Figure of the Day

• Rules: if already seen‐ don’t give away answer! Let classmates 
enjoy figuring it out.
• Start with general observations: What do you know? What types 
of variables are shown (numerical, categorical, etc.)? Are colors or 
numbers used in a certain context?

The Immune System &

Vaccines
Unit 10
Chapter 17, 18 & 19

Figure of the Day Vaccines
• Take 2 minutes to write down a personal definition of a vaccine. 
• Is this an observational or  • Share out what are somethings you included in your definition.
controlled experiment?
• From the CDC: Definition of Terms (https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac‐gen/imz‐
basics.htm#terms)
• Immunity: Protection from an infectious disease. If you are immune to a disease, you can be 
• What is the dependent  exposed to it without becoming infected.
variable? Is there an  • Vaccine: A product that stimulates a person’s immune system to produce immunity to a specific 
independent variable? disease, protecting the person from that disease. Vaccines are usually administered through 
needle injections, but can also be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.
• Vaccination: The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce immunity to a specific 
• What conclusions can you  disease.
draw from this graph? • Immunization: A process by which a person becomes protected against a disease through 
vaccination. This term is often used interchangeably with vaccination or inoculation.
• How was your definition similar? How did it differ? Take 2 minutes to add information to 
your definition.
 Types of Vaccines Types of Vaccine Matching (2 per)
• Go to this website: 
https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/types‐vaccines • Live attenuated 1. Requires booster shots or doses
**might need to tell browser this is a secure site, click advanced  • Inactivated 2. Another option is a recombinant 
then continue to site
• Subunit/conjugate version where the protein is added to 
• During the next 10 minutes, read through the information and  another cell
hover over each step to learn more. Then summarize the three  3. Causes strongest immune response by 
major types of vaccines below. stimulating more B cells & T cells
• Live Attenuated 4. Made of pathogen proteins (antigens)
• Inactivated 5. Possible to cause mild symptoms or 
• Subunit/Conjugate side effects
6. Cause lowered immune response but 
contains a killed pathogen

How do vaccines work?
How do vaccines work?
Activate Immune System
• Take 3 minutes to write down everything you know to answer this 
question. 
• Innate Immune System‐ non‐specific
• Share out what are somethings you included in your definition.
• Reacts quickly
• External‐ physical barriers & secreted chemicals
• Internal‐ blood cells, cytokines, inflammation, phagocytosis, & 
complement

• Adaptive Immune System‐ specificity between Antigen & WBCs
• Needs activation
• Internal‐ B cells & T cells
• Antibodies
• Immunological Memory
 Types of Immunity Summarize Response to Vaccine
• Go to this website: https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/how‐vaccines‐work#close
**might need to tell browser this is a secure site, click advanced then continue to site
• During the next 10 minutes, summarize the response to vaccine portion noting the roles of the 
following parts.
• Antigen Presenting Cell (APC):
• Dendritic cells and macrophages, both act non‐specifically
• T Helper Cell:
• Naïve B Cell:
• Plasma Cell:
• Antibodies:
• Killer T Cell (T Cytotoxic Cell): 
• Memory Cells:

Summarize Response to Pathogen Practice Short Answer
• Go to this website: https://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/how‐vaccines‐work#close
• During the next 10 minutes, summarize the response to pathogen portion noting the roles of the  • Using the information on how vaccines work, explain why a live 
following parts.
attenuated vaccine will create a larger immune response in 
• Activate Memory T Helper Cells: comparison to a inactivated vaccine.
• Memory B Cells:
• Plasma B Cells:
• Antibodies:
• Killer T Cell (T Cytotoxic Cell): 
Antibody Protection Methods Label Each as a Method of Antibody
Protection
• Activation of Complement
• Toxin and Virus Neutralization
• Prevent toxin from working or attachment to host cell
• Inhibition of Adherence and Mobility Figure 18.7

• FC portion binds to mucus to form a sticky trap
• Cytolysis
• Via C’ MAC or NK cells
• Opsonization
• Inflammation
• Antibodies on mast cells bind Ag and mast cells release 
histamine Figure 18.8

• Precipitation & Agglutination‐ Crosslinking
Figure 18.10
Figure 18.9

Types of Antibodies Antibody Diversity
• D: B cell surface receptor, when secreted  • More specifically humans have about:
activated mast cells or basophils • Heavy chains:
• A: dimer, secreted in mucous • 51 V genes, 27 D genes & J genes
• E: allergies, discussed later • 51 x 27 x 6 = 8,262 possible
• G: major one, secreted by plasma cells,  • Light chains:
many functions • 40 V genes & 5 J genes of one type
• 30 V genes & 4 J genes of a second type
• M: pentamer, best at agglutination, 
produced first upon vaccination/infection • 40 x 5 = 200 and 30 x 4 = 120 then combined= 320
• Now combine heavy & light chains= 8,262 x 320 = more than 
2.6 million from only 163 genes
 Activating the correct B & T cells (Clonal Selection Theory)‐
Draw with me (See Fig. 18.17, 18.18, & 18.22) Figure of the Day Part 1
• Rules: if already seen‐ don’t 
give away answer!
• Start with general 
observations: What do you 
know? What types of variables 
are shown (numerical, 
categorical, etc.)? Are colors or 
numbers used in a certain 
context?

Figure of the Day Part 1 Figure of the Day Part 2
• Is this an observational or controlled  • This is from the same paper.
experiment? • In what ways do these results further support your 
conclusion from the previous graph? 

• What is the dependent variable? What is 
the independent variable? • You are going to make a vaccine against the 2009 
H1N1 virus. Take 10 minutes.
1. Which type of vaccine would you choose to make 
• Did the 2009 H1N1 virus cause an immune  and why?
response in these mice? How do you  2. Name two dependent variables you would measure 
that would support that your vaccine is effective in 
know? the mice.
3. Explain how you would perform your test on vaccine 
efficacy and safety.
• What conclusion do you draw from the 
comparison they are making? Figure 1. Adult male and female mice were
inoculated intranasally with 10 TCID (i.e., the
50 Figure 1. 21 days after injection with the virus,
tissue culture infectious dose that causes
anti-2009 H1N1 IgA antibody-secreting (ASC)
cytopathic effects in 50% of cells) units of 2009
B cells were quantified in the lungs (C) and
H1N1 virus. Blood serum samples were
CD4+ T helper cells (D) were analyzed.
collected to measure anti-2009 H1N1 IgG titers.
 Ensuring Vaccine Safety
• Take 2 minutes to write down what you think is important for vaccine safety and what 
Figure of the Day
you think is involved in the process of making vaccines.  •Based on this graph, what phase of clinical trails is this vaccine in?
• Go to this website: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/patient‐
ed/conversations/downloads/vacsafe‐ensuring‐bw‐office.pdf
• Take 5 minutes to read and summarize each of the steps below:
• Development:
• Clinical Trials:
• Phase I:  Should this vaccine be
• Phase II: licensed? Why or why
• Phase III: not?
• Post‐lincensure:
• VAERS
• FDA’s role:

Adverse effects‐ why? External Defenses

• Category 1: Side effects (expected)
• Physical Barriers
• Examples soreness, reddening or rash, fever, runny nose
• Skin & mucous membranes
• Contains nervous tissue and Figure 17.3
• Soreness due to injecting and breaking the external surface,  pain receptors
similar pain to when get a cut
• Redding or rash due to inflammation, part of innate immune  • Vaccines penetrate this layer,
response irritating the nerves (soreness)
• Fever due to innate immune response and activates inflammatory
response
 Inflammation Response- Draw with me Fever
• Initiation:
(See Fig. 17.19 & 17.23) • Endotoxins from pathogens stimulates WBCs to release
pyrogens
• Exotoxins from pathogens released by bacteria can cause
fever (also called exogenous pyrogens)
• Moderately-elevated temperature increases
• Phagocytic cell activity
• Lymphocyte production
• Effect of interferon
• General metabolism
• Higher temperature favors host over invader

• Results in swelling that causes redness and further soreness

• Activates fever response, non-specific

Adverse effects‐ why? Adverse effects‐ why?

• Category 2: Allergic reaction  • Category 3: Other health problems
• Vaccine component or something in  • Unknown origin or cause
person’s environment activates a B  • Could be correlated to vaccine but too many other potential variables
cell to make antibodies • History behind anti‐vaccine movement
• Produces IgE which coat mast cells • 1980‐ DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis) “causing” neurological 
• Vaccine component or allergen re‐ disorders, never supported by public health research
enter the body • 1998‐ MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) “causes” autism spectrum 
• Mast cells release histamine disorder (ASD)
• Causes vasodilation= swelling,  • Then in general antigen exposure overwhelmed the immune system 
redness, itchiness,  etc. due to any vaccine or multiple on one day “causes” ASD
• Then a stabilizing agent called thimerosal, a mercury preservative, 
“causes” ASD
 Antibody‐stimulating proteins & polysaccharides in 
MMR vaccines
• Danish study including over 
500,000 children • What conclusions can be drawn from this graph?
• Relative risk: ratio incidence 
rate autism for vaccinated to 
unvaccinated indiv.
• Risk near or around 1 mean that 
vaccinated rate is equal to 
unvaccinated rate
• What conclusions can be 
drawn from this table?

Figure 1. Parents of study participants reported the number of doses and specific vaccines each child had been
given from birth to age 2. Each vaccine contains a certain number of immunogens (aka antigens) for example,
yellow fever vaccine has 11 antigens. Children were random sample of those diagnosed with autism spectrum
disorder (ASD) and controls. Percentage of 3,112 participants in each category is plotted.

Antibody‐stimulating proteins & polysaccharides in 
Thimerosal/Ethylmercury in vaccines
vaccines • What conclusions can be drawn from this table?
• What conclusions can be drawn from this graph?

Figure 2. Parents of study participants reported the maximum number of vaccines their child received in a
single day, which was used to determine the number of immunogens (aka antigens) received in a single day.
Children were random sample of those diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and controls.
Percentage of 3,112 participants in each category is plotted.
 Parent Narratives
• Take 5 minutes to respond to one of the parent narratives with 
information you have learned in this unit in this google doc.
• Then find a different narrative, respond and add to that student’s 
response. Take another 5 minutes.
• Google doc: 
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1xMXq1lCyu49hVxSeQchQ
FZbQQ0zp_CqV3aSg2olo70E/edit?usp=sharing
Evasion of Host Immune 
Responses
Yet we still get sick…

Figure 17.3
Evading our Evading our
Antibodies External Defenses

• Antibody protease • Physical Barriers- Skin & mucous

membranes
• FC receptors capture Ab on cell surface • Peristalsis
• Antigenic drift • Ciliary action
• Mimicking host molecules • Secreted Chemicals
• Acidic secretions (sweat, sebum) &
mucous

• How?
• Pili or other adhesins for attachment
• Biofilms for attachment Figure 17.5
• Invasins induce phagocytosis by 
nonphagocytic cells
Evading our Evading our
Phagocytosis Phagocytosis
• Draw with me (Figure 17.21) • How?
• Capsule
• C3b digesting enzyme (C3b peptidase)
• Survival within phagocyte
• Escape from phagosome into cytoplasm (Rickettsia)
• Inhibit fusion of lysosome and phagosome (M. 
tuberculosis)

Evading our Evading our

Cell Communication Complement Proteins
• Interferon • Serum proteins that “complement” the adaptive
• Antiviral immune response
• Causes 1) destroy viral RNA, 2) apoptosis, 3) activate • Three mechanisms for activation, but the results are the
adaptive immune cells same
• Not virus specific • Act in an ordered sequence - “Complement Cascade”
• How? • Product of one reaction activates next in sequence (usually
• Viral regulatory proteins  by splitting)
that stop host gene  • End with membrane attack complex
expression

Figure 17.11
Evading our
Complement Proteins
• How?
• Capsule and altered O antigen prevent C3 convertase 
formation (Alternate Pathway)