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    1.4.2 Making Vaccines

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    Vikas Viki
    Vaccines provide active acquired immunity to diseases by exposing individuals to antigens to stimulate antibody and cell-mediated immune responses. Effective vaccines are those that protect against disease exposure with low side effects, stimulate long-lasting immunological memory without boosters, and are inexpensive, stable, and easy to administer. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, killed/inactivated, toxoid, subunit, and genetically engineered varieties that are typically administered via injection but sometimes orally or nasally.

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    1.4.2 Making Vaccines

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    Vikas Viki
    67 views21 pages
    Vaccines provide active acquired immunity to diseases by exposing individuals to antigens to stimulate antibody and cell-mediated immune responses. Effective vaccines are those that protect against disease exposure with low side effects, stimulate long-lasting immunological memory without boosters, and are inexpensive, stable, and easy to administer. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, killed/inactivated, toxoid, subunit, and genetically engineered varieties that are typically administered via injection but sometimes orally or nasally.

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    Vaccines provide active acquired immunity to diseases by exposing individuals to antigens to stimulate antibody and cell-mediated immune responses. Effective vaccines are those that protect against disease exposure with low side effects, stimulate long-lasting immunological memory without boosters, and are inexpensive, stable, and easy to administer. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, killed/inactivated, toxoid, subunit, and genetically engineered varieties that are typically administered via injection but sometimes orally or nasally.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    67 views21 pages

    1.4.2 Making Vaccines

    Uploaded by

    Vikas Viki
    Vaccines provide active acquired immunity to diseases by exposing individuals to antigens to stimulate antibody and cell-mediated immune responses. Effective vaccines are those that protect against disease exposure with low side effects, stimulate long-lasting immunological memory without boosters, and are inexpensive, stable, and easy to administer. There are several types of vaccines including live attenuated, killed/inactivated, toxoid, subunit, and genetically engineered varieties that are typically administered via injection but sometimes orally or nasally.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    Moral Monday BW

    • Should patients be given refunds when a


    vaccine doesn’t work?
    Vaccines

    Mrs. Stewart
    Adapted from: Project Lead The Way Making Vaccines powerpoint
    What is a Vaccine?

    – a biological preparation that provides active


    acquired immunity to a particular disease
    Types of Immunity
    • Innate
    – Maybe she’s born with it

    • Acquired
    – Active: produced from exposure to antigens and
    development of antibodies
    – Passive: antibodies passed from one organism to
    another (eg: breastfeeding)

    • Herd - Individuals protected by immunity of


    the “herd”
    Herd Immunity
    • More immunity =
    decrease incidence of
    disease

    • With greater numbers


    immunized, it is less
    likely that an
    unimmunized person
    will encounter the
    pathogen.

    • Mass vaccination =
    indirect protection for
    those who do
    not/cannot receive the
    vaccine
    Effective Vaccines
    • Protect against exposure to wild forms of
    pathogen
    Effective Vaccines
    • Have low levels of side effects or toxicity.
    Effective Vaccines
    • Stimulate both types of
    immune responses:

    1. an antibody/humoral
    response
    • B Cells release antibodies

    2. a cell-mediated response
    • Antigen specific cytotoxic
    T-Cells & phagocytes
    Effective Vaccines
    • Have long term,
    lasting effects that
    produce
    immunological
    memory.

    • Should not require


    numerous doses or
    boosters
    Effective Vaccines

    • Are inexpensive

    • Have a long shelf life

    • Are easy to administer.


    Routes of Administration
    • The majority of
    vaccines are
    administered by
    injection
    – Subcutaneous
    – Intramuscular
    – Intradermal
    • Oral and Nasal Spray
    vaccines are available
    for only a few
    diseases
    Administration Routes
    Types of Vaccines
    • Live, Attenuated
    • Killed or Inactivated
    • Toxoid
    • Subunit
    • Genetically engineered
    • Naked DNA
    Live, attenuated (weakened)
    cells (viruses)

    – longest-lasting and require


    fewest boosters
    – However, the disease agent
    could mutate back to
    pathogenic strength
    – Usually only for viruses
    (harder to make this type for
    bacteria)
    – Examples: MMR, Varicella
    zoster
    Killed whole cells or inactivated
    viruses
    – Even though they are
    harmless, they still contain
    recognizable antigens on
    their surface
    – Because the microbe does
    not multiply, a weaker
    immune response is
    stimulated vs. live vaccines
    – larger doses and more
    boosters are required.

    – Example: Polio virus


    Toxoid vaccines
    – A purified toxin
    produced by the
    pathogen is
    changed into a
    toxoid and used to
    elicit immune
    response.

    – Example: DTaP
    • Diptheria,
    Tetanus &
    acellular
    Pertussis
    Subunit Vaccines
    • Subunit vaccines contain
    just the antigens of the
    microbe that best stimulate
    the immune system.
    • Antigens that have been
    separated from the rest of
    the microbe

    • Examples: Hepatitis B,
    Gardasil,
    Genetically engineered or
    Naked DNA Vaccine
    – Genes for microbial antigens are inserted into a
    plasmid vector and are cloned in appropriate hosts.

    – The resultant protein product is used to provoke


    immune system.
    Recombinant DNA Technology
    • Interactive site w/ animations
    DNA vaccines

    – These
    vaccines
    contain
    all or part
    of the
    pathogen
    DNA,
    which is
    used to
    “infect” a
    recipient’
    s cells.
    • Common argument
    against
    vaccination:

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