles
2
H in CW = 9.3056 x
18
= 1.034 moles
16
O in CW = 9.3056 x
18
= 8.2716 moles
Total H = 3.6544 + 1.034
Total H = 4.69 moles

Ultimate Analysis:
• 70% C
• 10.7% Ash
• 1.2% N
• 5.14% S
• 4.69% H
• 8.27% O

c) Flue Gas ( 250˚C, 1 atm ) / kg coal

7258.2 760
Ps = exp ( 73.649 – ( ) – 7.3037 ln (303) + 4.1653x10-6 x ( 3032 ) x
303 101325
Ps = 31.5886

31.5886
nH2O air = x 47.7382
760−31.5886
nH2O air = 2.0702 moles

Total H2 = H2 unburned + H2 in H2O

2.345 = 1.6667 + H2 in H2O
H2 in H2O = 0.6783 moles
 ( 0.6783+2.0702+50.2008 ) x 0.8206 x( 250+273)
V=
1 atm
V = 2272.45 m3

m3 flue gas / kg coal = 2272.45 / 100 = 22.72

mg SO2 ( 0.1606 x 64 ) x 1000000

= =7938.96
d.) NCM 298
( 0.6783+2.0702+50.2008 ) x 22.4 x
273
6. A high volatile B bituminous coal analyzing 22% VCM, 64% FC, 4% M, 1.4% N and 1.6% S
has a calorific value of 32.5 MJ/kg. It is burned in excess air supplied essentially dry at 28°C and
1 atm. The stack gases leave at 250°C, 740 mm Hg and contain 8.37% CO 2, 4.19% CO, and
2.51% H 2. Calculate:

a) % excess O2
b) Complete orsat analysis of the stack gas
c) m3 stack gas/m3 air

Solution:
Excess air, 28°C, 1 atm

Stack Gases, 250°C, 740

Coal: mm Hg

22% VCM 8.37% CO 2

64% FC 4.19% CO
CV= 32.5 MJ/kg
4% M 2.51% H2
1.4% N

1.6% S

Basis: 100 kg of Coal

Using Calderwood Equation:

VCM 1.55
C=5.88+2.206(CV-0.094S) +0.0053[80− 100 ( FC
] )
22 1.55
C=5.88+2.206(32.5-0.094(1.6)) +0.0053[80−(100 )]
64
Carbon=79.22
Carbon balance:
79.22kgmol
kg = (0.08379+0.0419) (DSG)
12
kgmol
DSG= 52.5610 kgmol

Sulfur balance:
1.6 kg
(%S)(52.5610kgmol)= kg
32
kgmol
Sulfur= 0.095%
%Ash= 100-VCM-FC-M
%Ash= 100-22-64-4
Ash= 10%
Using Dulong’s Formula:
CV= 0.338C+1.44(H-O/8) +0.094S
32.5 MJ/kg= 0.338(79.22) +1.44(Net H) +0.094(1.6)
Net H= 3.8703%
Combined Water= 100-10-1.6-1.4-79.22-3.8703
Combined Water= 3.9097%
2H
Hydrogen (Combined Water and Moisture) = (3.9097+4) ( ) = 0.8789%
18 H 2 O

16 0
Oxygen (Combined Water and Moisture) = (3.9097+4) ( ) = 7.0308%
18 H 2 O

Total Hydrogen= Net H+H in CW&M

Total Hydrogen= 3.8703+0.8789 = 4.7492%
79.22 4.7492 1.6 7.0308
Theo O2= + + −
12 4 32 32
Theo O2 = 7.6193 kgmol

Let x = excess O2
O2 Supplied= 7.6193+x

CO 2 = (0.0837) (52.5610) = 4.3994 kgmol

CO = (0.0419) (52.5610) = 2.2023 kgmol

H 2 = (0.0251) (52.5610) = 1.3193 kgmol

79 1.4
N 2 = (7.6193+x) ( )+
21 28
SO 2= (0.0095) (52.5610) = 0.0499

2.2023 1.3193
Free O2= x+ +
2 2
DSG Balance:
79 1.4 2.203 1.3193
52.5610= 4.3994+2.2023+1.3193+ (7.6193+x) ( ) + +0.0499+ x+ +
21 28 2 2
x = 2.9644

2.9644
a) % excess O2= (100) = 38.9 %
7.6193

79 1.4
N 2 = (7.6193+2.9644)( )+ = 39.8649 kgmol
21 328
2.2023 1.3193
Free O2 = 2.9644+ + = 4.7252 kgmol
2 2
b) Complete Orsat Analysis
Gas mol %
CO 2 4.3994 8.37
CO 2.2023 4.19
H2 1.3193 2.51
N2 39.8649 75.845
SO 2 0.0499 0.095
O2 4.7252 8.99
52.5610
c) m3 Stack gas/m3 air

760 mm Hg 273+250
m ¿ 3
=
( 740 mm Hg )
(52.5610 kgmol ) ( 22.4 ) (
273
)
3
m air 760 mm Hg 273+28
( 10.5837+39.8149 ) (22.4 ) (
760 mm Hg ) 273
( )

m3 ¿
= 1.89
m3 air