Bilin18 9 2b
Bilin18 9 2b
Bilin18 9 2b
14. 蓝 宗 建 混 凝 土 结 构 设 计 原 理 , 东 南 大 学 出 版 社 ,
2007.9.
15. 建筑结构荷载规范,(Load code for the design of
building structures) GB 50009-2001, 2002-03-01.
主要内容 (Main contents)
As the moment in a beam vary along the beam length [1], it follows that
even if the section and reinforcement are constant along the beam, the
section stiffness can vary with the moment along the beam.
σsk = Mk/0.87Ash0
= 81x106/(0.87x1140x464)
= 176.1 (N/mm2)
ψ = 1.1 – 0.65ftk/(σskρte)
= 1.1 – 0.65x1.54/(176.1x0.0182)
= 0.788 (0.2 1.0)
Step 4) the short-term section stiffness Bs and the short-term
deflection at mid-span
Bs = 31289.8 kNm2
The short-term
2
deflection at mid-span
5 M k l0
f
48 Bs
= (5/48)(81x62)/ 31289.8= 9.7 mm l0/250 = 24 mm
Step 5) the long-term section stiffness Bl and the long-term
deflection at mid-span
= 2 – 0.4ρ’ /ρ
= 2 – 0.4x0.811%/0.98%
= 1.67
(if ρ’ = 0, = 2.0!!).
The long-term section stiffness can be calculated as
Mk
Bl Bs
M k ( 1) M q
= (81x31289.8)/[81+(1.67-1)54]
= 21628.9 kNm2
The long-term deflection can be expressed as
5 M k l 02
fl
48 Bl
= (5/48)(81x62)/ 21628.9
= 14 mm l0/250 = 24 mm
Limit State of Serviceability σs Steel
Crack occurs whenever the principle tensile strain from loads or restraint
forces would exceed the ultimate tensile strain of concrete. Due to the
formation of cracks, the compatibility of deformations between steel and
concrete is not maintained. The accumulation of strain differences
produces relative displacement (slip). The crack width at the steel is
provided by the sum of the two slip values reaching the crack from either
sides [6].
d d s
4 dx
Limit State of Serviceability
2. Crack width
3. Crack spacing
Crack control/Crack formation
After hardening, besides the dead load and the live load,
restraint forces in the statically indeterminate structures
produced by different settlement of foundations or by different
temperatures of the top and bottom faces of the element may
cause cracking [6].
Crack control
Flexural cracks start at the tension face and stop before reaching
the NA. If a high amount of reinforcement is placed into the
tensile flange, the cracks may be more distributed in the flange
than in the web.
Crack control
w (
(sr )
sx cx )dx s1 s2 (4.3-1)
w = srσs/Es
Eq.(4.3-1) w (
(sr )
sx cx )dx s1 s2
Early cracks and cracks induced by imposed deformations are not dealt
with here [6].
Crack control/Crack formation
1) Pulled cracks
2) Slipped cracks
3) Inclined cracks on
the rib top
4) Crushed concrete
5) Sliding plane
Bond between concrete and steel [1,3]
d d s
4 dx
1) The stress difference dσs produces the bond stress τ [1, 3].
2) Without bond stress, the stress difference dσs can not exist.
3) Unless the bond strength between concrete and steel is adequate
to provide this required bond stress, the rebar will slip in the
concrete and the two materials will no longer act together [1].