The A To Z of Skeletal Muscles

A-Z Skeletal Muscles14:A to Z Book 7/05/10 11:01 AM Page A
The A to Z of
Skeletal Muscles
Dr A. L. Neill
BSc MSc MBBS PhD FACBS
[email protected]
A-Z Skeletal Muscles14:A to Z Book 7/05/10 11:01 AM Page C
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A-Z Skeletal Muscles14:A to Z Book 7/05/10 11:01 AM Page 1
The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles
Introduction
This is the fourth revision of the first A to Z book, and many things
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have changed. The clinical aspects of muscle grouping and testing
has been expanded, due to strong feedback, but the listing of the
muscles and their illustration are largely unchanged.
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There are now 7 in the A to Z series of pocket-sized medical reference
books (see the back of the book for details) - 2 considering organs of
the body, and also 2 posters on medical education on with supportive
website, where all the A to Z material can be accessed as well as
additional material: www.aspenpharma.com.au/atlas/student.htm
Any corrections b/n reprints are placed on this site so that the latest
version and comments re any of the A to Z books may be viewed as
soon as possible.
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As usual the A to Zs get better if there is feedback – please send
us your comments and suggestions.
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Acknowledgement
Thank you ASPENpharmacare Australia for your support & assistance in
this valuable project, particularly Mr. Greg Lan CEO of Aspenpharmacare
Australia, Rob Koster, Richard Clements and Ante Mihaljevic of TM
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Graphic Design & everyone who provided valuable feedback.
Dedication
To AA and ZZ I love you.
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How to use this book

The structure of the A to Z books grows and develops with each
publication, but the principle of listing structures in an alphabetical
manner as far as possible and hence making the book its own index
for easy retrieval has been maintained. However this is now done
after first dividing the material into a number of main topics for
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example muscle groups acting on significant joints, examination,

palpation and testing of muscle groups prior to the main listing of
each and every muscle - excluding some of the detailed Head and
Neck muscles which can be found in the A to Z of the Head & Neck.
1 © A. L. Neill
Features are named using in the most familiar terms and those
agreed upon by anatomical nomenclature convention avoiding
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eponymous terms wherever possible but as with all anatomical
studies sometimes several terms are used to name the same feature.
Wherever this is common and to save confusion reference is made to
each term. Similarly between disciplines such as radiology and
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osteology as well as anatomy the same view may be described
several different ways, so when this is also common and to provide
clarity these terms are mentioned. In some cases with complex
muscles - several views of the same muscle are also supplied.
The text under each muscle in the main listing consists of basic
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minimal information such as the : Origin (O), Insertion (I), Action (A),
Blood Supply (BS), Nerve Supply (NS), Nerve Root origin (NR) and
functional tests (T).
The test section is by no means complete, although in this edition it
has been added to in the front of the book with illustrations of testing
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of major muscle groups. It is also expanded in the A to Z of
Peripheral Nerves and will be further explored in the A to Z of
muscle and PN testing.
Capitalization is used to demonstrate the muscles and bones and

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important components.
It is hoped that this will prove a valuable resource for those working
on muscle examination exercise and recovery in whatever field.
Any suggestions on format or inclusions will be gratefully received

This book is cross-referenced with all the other A to Zs
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Thank you
Amanda Neill
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ISBN 978 0 9806959 6 0
© A. L. Neill 2
Table of contents
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Introduction 1
Acknowledgement 1
Dedication 1
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How to use this Book 1
Table of Contents 3
Abbreviations 4
Common Terms Used in the Study & Examination
Definition of Tendons & Ligaments

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of Skeletal Muscles, Nerves & Bones
Structure & Substructure of Skeletal Muscles
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11
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Neuro-Muscular Junction 13
Neuro-Muscular Spindle 15
Neuro-Tendinous Spindle 15
Anatomical Planes & Relations 17
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Anatomical Movements 19
Classification, Naming & Examination of Muscles 25
Myotomes 27
Muscle Innervation at the Spinal Cord level 28
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Segmental Motor Nerve Diagram 33

Summaries Of Skeletal Muscle Groups 35
Examination of Skeletal Muscles - major groups 61
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Index - Alphabetical Listing Of Muscles 69
3 © A. L. Neill
LL = lower limb
Abbreviations lig = ligament
A = actions /movements of
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LP = lumbar plexus
a joint Lt. = Latin
aa = anastomosis or anastomoses MC = metacarpal / metacarpo-
adj. = adjective (hand)
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aka = also known as MCP = metacarpo-phalangeal
ALL = anterior longitudinal ligament med = medial
alt. = alternative MT = metatarsal / metatarso (foot)
ant. = anterior N = nerve
art. = articulation (joint w/o the NR = nerve root origin
additional support structures) NS = nervous supply / nerve
AS = Alternative Spelling, generally system
referring to the diff. b/n NT = nervous tissue
(of hip bone)

b/n = between
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British & American spelling
ASIS = anterior superior iliac spine
O
P
pl.
= origin
= phalangeal / phalanges /
phalango-
= plural
BP = brachial plexus PLL = posterior longitudinal
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BS = Blood Supply ligament
C = cervical PN = peripheral nerve
c.f. = compared to post. = posterior
CN = cranial nerve R = right / resistance
CNS = central nervous system ROM = range of motion
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Co = coccygeal S = sacral
CP = cervical plexus sing. = singular
collat. = collateral SC = spinal cord
CSF = Cerebrospinal fluid SN = spinal nerve
CT = connective tissue SP = spinous process / sacral
e.g. = example plexus
EC = extracellular (outside the cell) SS = signs and symptoms
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ES = Erector Spinae group of T = TEST / thoracic

muscles TOS = thoracic outlet syndrome
ext. = extensor (as in muscle to TP = transverse process
extend across a joint) UL = upper limb, arm
Gk. = Greek VB = vertebral body
I = insertion VC = vertebral column
IC = intercarpal / intercarpo - (b/n w/n = within
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wrist) w/o = without

IMC = intermetacarpal wrt = with respect to
IP = interphalangeal (b/n fingers / & = and
toes)
IT = intertarsal / intertarso
jt(s) = joints = articulations
L = lumbar / left
© A. L. Neill 4
Common terms in the Study and Examination of

Skeletal Muscles, Nerves and Bones
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Ala wing used for winglike process e.g. on the hip bone
Ankle bend ie the “bend” b/n the leg and foot
Ante before - in front of
Aperture an opening or space between bones or within a bone
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Aponeurosis expanded end of a tendon - sheet of fibrous tissue
allowing for muscle insertion
Appendicular (skeleton) that which is not axial i.e. the upper and lower limbs
Areolar air filled bone - tooth socket
Articulation joint, which is a point of contact b/n 2 opposing bones
Axial (skeleton) refers to the head & trunk (vertebrae, ribs & sternum)
of the body.
Basilar relating to the base or bottom of structures
Basocranium
Brachi
Brevis
Buccal
base of the skull
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pertaining to the arm (upper arm)
short
relating to the cheek
Canal tunnel / extended foramen
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Capitus/Caput relating to the head
Carpi/Carpo- relating to the wrist
Carotid “to put to sleep” related to the carotid BVs in the
neck which when compressed can put a person to sleep
Cavity/Cavernous an open area or sinus w/n a bone or formed by 2 or
more bones - used interchangeably with fossa.
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Cephalic/Cephalo- pertaining to the head

Cervical/Cerivco- pertaining to the neck
Cilli/Cillia pertaining to the eyelash / hair
Colles referring to the “collar” or neck
Cochlea a snail, snaillike relating to the organ of Corti in the
ear
Condyle a rounded enlargement / process possessing an
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articulating (joint) surface.

Cornu a horn as on the Hyoid bone
Corona a crown. adj.- coronary, coronoid or coronal; hence
a coronal plane is parallel to the main arch of a crown
which passes from ear to ear (c.f. coronal suture).
Costa / Costal referring to the ribs
Cranium / Cranus the cranium of the skull comprises all of the bones of
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the skull except for the mandible, referring to the

skull generally excluding the facial bones
Crest prominent sharp thin ridge of bone formed by the
attachment of muscles particularly powerful ones eg
Temporalis / Sagittal crest
Cuneate / Cuneus a wedge / wedge-shaped
Cutus referring to skin, hence cutaneous branches of Ns go
to the skin
Deltoid D-Shaped
5 © A. L. Neill
Dens / Dentine / Dentate a tooth, relating to teeth, denticulate having tooth-like

projections (see odontoid)
Depression a concavity on a surface
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Diaphragm a partition or separating wall
Diaphysis the body of a long bone. In the young this is the
region between the growth plates.
Digit / Digitorum relating to the fingers or toes
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Dislocation a displacement of anything particularly bone (also
called luxation)
Distal further away from the core opposite to Proximal
Dorsal / Dorsi relating to the back or the back of something e.g. the
hand
Elbow any bend in the arm referring to the elbow b/n arm
and forearm
Eminence a smooth projection on a bone.
Epi-
Epiphysis
Facet
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on top of
the end of a long bone beyond the growth plate
(epiphyseal plate) - 2 epiphyses to each long bone.
a face, a small bony surface (occlusal facet on the
chewing surfaces of the teeth) seen in planar joints.
Femoris pertaining to the thigh
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Fissure a narrow slit or gap from cleft.
Foramen a natural hole in a bone usually for the transmission
of blood vessels and/or nerves. (pl. foramina).
Fornix an arch
Fossa a pit, depression, or concavity, on a bone, or from
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several bones as in temporomandibular fossa - more

like a “bowl” than a cavity
Fovea a small pit (usually smaller than a fossa) - as in the
fovea of the occlusal surface of the molar tooth.
Fracture break # particularly of bone
Genio/Genu pertaining to the knee
Geneio pertaining to the chin adj. geneio
Glossus / Glosso pertaining to the tongue
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Gluteal / Gluteus pertaining to the buttocks

Groove long pit or furrow, as on the Humerus
Hamus a hook hence the term used for bones which “hook
around other bones or where other structures are
able to attach by hooking - hamulus = a small hook.
Hyoid U-shaped
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Incisura a notch.
Inter between (b/n)
Intra within (w/n)
Lacerum something lacerated, mangled or torn eg foramen
lacerum small sharp hole at the base of the skull
often ripping tissue in trauma.
Lacrimal related to tears and tear drops. (noun lacrima)
Lamina a plate as in the lamina of the vertebra a plate of bone
connecting the vertical & transverse spines (pl. laminae)
© A. L. Neill 6
Lesion deficit or injury - lack of function arising from pathology

Ligament fibrous tissue joining bone to bone
Linea a line as in the nuchal lines of the Occiput, linea
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aspera of the Femur
Lingual pertaining to the tongue
Lip projection over the usual margin - e.g. the Glenoid lip
(often pathological)
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Locus a place (c.f. location, locate, dislocate).
Longus long
Lumbar back - generally the lower part of the back (lumbago)
Magnum large pl magna
Mandible from the verb to chew, hence, the movable lower jaw;
adj.- mandibular.
Mastoid a breast or teat shape - mastoid process of the
Temporal bone.
Maxilla
Meatus
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the jaw-bone; now used only for the upper jaw; adj.-
a short passage; adj.- meatal as in external acoustic

meatus connecting the outer ear with the middle ear.
Medulla middle
Mental relating to the chin (mentum = chin not mens = mind)
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Metaphysis the slightly expanded end of the shaft of a bone.
Mylo- relating to the molar teeth (from grinding as in a mill)
Notch an indentation in the margin of a structure.
Nucha the nape or back of the neck adj.- nuchal.
Oblique / Obliquuis pertaining to a slope or slant e.g. muscles slanting
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downwards etc
Occiput the prominent convexity of the back of the head
Occiput = Occipital bone adj. occipital
Oculus / Ocular an eye / relating to an eye
Odontoid relating to teeth, toothlike see Dens
Omo- pertaining to the shoulder
Orbit a circle; the name given to the bony socket in which
the eyeball rotates; adj - orbital.
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Orifice an opening.
Oris / Ora relating to the mouth
Os / Osseus / Ossei a bone / bonelike, referring to bone
Ostium a door, an opening, an orifice.
Ovale Oval shaped
Palate a roof adj.- palatal or platatine.
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Palm / Palmar referring to the palm of the hand - anterior in the

anatomical position
Palpebra pertaining to the eyebrow
Parietal pertaining to the outer wall of a cavity from paries, a wall
Parotid pertaining to a region beside or near the ear
Pars a part of
Pectus/ Pectorial referring to the anterior wall of the chest / breast
Pennate resembling a feather
Peroneus referring to the lower leg adj. - peroneal
7 © A. L. Neill
Phalanx/Phalanges small bones of the fingers or toes - 3/finger (2/thumb

2/big toe)
Piriform pear shaped
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Plantae referring to the sole of the foot adj - plantar
Process a general term describing any marked projection or
prominence as in the mandibular process.
Prominens a projection
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Prone to place face down, or lie on the anterior surface
(opposite supine)
Pterygoid wing-shaped
Pubis/Pubic “hairy”, pertaining to the hairy part of the hip
Quadratus square or rectangular shaped
Radial/Radialis pertaining to the radial or lateral bone of the forearm
Recess a secluded area or pocket; a small cavity set apart
from a main cavity.
Rectus
Rhomboid
Ridge
Risorius
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straight - erect
rhomboid shaped (squashed, leaning square)
elevated bony growth often roughened.
laughter, smile
Root the segments of origin as in Nerve Root (NR) of the
Peripheral Nerve made up from several points of exit
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from the SC
Rotundum round
Sagittal an arrow; the sagittal suture is notched posteriorly,
making it look like an arrow by the lambdoid sutures.
Salpingo pertaining to a tube
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Scalene uneven, one side very different to the other

Sesamoid grainlike
Sigmoid S-shaped, from the letter Sigma which is S in Greek.
Sinus a space usually within a bone lined with mucous
membrane, such as the frontal and maxillary sinuses
in the head, (also, a modified BV usually vein with an
enlarged lumen for blood storage and containing no or
little muscle in its wall). Sinuses may contain air,
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venous or arterial blood, lymph or serous fluid

depending upon location and health of the subject
adj.- sinusoid.
Skull the skull refers to all of the bones that comprise the
head.
Spine a thorn - descriptive of a sharp, slender
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process / protrusion. adj. - spinous

Splanchocranium refers to the facial bones of the skull - most muscles
to this region are innervated by the Facial (CN VII) and
Trigeminal (CN V) nerves.
Subluxation partial dislocation of bone, generally in the VC, used
to account for any mechanical impediment to N function
Sulcus long wide groove often due to a BV indentation
Supine to place face up or to lie on posterior surface
(opposite prone)
© A. L. Neill 8
Suture the saw-like edge of a cranial bone that serves as

joint between bones of the skull.
Stylos an instrument for writing hence adj. - styloid a
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pencil-like structure.
Symphysis a joint or a growth with bone-cartilage-bone
connection e.g. in pubic symphysis
Tarsus / Tarsal pertaining to the Tarsal bone and the bones distal to it
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in the foot (not the toes - phalanges)
Temporal refers to time and the fact that grey hair (marking the
passage of time) often appears first at the site of the
temporal bone.
Tendon fibrous end of a skeletal muscle facilitating attachment
to bone (as opposed to ligament joining bone to bone)
Tensor to stretch (i.e. muscle to stretch so that a structure is
“tense”)
Tentorium
Teres
Thenar
Thorax
a tent.
round shape da
relating to the palm as in thenar eminence
referring to the chest region - anterior the area b/n
the neck and the abdomen
Trabecula a “little” beam i.e. supporting structure or strut pl.
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trabeculae
Trapezoid trapezius or kite shape
Trochanter small wheel or disc-shaped as the disc shape of the
trochanters of the Femur
Trochlear pulley that part of the bone/ligament which pulls
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bones in another direction e.g. in the elbow and ankle

Trunk the area b/n the thorax and the pelvis anterior and
posterior - core muscles generally surround the trunk,
relatively undefined (also referring to large groups of N
fibres organizing to supply a particular region as in
the trunks of the BP)
Tubercle a small process or bump, an eminence..
Tuberculum a very small prominence, process or bump.
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Tuberosity a large rounded process or eminence, a swelling or

large rough prominence often associated with a
tendon or ligament attachment.
Tympanic pertaining to a drum
Uncus a hook adj. - uncinate.
Vagina a sheath; hence, invagination is the acquisition of a
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sheath by pushing inwards into a structure, and

evagination is similar but produced by pushing
outwards adj. - vaginal.
Velum / Veli pertaining to a veil
Volar pertaining to the sole (foot) or palm (hand)
Zygoma a yoke, hence, the bone joining the maxillary, frontal,
temporal & sphenoid bones also referring to the "H"
shape of the bone. adj zygomatic.
9 © A. L. Neill
Definition of Ligament and Tendon
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Ligament (2)= CT band which joins the muscle (1) to the bone
also used to describe any non-specific thickening of CT in organs and
other structures - may incorrectly be used in this sense
interchangeably with Tendon
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Tendon (3)= - CT band which joins 2 bones over a joint or 2
boney points - used for joint stabilization
to limit the ROM of the joint as in the Knee
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2
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© A. L. Neill 10
Structure and Substructure of

Skeletal muscles
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1 muscle eg. Biceps
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2 epimysium - CT surrounding a whole muscle
3 perimysium - CT surrounding a muscle fascicle
4 endomysium - CT surrounding each muscle fibre
5 muscle fibre
6 nucleus (note the muscle cell is multinucleated)
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myofibril
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sarcolemma - membrane around each myofibril
sarcomere basic contractile unit of the muscle

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10 myosin filament
11 actin filament
A band - myosin to myosin filaments

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H band - myosin only segments minimum in contraction

I band - actin only segment maximum in relaxation
Z line - line of attachment of the actin filaments
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11 © A. L. Neill
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© A. L. Neill 12
Neuromuscular Junction –
Nerve end attaching to Skeletal muscle
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longitudinal
1 axon - sheathed
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2 mylein sheath – multiple lipid layers
3 Schwann cell
4 axonlemma – axon membrane
5 pre-synaptic vesicles
6 axon – unsheathed / naked
7 presynaptic membrane da
8 junctional folds (in sarcolemma)
9 synaptic cleft (~20nm)
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10 mitochondria
11 sarcolemma
12 myofilaments in muscle fibre
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13 © A. L. Neill
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© A. L. Neill 14
Neuro-Muscular Spindle –
feedback loop to stop overextension in Skeletal
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muscle
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Neuro-Tendinous Spindle –
feedback loop to tendon
1 capsule of spindle
2 myelinated motor fibres
3 myelinated sensory fibres
4 unmyelinated motor fibres
5 annualospiral fibre endings
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6 bag of nuclei in intrafusal muscle
7 motor end plates
8 muscle fibres i = intrafusal e = extrafusal
9 skeletal muscle nuclei
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10 tendon fibres i = intrafusal e = extrafusal

11 naked axons
12 nuclei in tendon
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15 © A. L. Neill
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10e
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© A. L. Neill 16
Anatomical Planes and Relations

This is the anatomical position.
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A = Anterior Aspect from the front Posterior Aspect from the back
used interchangeably with ventral and dorsal respectively
B= Lateral Aspect from either side
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C = Transverse / Horizontal plane
D= Midsagittal plane = Median plane; trunk moving away from this
plane = lateral flexion or lateral movement moving into this
plane medial movement; limbs moving away from this direction
= abduction; limbs moving closer to this plane = adduction
E = Coronal plane
F = Median
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© A. L. Neill 18
Anatomical Movements
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arm extension in sagittal
plane / shoulder movement arm abduction -away from median
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plane / adduction-towards the median
plane -shoulder movement
shoulder extension in
the sagittal plane
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shoulder abduction in the coronal

plane (with elbow flexion)
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wrist extension
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wrist flexion
shoulder elevation
- reverse movement shoulder depression
shoulder movement
19 © A. L. Neill
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back extension / hyperextension
note the back muscles are
contracting
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hip flexion / with back and
shoulder extension
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back lateral flexion shoulder

back rotation
extension and elbow flexion
© A. L. Neill 20
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neck flexion
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neck extension/hyper-extension
lateral flexion
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lateral rotation
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note: extension of the neck is in the normal anatomical position
21 © A. L. Neill
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arm/shoulder movements in the coronal plane

commencing from adduction abduction to extension
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shoulder/scapula movements in
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the horizontal plane
© A. L. Neill 22
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Hip flexion Hip extension
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Hip abduction Hip adduction
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Hip lateral and medial

rotation Hip circumduction
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Knee flexion Knee extension
23 © A. L. Neill
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Foot dorsiflexion Foot plantar flexion
Foot inversion Foot eversion

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Foot normal position
Fingers extension Fingers flexion

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Forearm pronation Forearm supination Hand deviation

radial/laterally
ulna/medially
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Fingers abduction Fingers adduction Thumb opposition
© A. L. Neill 24
Classification, Naming & Examination of Muscles

There are 3 types of muscle tissue and this book discusses only one of them
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SKELETAL MUSCLE. The other 2 are smooth muscle (for the gut and other
areas of involuntary movement) and cardiac muscle (for the heart).
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SKELETAL muscle is defined as muscle which is “striated” or striped,
indicating and ordered cell structure, of myosin and actin filaments, and is
generally under voluntary control, which has an action on the skeleton or
bones in the body.
In its relaxed form the muscle is at its maximum length and this is generally
how the tissue is found. Stimulation generally causes contraction and a
shortening and thickening of the tissue. As it is attached to a minimum of 2
points, the Origin (O) and the insertion (I) - although these may be arbitrarily
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named - this “contraction” brings these 2 points closer together. To reverse
this, another muscle must be attached to 2 different points which when they
move together cause a reversal of the position of the 2 or more affected
bones, hence for each muscle there is an antagonist (opposing muscle) and in
many situations a synergist (a muscle which enhances the original
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movement).
There are a few exceptions to this, for example SPHINCTERS are circular
groups of muscle fibres which upon contraction close the circle they have
formed and may not be attached to bones at all. Their function is to prevent
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leakage or passage of material from one area to another.

Many of the MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION are inserted into the deep
fascia of the skin and hence change the soft tissues of the face but do not
affect the bones underneath. We as humans have a great deal of these
muscles, and they may be shifted or injured in many cosmetic procedures
because of this structure.
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Muscle are shaped to allow their contraction to occur in the most efficient
manner, for example sheets of muscles cover expanses of tissue to contain
them, as in the OBLIQUES to contain and move bulky abdominal contents, or
DIAPHRAGMS to separate as well as move large anatomical regions around,
while TERES muscles are small, cordlike, focused groups of fibres for very
specific movements.
Generally the smaller the muscles the deeper they are placed so larger and
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more powerful muscles ones can cover them, for example the GLUTEAL and
ADDUCTOR group of muscles in the leg and buttocks. Smaller muscles
generally have more specific actions, are more resilient but are weaker, they
contract and relax repeatedly for example, to maintain posture or balance, as
in the ROTATORES. Larger, longer muscles by definition cannot be as precise
but have larger ranges of motion and more power and are placed more
superficially - closer to the surface, as in ERECTOR SPINAE.
25 © A. L. Neill
Fibrous tissue inserts give the muscle more strength but less ability to move,
as in RECTUS ABDOMINUS versus TRAPEZIUS, but it is these large
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surface/superficial muscles whose shape can be changed and defined by
gross movement exercises.
Muscles are named using many different criteria singly or in combination: for
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example they may be named according to their action –Supinator, Pronator
and size – Adductor Magnus, Adductor Longus, Adductor Brevis; their shape
and location- Biceps Brachii, Triceps Brachii, Quadratus Lumborum, Interossei,
Intercostals; the direction of their muscle fibres and anatomical layer -
Obliquus Externus Abdominus, Obliquus Internus Abdominus and there does
not seem to be a consistent pattern in this naming - only that from the name
it is often possible to determine their site, action &/or shape and this helps
when memorizing these muscles.
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Between each muscle group is a fascial layer to transport in the BVs and the
Nerves but there is considerable variation in individuals so that in some cases
some anatomists have named the same muscle in several ways. The
commonest has been used here but the alternatives listed if it is thought there
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may be confusion this for example ROTATORES has been listed as a single
muscle group but may in some books be divided into 2 ROTATORES LONGUS
and BREVIS, similarly with PSOAS which can be PSOAS MAJOR and MINOR,
but not with PECTORALIS MAJOR and MINOR, 2 distinct muscles. Wherever
this occurs it is mentioned in the text, particularly if there is a functional
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difference in the 2 muscles.
Testing of a muscle is often impossible to do singly and they must be tested

as an anatomical and functional group. The tests are generally graded 1-5,
with 5 being the strongest and 3 being the point where when appropriate the
muscle can overcome Gravity often a natural form of resistance to the muscle
action. This level of testing muscles is not dealt with in this book and will be
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discussed in the A to Z of Muscle and Sensory testing to follow - it is also

examined in some detail in the A to Z of Peripheral Nerves - however
testing of the primary action of most muscles is listed on each page as a
guide to the practitioner for basic testing and grouping of muscles. Please use
this testing section as a guide only.
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© A. L. Neill 26
Myotomes
ill
Each muscle is supplied by a particular NR or segment of the SC and the
muscles supplied by the same NR belong to the same MYOTOME. These are
briefly grouped as follows.
Ne
C1,2 neck and upper VC muscles
C3-5 diaphragm
C5 shoulder and upper arm
C6 wrist extension
C7 extension of the elbow
C8 finger movement
T1 finger abduction
T1-12 chest and abdominal muscles
L1,2 hip flexion
da
L3 knee extension
na
L4 foot dorsiflexion
L5 toe movement
S1 plantar flexion of the foot
S2-5 organs of the pelvis and perineum including bladder and bowel and genitals
ma
These muscles are listed in detail in the following table.

rA
©D
27 © A. L. Neill
Muscle innervation at the SC level

SC level Muscle Location
ill
C1 Longus Capitus Neck
Olquuis Capitus Superior Neck - head
Rectus Capitus Anterior Neck - head
Ne
Rectus Capitus Major Neck - head
Rectus Capitus Minor Neck - head
Semispinalis Capitus Neck - head
Trapezius Back
C2 Longus Capitus Neck

Longus Colli Neck - head
Rectus Capitus Anterior Neck - head
C3
da
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Levator Scapulae
Longus Capitus
Longus Colli
Neck - head
Back
Neck - shoulder
Neck
Neck - head
na
Rhomboideus Major Back - shoulder
Rhomboideus Minor Back - shoulder
Sternocleidomastoid Neck - head
Trapezius Back
C4 Iliocostalis Cervicis Neck - chest

ma
Levator Scapulae Neck - shoulder

Longus Capitus Neck
Trapezius Back
C5 Brachialis Arm
rA
Brachioradialis Arm
Biceps Brachii Arm
Deltoid Shoulder - arm
Iliocostalis Cervicis Neck - chest
Infraspinatus Neck - shoulder
Levator Scapulae Neck - shoulder
Longus Capitus Neck
©D
Pectoralis Major Chest - arm

Scalenus Ant. Medial &Post. Neck
Semispinalis Cervicus Neck
Serratus Anterior Chest
Subscapularis Shoulder
Supraspinatus Shoulder
© A. L. Neill 28
Teres Major Arm - back

Teres Minor Arm - back
Trapezius Back
ill
C6 Abductor Pollicis Longus Hand - thumb
Brachialis Arm
Brachioradialis Arm
Biceps Brachii Arm
Ne
Coracobrachialis Arm - elbow
Deltoid Shoulder - arm
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Forearm - wrist
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Forearm - wrist
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris forearm - wrist
Extensor Digitorum Hand - fingers
Extensor Digiti Minimi Hand - little finger
Extensor Indicis Hand - index finger
Extensor Pollicis Brevis Hand - thumb
da
Extensor Pollicis Longus
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Iliocostalis Cervicis
Infraspinatus
Latissimus Dorsi
Hand - thumb
Wrist
Neck - chest
Neck - shoulder
Back - arm
na
Pronator Teres Forearm - wrist
Scalenus Anterior Neck - head
Scalenus Medial Neck - head
Scalenus Posterior Neck - head
ma
Serratus Anterior Chest - arm

Subscapularis Scapula - shoulder
Supinator Forearm - wrist
Supraspinatus Neck -shoulder
Teres Major Arm - chest
Trapezius Back
C7 Abductor Pollicis Longus Hand - thumb

rA
Anconeus Elbow - Arm - Forearm

Brachialis Arm
Brachioradialis Arm
Coracobrachialis Arm - elbow
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Forearm - wrist
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Forearm - wrist
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris forearm - wrist
Extensor Digitorum Hand - fingers
©D
Extensor Digiti Minimi Hand - little finger

Extensor Indicis Hand - index finger
Extensor Pollicis Brevis Hand - thumb
Extensor Pollicis Longus Hand - thumb
Flexor Carpi Radialis Wrist
Flexor Digitorum Hand - fingers
Iliocostalis Cervicis Neck - chest
Infraspinatus Neck - shoulder
Latissimus Dorsi Back - arm
Longus Colli Head - neck
29 © A. L. Neill

Pronator Teres Forearm - wrist
Scalenus Anterior Neck - head
ill
Serratus Anterior Chest - arm
Subscapularis Scapula - shoulder
Supinator Forearm - wrist
Supraspinatus Neck - shoulder
Ne
Teres Major Arm - chest
Trapezius Back
Triceps Brachii Arm - elbow
C8 Abductor Digiti Minimi Hand - little finger

Abductor Pollicus Brevis Hand - thumb
Abductor pollicus Longus Hand - thumb
Adductor Pollicus Hand - thumb
Anconeus Elbow
da
Dorsal Interossei
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Extensor Digitorum
Extensor Digiti Minimi
Extensor Indicis
Hand - fingers
Wrist
Hand - fingers
Hand - little finger
Hand - index finger
Extensor Pollicis Longus Hand - thumb
na
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Wrist
Flexor Pollicus Brevis Hand - thumb
Flexor Pollicus Longus Hand - thumb
Iliocostalis Cervicus +Thoracis
Lumbricals Hand - fingers
Opponens Pollicis Hand - thumb
Palmar Interossei Hand - fingers
ma
Pectoralis Major Thorax - chest

Pronator Quadratus Hand
T1 Abductor Digiti Minimi Hand - little finger

Abductor Pollicus Brevis Hand - thumb
Adductor Pollicus Hand - thumb
Dorsal Interossei Hand - fingers
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Wrist
rA
Flexor Ddigitorum Profundus Hand - fingers

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Hand - fingers
Flexor Pollicus Brevis Hand - thumb
Flexor Pollicus Longus Hand - thumb
Lumbricals Hand - fingers
Opponens Digiti minimi Hand - little finger
Opponens Pollicis Hand - thumb
Palmar Interossei Hand - fingers
©D
Pectoralis Major Thorax - chest

Pronator Quadratus Hand
L2 Adductor Brevis Hip - thigh

Adductor Longus Hip - thigh
Adductor Magnus Hip - thigh
Gracilis Hip - thigh
Iliacus Hip - thigh
Pectineus Hip
Rectus Femoris Hip - thigh - knee
© A. L. Neill 30
Sartorius Hip - thigh - knee

Vastus Intermedius
Vastus Lateralis Hip - thigh - knee
ill
Vastus Medialis Hip - thigh - knee
L3 Adductor Brevis Hip - thigh

Adductor Longus Hip - thigh
Adductor Magnus Hip - thigh
Ne
IIiacus Hip - thigh
Pectineus Hip
Sartorius Hip - thigh - knee
Vastus Intermedius
L4 Adductor Brevis
Adductor Longus
Adductor Magnus
da
Extensor digitorum Brevis
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Hip - thigh
Hip - thigh
Hip - thigh
Foot - toes
Foot - toes
Extensor Hallucis Longus Foot - big toe
na
Gemellus Inferior Hip
Gluteus Medius Hip
Gluteus Minimus Hip
Iliacus Hip - thigh
Obturator Externus Hip - pelvis
Pectineus Hip
ma
Peroneus Brevis Leg - ankle

Peroneus Longus Leg - ankle
Popliteal Knee
Quadratus Femoris Hip - thigh - knee
Tibialis Anterior Leg - ankle
Vastus Intermedius Hip - thigh - knee
rA
L5 Biceps Femoris Hip - thigh

Extensor Digitorum Brevis Foot - toes
Extensor Digitorum Longus Foot -toes
Flexor Digitorum Brevis Foot - toes
Flexor Digitorum Longus Foot - toes
©D
Flexor Hallucis Longus Foot - big toe

Gemellus Inferior Hip
Gemellus Superior Hip
Gluteus Maximus Hip
Gluteus Medius Hip
Gluteus Minimus Hip
Lumbrical (first) Toe
Oburator Internus Hip - pelvis
Pectineus Hip
31 © A. L. Neill

Popliteal Knee
ill
Semimembranous Hip - thigh - knee
Semitendinous Hip - thigh - knee
Tensor fascia Lata Hip - leg
Ne
Tibialis Posterior Leg - ankle
S1 Biceps Femoris Hip - thigh

S1 Extensor Digitorum Longus Foot - toes
Flexor Digitorum Brevis Foot - toes
Flexor Digitorum Longus Foot - toes
Gastrocnemius Knee - leg
da
Gemellus Inferior
Gemellus Superior
Gluteus Maximus
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimus
Hip
Hip
Hip
Hip
Hip
Lumbrical (first) Toe
na
Pectineus Hip
Piriformis Hip
ma

Tensor fascia Lata Hip - leg
Tibialis Posterior Leg - ankle
S2 Biceps Femoris Hip - thigh

rA
Gastrocnemius Knee - leg

Gemellus Superior Hip
Gluteus Maximus Hip
Lumbricals (2-4) Toes
Piriformis Hip
©D
Soleus Foot - toes

S3 Lumbricals (2-4) Toes
© A. L. Neill 32
Segmental Motor Diagram
ill
Head, upper neck and face supplied by CNs
Ne
C1 neck
C2 infrahyoid
C3
C4
upper limbs
C5 shoulder
C6 Biceps
C7
C8
T1
T2
SPS
da
Triceps
T3 Transverse thoracis
na
T4
T5 Intercostals
T6
ma
T7
T8 Abdominal obliques
T9 SPI
rA
T10
T11 Hip flexion
T12
L1 QL
L2
L3
L4
L5
©D
S1
S2 Pelvis Lower limbs
S3
S4 Perineal muscles
S5
33 © A. L. Neill
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
©D
© A. L. Neill 34
Summaries of Skeletal Muscle Groups
ill
Muscles of the arm
Muscles of the arm and shoulder
Ne
Deltoid
Rotator Cuff muscles Subscapularis,
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus,
Teres Major & Minor
NS from the BP – C5-7
BS from the axillary artery & branches
External Rotators = Lateral Rotators
Infraspinatus Teres Minor

na da
ma
rA
Internal Rotators = External Rotators
Latissimus Dorsi Teres Minor

©D
35 © A. L. Neill
Muscles connecting the arm with the VC

Levator Scapulae
ill
Rhomboids Major & Minor
Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
NS segmental (C2-T12)
Ne
BS from dorsal branches of the aorta
Muscles connecting the arm with the chest wall

Pectoralis Major & Minor
Serratus Anterior
Subclavius
segmental NS and BS from the axillary and long thoracic
da
Muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm - flexors
Biceps Brachii
Coracobrachialis
Brachialis
na
NS musculocutaneous (C5-6)
BS brachial
Muscles in the posterior compartment - extensors

Triceps Brachii
ma
NS radial (C7-8)
BS profunda brachii and branches
rA
©D
© A. L. Neill 36
Muscles of the forearm
ill
anterior superficial
Pronator Teres
Palmaris Longus
Ne
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
intermediate
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
deep
Flexor Pollicis Longus
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Pronator Quadratus
posterior superficial
da
NS median and ulnar Ns - BS radial branches
Extensor Digitorum
na
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Anconeus
deep
Supinator
Abductor Pollicis Longus
ma
Extensor Pollicis Longus & Brevis

Extensor Indicis
NS radial (C7-C8)
BS radial and interosseous branches
rA
©D
37 © A. L. Neill
Intrinsic muscles of the hand
ill
THENAR EMINENCE (Side of the thumb)
Muscles: Abductor Pollicus Brevis
Flexor Pollicus Brevis
Ne
Opponens Pollicus
NS: median, C8
BS: median, medial of Superfical and Deep Palmer anastomoses
HYPOTHENAR EMINENCE (Side of the little finger)

Muscles: Abductor Digiti Minimi
Flexor Digiti Minimi
NS: ulnar, T1
da
Oppons Digiti Minimi
BS: ulnar, lateral of Superfical and Deep Palmer anastomoses

na
OTHER
Muscles: Adductor Pollicus
Lumbricals (4)
Interossei (7-8)
Palmar and Dorsal
ma
BS: ulnar and radial, palmar anastomoses and digital branches

rA
©D
© A. L. Neill 38
Muscles of the Hip and Buttocks (Gluteal region)
ill
Gluteus Maximus, Medius, Minimus
Lateral – External Rotators

1 Obturator Externus
Ne
2 Obturator Internus
3 Gemellus Inferior
4 Quadratus Femoris
5 Gemellus Superior
6 Piriformis
Medial – Internal Rotators
7 Gluteus Minimus
8 Tensor Fascia Lata (part of the ITB)
NS local L4-S2
BS superior gluteal
na da
6
ma
5 1
4
rA
8
©D
39 © A. L. Neill
Muscles of the gluteal region
ill
Muscles: Gluteus Maximus
Medius and Minimus
Piriformis
Superior and Inferior Gemellus
Ne
Obturator Internus
Quadratus Femoris
NS: local, L4-S2

BS: superior gluteal
Muscles and muscle layers of the chest and abdomen

da
superficial
Pectoralis Major & Minor
Serratus Anterior & Posterior
Rectus Abdominus
na
middle
External & Internal Intercostals
External & Internal Obliques
deep
Innermost Intercostals
ma
Levator Costi Longus & Brevis

Tranversus Thoracics
Transverses Abdominus
Quadratus Lumborum
NS segmental (C3-L2)
BS from C3-L2
rA
©D
© A. L. Neill 40
Muscles of the Hip and Thigh
ill
anterior compartment muscles - hip flexors / knee extensors
Sartorius
Iliopsoas
Pectineus
Ne
Quadriceps Femoris = Vastus Intermedius +
V. Lateralis V. Medialis + Rectoris Femoris (deep)
NS femoral N (L2-5)
BS femoral
da
posterior compartment muscles - hip extensors /knee flexors
Hamstrings = Semimembranous +
na
Semitendinous + Biceps Femoris
Adductor Magnus
NS sciatic N (L2-S2)
BS profunda femoris
ma
medial compartment muscles - hip adductors

Gracilis
Adductor Magnus, Longus, Brevis
rA
Obturator Externus
Pectineus
NS obturator N (L2-4)
BS obturator, profunda femoris
©D
lateral compartment - abductor (not really a compartment)

Tensor Fascia Lata - part of the Iliotibial tract
NS superior gluteal (L4-S1)

BS superior gluteal, lateral femoral circumflex
41 © A. L. Neill
Muscles of the leg
ill
anterior compartment muscles - dorsi-flexors of the
ankle, extensors of the toes
Extensor Hallicus Longus
Ne
Peroneus Tertius
Tibialis Anterior
NS deep peroneal N (L5-S1)

BS anterior tibial
na da
lateral compartment muscles - evertors
Peroneus Brevis. Longus
NS superficial peroneal N (S1-2)

BS peroneal
ma
rA
posterior compartment muscles - plantar-flexors
superficial Gastrocnemius, Plantaris, Soleus

deep Extensor Digitorum Longus
©D
Flexor Hallicus Longus, Popliteus

Tibialis Posterior
NS tibial N (L4-S3)
BS posterior tibial
© A. L. Neill 42
Intrinsic muscles of the sole of the foot
ill
Dorsal surface of the foot - dorsi-flexors
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
Extensor Hallicus Brevis and Dorsal Interossei (intrinsic muscles of
Ne
the foot) and the tendons of the Longus Extensors cross over this
surface (not shown).
NS deep peroneal N (S1-2)

BS dorsalis pedis
na da
Plantar surface
superficial layer - closest to the surface of the sole of the foot
Abductor Hallicus
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Abductor Digiti Minimi
ma
rA
©D
43 © A. L. Neill
second layer
ill
Quadratus Plantae
Lumbricals and tendons of the Flexors of the toes and
big toe
Ne
third layer
na
Adductor Hallicus
Flexor Digiti Minimi
da
Flexor Hallicus Brevis
fourth and deepest layer of the sole - closet to the bones

Interossei
Tendons of Peroneus Longus and Tibialis Posterior
NS lateral plantar (S1-3)

ma
BS lateral plantar
rA
©D
© A. L. Neill 44
Muscles and muscle layers of the Back and Neck
ill
NECK - has 2 major groups of muscles
1 those concerned with the neck movement

i.e. movement of the cervical spine and head;
Ne
2 those concerned with the anterior neck structures.
These muscles are dealt with in the laryngeal, pharyngeal and other related
structures.
Other muscles are concerned with the anterior regions of the head and are
mentioned here.
deep posterior - suboccipital muscles - extensors (see the next page
stabilizers da
included with the back muscles) / hyperextensors / rotators and
Rectus Capitus Posterior - Major and Minor

Obliquuis Capitus muscles
Cervical and Cephalic / Capitus regions of the muscles of the VC
na
NS segmental - dorsal rami of the related SNs
BS dorsal branches of the carotids
deep anterior - prevertebral A

flexors, rotators and stabilizers
ma
Rectus Capitus Anterior and Lateral

Longus Colli and Capitus
NS segmental - ventral rami of related SNs

BS branches of carotids and other local vessels
rA
anterior - flexors, rotators B

Scalenii muscles
NS segmental anterior branches of the ventral rami
BS superficial cervical
©D
45 © A. L. Neill
ill
A
Ne
na da
ma
B
rA
©D
© A. L. Neill 46
BACK - has 2 major groups of muscles
ill
1 those which are intrinsic to the VC basically segmental muscles
concerned with movements and stability of the VC particularly the
deepest layers - connected with the movement of the neck etc.
2 those which use the VC as an immoveable post and move structures
Ne
around the back extrinsic concerned with the anterior neck structures.
EXTRINSIC
muscles which move the shoulder and arm
Trapezius, Latissimus Dorsi, Rhomboids
Levator Scapulae
muscles which move the rib cage
da
Serratus Posterior inferior and superior
NS segmental - ventral rami of related SNs

BS branches of carotids and other local vessels
INTRINSIC
na
most superficial
Erector Spinae - ES divided into a number of muscle groups with regional
distinctions
medial lateral
Spinalis Iliocostalis Longissimus
ma
Iliocostalis - Lumborum, Thoracis, Cervicus

Longissimus - Thoracis, Cervicus, Capitus
Spinalis - Thoracis, Cervicus, Capitus
O & I listed individually in the text

as a group
rA
O along the VC, Sacrum and Ribs

I into the VC and Ribs
A listed individually
A as a group the ES extends and rotates the VC
NS - segmental spinal roots generally the dorsal rami but may alos have
innervation from the dorsal branches of the ventral rami branches (C1-
L5) - cervical and capitus regions act upon the neck
©D
BS - segmental dorsal branches of the descending aorta, lumbar and sacral

arteries
T - to stand up from touching toes w/o help
- from upright position bend to one side and the other w/o help
47 © A. L. Neill
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
©D
© A. L. Neill 48
The summary below is brief and only an overview of these muscles for
completeness of this muscle book. They are discussed in individual
detail in the A to Z of the Pelvis and Perineum and the A to Z of Surface
ill
Anatomy.
Muscles of the Perineum
Ne
(only female anatomy shown)
Anterior - urogenital triangle bordered by the pubic arch and

ischeal tuberosities and overlaid by the structures of the Vulva.
Bulbospongiosus surrounding the urethra and vagina combined and
compressing their orifices during coitus
Ischiocavernosus encasing glandular tissue which contacts in coitus
to expel the contents
da
Sphincter Urethrae = Urethral Sphincter
sphincter hence circular muscle inserting all around
natural position - constricted rather than relaxed
Transverse Perineal - Profundus between the perineal fascae,
Superficialis
na
these muscles overlie each other with the
perineal diaphragm in b/n
Superficialis - inferior to Profundus hence closer to the skin
NS pudendal (S2-4)
ma
BS pudendal
Posterior - anal triangle bordered by the ischeal tuberosities

and the coccyx
Coccygeus from the isheal spine tom the coccyx
Levator Ani = Pubococcygeus + Iliococcygeus
Sphincter Ani = External Anal Sphincter Ischiococcygeus
rA

A muscles of this region act to support the pelvic contents and the perineum
and are intimately related so that damage to any of this basin of tissue will
have profound effects on the functional capacities of the others.
©D
NS pudendal and Ns from SP (S2-4)

BS internal iliacs
49 © A. L. Neill
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
©D
© A. L. Neill 50
The summaries below are brief and only an overview of these muscles
for completeness of this muscle book. They are discussed in individual
detail in the A to Z of the Head and Neck.
ill
Muscles of the Eye - note all 6 of these muscles act “in concert” in
eye movement and depend upon the fixation and focus of the eye
Ne
Extrinsic
Muscles responsible for movement of the upper eyelid
Levator Palpebrae Superioris
NS occulomotor N (CNIII)
BS supraorbital, branches of ophthalmic
da
Muscles responsible for movement of the eyeball
Recti muscles - Inferior /Superior, Medial/Lateral.
These muscles are straight and are responsible for one
movement up/down, in/out
Oblique muscles - Inferior, Superior
na
These muscles are attached via a trochlea or pulley and
movements therefore vary on eye position
and are diagonal up and out/ down and in
All are attached to the scleral surface, the Recti via the optic canal on
the common annular tendon, and the Obliques via bones in the optic
ma
cavity
NS oculomotor N (CNIII) - except Lateral Rectus - abducent N (CNVI) and

Superior Oblique - trochlea N (CNIV)
BS ophthalmic and branches of internal carotid
rA
Intrinsic
These muscles are responsible for moving structures within the eyeball
and are not shown.
NS oculomotor N (CNIII) also branches from the autonomic NS

BS ophthalmic and branches of internal carotid
©D
Ciliaris, Dilator Pupillae, Sphincter Pupillae
51 © A. L. Neill
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
©D
© A. L. Neill 52
Muscles of the Face
ill
Expression
Buccinator - see individual listing
Corrugator Supercili - see individual listing
Depressor Anguli Oris, see individual listing
Ne
Depressor Labii Inferioris, see individual listing
Depressor Septi see individual listing
Frontalis (of Occipitofrontalis), see individual listing
Incisivus Labii Superioris & Inferioris
These muscles insert into the other muscles of the mouth and assist
Orbicularis Oris in protruding the lips
Levator Anguli Oris (Caninus),
Levator Labii Superioris
Levator Labii Superioris alaeque nasi da
These muscles evert the upper lips medially and laterally assisting Orbicularis
Oris and the Zygomaticus muscles
Mentalis see individual listing
na
Nasalis (compressor & dilator)
These muscles change the aperature of the nares (nostrils) assisting
Depressor Septi
Orbicularis Oculi see individual listing
Orbicularis Oris see individual listing
Platysma see individual listing
ma
Procerus
This muscle depresses the medial end of the eyebrow assisting both
Orbicularis Oculi and Corrugator Supercili
Risorius see individual listing
Zygomaticus Major & Minor see individual listing
rA
NS facial N (CNVII)
BS facial
These muscles are often involved in cosmetic surgery and their function may
be compromised by incisions at the level of the deep fascia.
Mastication
©D
Masseter, see individual listing

Pterygoids Lateral, Medial see individual listing
Temporalis see individual listing
All are attached to the Mandible - Jaw bone and part of the
Splanchnocranium
NS trigeminal N (CNV)
BS trigeminal and facial branches
53 © A. L. Neill
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
©D
© A. L. Neill 54
Muscles of the Thyroid & Hyoid
ill
- superficial anterior neck muscles
- muscles of the Anterior Triangle
- strap muscles
Ne
Digastricus - see individual muscle listing
Geniohyoid
Mylohyoid
These muscles elevate and position the Hyoid and the floor of the mouth to
facilitate swallowing and occlusion of the Larynx
NS hypoglossal and C1 of ansa cervicalis BS facial branches
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyoid
da
These muscles depress the Hyoid after swallowing
na
NS ansa cervicalsis C1-3 BS thyroid vessels
Stylohyoid
Thyrohyoid
ma
These muscles are involved in support of swallowing - Thyrohyoid both lowers

and elevates the Hyoid
NS ansa cervicalis C1-3 BS facial and thyroid vessels
As a group, these muscles define the neck line and shape, are involved in
swallowing and sound production may be tightened in cosmetic surgery - they
may attach to the Hyoid, Sternum and other bones in the region as a
rA
“through” bones - i.e. they have fascial slings to support them and separate
them into 2 muscle bellies.
©D
55 © A. L. Neill
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
©D
© A. L. Neill 56
Muscles of the Larynx and Pharynx
ill
Salpingopharyngeus - attaches to the inferior of the auditory tube and
blends with Palatopharyngeus to raise the pharyngeal wall close off the
auditory tube for swallowing
Ne
Palatopharyngeus - attaches to the Thyroid cartilages and the Palate to bring
the pharynx forward allowing food to leave the mouth and enter the pharynx
Stylopharyngeaus - attaches to the styloid process and the constrictors to

elevate and dilate the pharynx in the early stages of swallowing
Pharygneal Constrictors - superior, middle, inferior - attach to the Medial
da
Pterygoid plate, Hyoid and Thyroid cartilages and blend in with each other and
the posterior root of the tongue in order to commence swallowing and the
resultant peristaltic movement -
NS vagus (CNX) and branches of ansa cervicalis (C1-3)

na
BS maxillary, facial
Note in CVAs - strokes these muscles under voluntary control and are involved
in the early stages of swallowing - so may be affected greatly limiting the
person’s capacity to swallow
ma
Cricothyroid - attached to the laryngeal cartilages

Arytenoids muscles attached to the arytenoids cartilages at the back of the
vocal cords responsible for altering the shape and angle of these cartilages
Cricoarytenoids - posterior and lateral, Thyroarytenoid, Transverse
arytenoids,
Vocalis - also attached to the arytenoids cartilages for voice regulation.
rA
NS for most of these muscles comes from the vagus (CNX)

BS from the thyroid vessels and branches of the carotids
©D
57 © A. L. Neill
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
©D
© A. L. Neill 58
Muscles of the Soft Palate
ill
Levator Veli Palatini - attaches to the inferior surface of the Temporal bone
to lift the soft palate and separate the naso and oropharynx
Muscularis Uvulae - attaches to the posterior spine of the Palatine bone and
Ne
the Uvula to elevate it
Palatoglossus - attaches to the oral surface of the Palate to the side of the
tongue to allow the tongue to rise and shut off the mouth from the oropharynx
Tensor Veli Palatini - attaches to the side of the auditory tube and medial of
the spine of the Sphenoid bone to the hard palate to close both the naso and
oropharynx
da
NS mainly from glossopharyngeal N (CN IX)
BS facial palatine vessels and branches
It is changes in these muscles which may result in snoring and sleep

na
apnea.
ma
rA
©D
59 © A. L. Neill
Muscles of the Tongue
ill
Extrinsic
Genioglossus - attaches to the Hyoid, Pharyngeal constrictors, Hypoglossus
and intrinsic Lingualis muscles to protrude tongue (poke out the tongue)
depress the centre and raise the sides (make a tunnel with the tongue)
Ne
Hyoglossus - attaches to the front and horns of the Hyoid, side of the tongue
and intrinsic Lingualis muscles in order to depress the tongue (as in say
AHHHHH…)
Styloglossus - attaches to the styloid process, and blends with the

Hypoglossus, Stylohyoid
Intrinsic da
Linguali muscles - superior, inferior, transverse and vertical
attach w/in the tongue to change its shape for speech, in mastication and
swallowing
na
NS lingual, sublingual and hypoglossal (CNXII) Ns
BS lingual, sublingual and external carotid
ma
rA
©D
© A. L. Neill 60
Examination of Skeletal Muscles - major groups
ill
note detailed examinations of individual muscles are listed in the A to Z of Sensory and
Muscles testing as well as general testing listed after each muscle in the text. ROM and
a selection of strength tests of major movements are included here
Hx - questions for individual joint examination
Ne
1 functional limitation
2 SS -limited to one or more joints
3 onset - acute - related to a specific incident
- chronic - slow progressive increase of pain or reduced ROM
4 description of the causative agent if known e.g. accident
5 any prior MSS history of that joint or others
6 Systemic problems
Ex - for participation in sport/training activities MSS
positions for specific testing da

for this examination unless otherwise indicated the patient standing - facing the clinician
in the anatomical position - included are several tests with the patient in alternative
CERVICAL SPINE / NECK - ROM tests the following groups of muscles

Scalenes/Colles/Trapezius upper fibres/Cervicis regions of ES and deep muscles of the
VC/Sternocleidomastoid
na
patient looks at the roof ± R extension
patient looks at the floor ± R flexion
patient looks over each shoulder ± R horizontal rotation
head bends towards the shoulder - sideways ± R
(shoulders kept still) lateral flexion
ma
SHOULDER (SCAPULA) - ROM tests the following groups of muscles

Levator Scapulae/Rhomboids/Serratus Anterior/Spinati muscles/Trapezius/Deltoid
observe symmetry of shoulder particularly the Acromioclavicular jt
shrug shoulders ± R elevation
drop shoulders depression
straighten shoulders - trying to meet shoulder blades lateral rotation
contract shoulders - withdrawing chest medial rotation
abduct shoulders to 90o (flexed arm) ± R abduction
rA
Strength tests - Shoulder

©D
61 © A. L. Neill
SHOULDER + ARM - ROM tests the following groups of muscles

Pectorals/Latisimus Dorsi/Trapezius/Scapular muscles
ill
scratch back with each hand from over and under the shoulder or
have hands meet at the back from over and under the shoulder
external rotation + abduction
internal rotation + adduction
move extended abducted arms as high as possible ± R vertical adduction
Ne
move extended abducted arms into the sagittal plane ± R horizontal adduction
move extended abducted arms out of the sagittal plane ± R horizontal abduction
with bent arms keep them close to the body against R adduction
full ROM of the shoulder,

scapula and upper limb
na da
UPPER LIMB + HAND - ROM tests the following groups of muscles
Brachii muscles/Brachioradialis/Flexors & Extensors of upper limb, hand &
digits/Supinators/Pronators/Carpi muscles/Intrinsic muscles of the hand
flex/extend elbows ± R
turn wrist in and out ± R pronation/supination
ma
bend and straighten wrist ± R flexion/extension

move extended wrist towards the body ± R ulnar deviation = medial
flexion
move extended wrist away from the body ± R radial deviation = lateral
flexion
spread extended fingers ± R abduction
close extended open fingers ± R adduction
oppose fingers and thumb opposition
rA
make a fist ± R flexion

extend hand and fingers ± R extension
Strength tests - Shoulder
©D
testing elbow extension / flexion
© A. L. Neill 62
Forearm Testing pronation and supination
ill
Ne
Wrist
na da
testing extension flexion
Fist
ma
note the normal fist has all fingers pointing to the

scaphoid tubercle normal flaxion of the IP joints
rA
Thumb thumb adduction opposition

©D
63 © A. L. Neill
BACK ABDOMEN - ROM tests the following groups of mscles

ES, deep muscles of the back, Latissimus Dorsi, Quadratus Lumborum, Obliques, Gluteal
muscles, Rectus Abdominus
ill
observe posture, shoulder and neck symmetry, spinal curvature
observe for balance on one leg
bend from side to side while facing the front lateral flexion
bend back as far as possible hyperextension
Ne
twist from the hips to the left & right rotation
supine patient - touch toes and back extension/flexion
(back/abdomen)
Strength tests - Abdomen
testing abdominal flexion - abdominal rotation
na da
ma
HIP + THIGH - ROM tests the following muscles

Gluteal muscles/Iliopsoas /Obturators/Quadriceps/Hamstrings/ Adductors/Abductors
observe symmetry of the hips and stance

turn leg inwards/outwards medial/lateral rotation
standing patient - touch toes with straight legs extension/flexion (back) &
hamstring tightness
rA
lift the extended leg forwards/backwards flexion/extension (hip)

lift the extended leg sideways lateral flexion (hip)
with the sitting patient keep legs together against R adduction
Hip
test flexion
©D
extension
© A. L. Neill 64
test abduction
ill
Ne
adduction na da
ma
rA
test lateral / external rotation medial / internal rotation
LOWER LIMB + KNEE + FOOT - ROM tests the following groups of muscles
Gluteal muscles/Iliopsoas/Quadriceps/Hamstrings/Adductors/Abductors/Peroneal
©D
muscles/Soleus/Intrinsic muscles of the foot

observe for knee & ankle symmetry - looking for effusions &/or deformities
bend and straighten legs with erect posture flexion/extension (knee &
ankle)
spread toes abduction (toes)
point toes plantar flexion (ankle)
duckwalk with buttocks on heals - this tests all lower limb and hip ROM
point feet outwards/inwards eversion/inversion (foot)
65 © A. L. Neill
Strength tests - Knee
ill
Ne
Ankle
na da
ma
testing dorsiflexion plantar flexion
Toes
rA
©D
© A. L. Neill 66
Skeletal Muscle Groupings
ill
Ne
Skeletal Muscle Groups
Muscles of the face, head and neck

na da
Muscles of the trunk
Muscles of the back and spine
Muscles of the chest, shoulder, forearm and hand
Muscles of the hip, thigh, leg and foot

ma
Muscles of the pelvis and perineum
Please use this colour coding as a guide only for muscle positions and
placements; double colour codes may be used for muscles which
rA
cover 2 anatomical regions.

©D
67 © A. L. Neill
Skeletal Muscle Groupings
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
©D
© A. L. Neill 68
Index of Muscles
ill
A
Abductor Digiti Minimi (foot) 63
Abductor Digiti Minimi (hand) 64
Abductor Hallicus 65
Ne
Abductor Pollicus Brevis 66
Abductor Pollicus Longus 67
Adductor Brevis 68
Adductor Hallicus 69
Adductor Longus 70
Adductor Magnus 71
Adductor Pollicus 72
Anconeus 73
da
Aryepiglotticus see the muscles of the Larynx
Arytenoids - Oblique, Transverse - see the muscles of the Larynx
Auricularis = Extrinsic Auricular Muscles
B
74
Biceps Brachii 75
na
Biceps Femoris 76
Brachialis 77
Brachioradialis 78
Buccinator 79
Bulbospongiosus - see the muscles of the Perineum
ma
C
Ciliaris see the muscles of the eye
Coccygeus = Ischeococcygeus - see the muscles of the Perineum
Coracobrachialis 80
Corrugator Supercilii 81
Cremaster 82
Cricothyroid - see the Thyro/Hyoid muscles
rA
D
Deltoid 83
Depressor - Anguli Oris, Labii Inferioris, Septi 84, 85, 86
Diaphragm 87
Digastricus 88
Dilator pupillae - see the muscles of the eye
©D
Dorsal Interossei - (foot) 89

Dorsal Interossei - (hand) 90
E
Epicranius = Frontalis + Occipitalis 91
Erector Spinae (ES) - Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis
- see muscles of the Back - muscles are also each listed separately
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis 92
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus 93
69 © A. L. Neill
Extensor Carpis Ulnaris 94

Extensor Digiti Minimi 95
Extensor Digitorum 96
ill
Extensor Digitorum Brevis 97
Extensor Digitorum Longus 98
Extensor Hallicus Brevis, Longus 99, 100
Extensor Indicis 101
Ne
Extensor Pollicis Brevis, Longus 102, 103
External Anal Sphincter - see Sphincter Ani
External Intercostals - see Intercostals
External Obliques - see Obliquuis Abdominus Externus
Extrinsic Auricular Muscles - see Auricularis
Extrinsic Ocular Muscles - see the muscles of the eye
F
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris da
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis (foot)
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis (hand)
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
104
105
106
107
108
Flexor Digitorum Longus 109
na
Flexor Digitorum Profundus 110
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis 111
Flexor Hallicus Brevis, Longus 112, 113
Flexor Pollicus Brevis, Longus 114, 115
Frontalis - see Epicranus
ma
G
Gastrocnemius 116
Gemellus Inferior, Superior 117
Genioglossus - see the summary of the Tongue Muscles
Geniohyoid - see the summary of the muscles of the Hyoid
Gluteus Maximus, Medius, Minimus 118, 119, 120
Gracillis 121
rA
H
Hyoid muscles - Geniohyoid, Mylohyoid, Omohyoid, Sternohyoid
- see the muscles of the Thyro / Hyoid
Hypoglossus - see the Tongue Muscles
I
Iliacus 122
©D
Iliocostalis- Lumborum, Thoracis, Cervicis - part of ES 123

Iliopsoas = Iliacus + Psoas - see Iliacus and Psoas
Incisivus Labii - Inferior, Superior - see the muscles of the face
Inferior Lingualis - see the muscles of the Tongue
Inferior Oblique - see the muscles of the Eye
Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor - see Pharyngeal Constrictors
Inferior Rectus - see the muscles of the Eye
Infraspinatus 125
© A. L. Neill 70

Innermost Intercostals = Intercostalis Intimi see Intercostals
Internal intercostals - see Intercostals
Internal Obliques - see Obliquuis Abdominus Internus
ill
Intercostals - External, Internal 126
Interossei - Dorsal, Palmer (hand), Dorsal, Plantar (foot)
also see individual listings of these muscles
Interspinalis 127, 128
Ne
Intertransversarii 129. 130
Intrinsic Auricular Muscles - Stapedius
Intrinsic Ocular Muscles - Ciliarus, Recti muscles, Sphincter Pupillae - see
the muscles of the eye
Ischiocavernosus - see the muscles of the Perineum
L
Lateral Cricoarytenoid - see the muscles of the Larynx
Latissimus Dorsi
Levator Ani
da
Levator Palpabrae Superioris - see the muscles of the Eye
Levator Anguli Oris - see the muscles of the face
Levator Costi - Brevis, Longus
131
132, 133
Levator Labii - Superioris, Superioris, Nasi - see the muscles of the face
na
Levator Scapulae 134
Levator Veli Palatini - see the Soft Palate Muscles
Lingualis - Inferior, Transverse & Vertical - see Tongue Muscles
Longissimus - Thoracis, Cervicus, Capitus - part of ES 135, 136
Longus Capitus, Colli 137, 138
Lumbricals (foot) 139
ma
Lumbricals (hand) 140

M
Masseter 141
Mentalis 142
Middle Pharyngeal Constrictor - see Pharyngeal Constrictors
Multifidus 143, 144
rA
Muscularis Uvulae - see the Soft Palate Muscles

Mylohyoid - see the Thyro / Hyoid Muscles
N
Nasalis - see the muscles of the Face
O
Oblique muscles - superior / inferior - see the muscles of the Eye
©D
Obliquuis Abdominus - External, Internal 145, 146, 147, 148

Oblique Capitus Inferior, Superior 149
Obturator Externus, Internus 150, 151
Occipitalis - see Epicranus
Occipito - Frontalis = Epicranus
Omohyoid - see the Hyoid muscles
Opponens Digiti Minimi 152
Opponens Pollicus 153
Orbicularis Oculi, Oris 154, 155
71 © A. L. Neill
P
Palatoglossus - see the Soft Palate Muscles
ill
Palmer Interossei - see also Interossei 156
Palmaris Brevis, Longus 157, 158
Pectineus 159
Pectoralis Major, Minor 160, 161
Ne
Peroneus Brevis, Longus, Tertius 162, 163, 164
Pharyngeal Constrictors - Superior, Middle, Inferior
Pharyngeal Muscles - Constrictors, Palatopharyngeus, Stylopharyngeus,
Salpingopharyngeus - see the muscle of the Soft Palate
Piriformis 165
Plantar Interossei - see Interossei 166
Plantaris 167
Platysma 168
Popliteus
da
Posterior Cricoarytenoid - see the muscles of the Larynx
Procerus - see the muscles of the Face
Pronator Quadratus
Pronator Teres
169
170
171
Psoas Major, Minor 172
na
Pterygoid Lateral, Medial 173
Pyramidalis 174
Q
Quadratus Femoris 175
Quadratus Lumborum 176
ma
Quadratus Plantae 177

R
Recti muscles - medial / lateral - superior / inferior - see the muscles
of the Eye
Rectus Abdominus 178
Rectus Capitus, Anterior, Lateralis 179
Rectus Capitus Posterior Major, Minor 180
rA
Rectus Femoris 181

Rhomboideus Major, Minor (Rhomboid = USA) 182, 183
Risorius (also in the Muscles of the face) 184
Rotatores - Brevis, Longus 185
S
Salipingopharyngeus - see the Pharyngeal Muscles
©D
Sartorius 186
Scaleni - Anterior, Medial, Posterior 187
Semimembranous 188
Semispinalis - Capitus, Cervicis, Thoracis 189, 190
Semitendinous 191
Serratus Anterior 192
Serratus Posterior - inferior, superior 193
Soft Palate Muscles - Musculus Uvulae, Palatoglossus,
Levator & Tensor Veli Patalini - see the muscles of the Soft Palate
© A. L. Neill 72
Soleus 194
Sphincter Ani (External Anal Sphincter) 195
Sphincter Pupillae see Intrinsic Ocular Muscles
ill
Sphincter Urethrae (Urethral Sphincter) 196
Spinalis - Capitus, Cervicis, Thoracis - part of ES 197, 198
Splenii Capitus, Cervicis 199
Stapedius - see Intrinsic Auricular Muscles
Ne
Sternocleidomastoid 200
Sternohyoid - see Thyro / Hyoid Muscles
Sternothyoid - see Thyro / Hyoid Muscle
Stylohyoid - see Thyro / Hyoid Muscles
Stylopharyngeus - see Pharyngeal Muscles
Subclavius 201
Subcostales 202
Subscapularis 203
Supinator
da
Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor - see Pharyngeal Constrictors
Supraspinatus
T
204
205
Temporalis 206
na
Tensor Fascia Lata 207
Tensor Veli Palatini - see the Soft Palate Muscles
Teres Major, Minor 208, 209
Thyrohyoid - see Thyro / Hyoid Muscles
Tibialis Anterior, Posterior 210, 211
ma
Tongue Muscles - Genioglossus, Hyoglossus, Styloglossus, Inferior,

Transverse & Vertical Lingualis
Transversus Abdominus 212
Transversus Perinei - Profundus, Superficialis
Trapezius 213, 214
Triceps Brachii 215
U
rA
Urethral Sphincter - see Sphincter Urethrae

V
Vastus Intermedius, Lateralis, Medialis 216, 217, 218
Z
Zygomaticus Major, Minor 219
©D
73 © A. L. Neill
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
©D
© A. L. Neill 74
A
Abductor Digiti Minimi (foot)
most superficial layer of the sole of the foot
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - medial & lateral process of Calcaneal tuberosity

- Plantar Aponeurosis
I - lateral base Phalanx 1 Digit 5
©D
A - abduction
NS - lateral plantar N (L4-5)
BS - lateral plantar
T - abduction against R
75 © A. L. Neill
A
Abductor Digiti Minimi (hand)
Hypothenar eminence
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - Pisiform
- tendon of Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
I - ulnar side Phalanx 1 Digit 5
A - abduction
©D
NS - ulnar N (C8-T1)
BS - ulnar
© A. L. Neill 76
A
Abductor Hallicus
most superficial layer of the sole of the foot
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - medial process of Calcaneal tuberosity

- Plantar Aponeurosis / Flexor Retinaculum
I - medial base Phalanx 1 Digit 1
A - abduction
©D
NS - medial plantar N (L4-5)

BS - medial plantar
77 © A. L. Neill
A
Abductor Pollicus Brevis
part of the thenar eminence
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - ridge of Trapezium
- Flexor Retinaculum
- Scaphoid
I - lateral Phalanx 1 Digit 1
©D
A - abduction / anterior movement of thumb

NS - median N (C7-T1)
BS - radial
T - abduction against R - at MCP
© A. L. Neill 78
A
Abductor Pollicus Longus
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - posterior Radius
- posterior Ulna
- interosseus membrane
©D
I - lateral base of MC 1
A - abduction of hand and thumb
NS - radial N (C6-7)
BS - radial / ulnar
T - abduction against R - at MCP
79 © A. L. Neill
A
Adductor Brevis
part of the medial compartment of the thigh
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - inferior pubic ramis of hip

I - upper medial lip of linea aspera (Femur)
A - adduction / hip flexion
NS - obturator N (L2-4)
BS - obturator
©D
T - adduct legs against R in the supine patient
© A. L. Neill 80
A
Adductor Hallicus
part of the third layer of the sole of the foot
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - oblique head - base MTs 2-4

- transverse head - sheath/tendon of Peroneus Longus
- plantar MCPs of Digits 3-5
©D
I - lateral base of Phalanx 1 Digit 1

A - adduction
NS - lateral plantar N (deep branch) (L4-5)
BS - 1st plantar MT
T - separate big toe against R
81 © A. L. Neill
A
Adductor Longus
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - pubic symphysis of hip

I - middle medial lip of linea aspera (Femur)
A - adduction / hip flexion
©D
BS - obturator
© A. L. Neill 82
A
Adductor Magnus
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - pubic symphysis, ischeal ramus of hip

I - linea aspera, adductor tubercle (Femur)
A - adduction / hip flexion & extension
©D
NS - obturator N + sciatic N (L2-4)

BS - obturator, medial circumflex, femoral
83 © A. L. Neill
A
Adductor Pollicus
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - transverse head of MC 3
- Capitate (oblique head)
- Trapezium
- Trapezoid
I - lateral base of Phalanx 1 Digit 1
A - adduction of thumb
©D
NS - ulnar N (deep branch) (C8-T1)

BS - deep palmar arch
T - close hand against R to the thumb
© A. L. Neill 84
A
Anconeus
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - posterior lateral condyle - Capitulum (Humerus)

I - posterior Olecranon process (Ulna)
A - elbow extension
©D
BS - brachial (deep branch)

T - extend elbow against R
Aryepiglotticus - see Muscles of the Larynx

Arytenoids - Oblique, Transverse - see Muscles of the Larynx
85 © A. L. Neill
A
Auricularis
anterior, superior, posterior
ill
= Extrinsic muscles of the Ear (present in 30%)
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - ant. Epicranial Aponeurosis

- post. Mastoid process of Temporalis
- sup. Epicranial Aponeurosis
I - ant. root of Auricle
- post. root of Auricle
- sup. root of Auricle
A - moves ear Pinna
©D
NS - facial N (CN VII)

BS - facial / temporal
T - present if there is movement of the ear
© A. L. Neill 86
Biceps Brachii
B
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - long head superior lip of Glenoid fossa (Scapula)

- short head Coracoid process (Scapula)
I - tuberosity (Radius)
A - flexion (shoulder & elbow)
- supination (hand & forearm)
©D
NS - musculocutaneous N (C5-6)
T - flex elbow against R - elbow placed on table at 90º
87 © A. L. Neill
Biceps Femoris
B
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - ischeal tuberosity (hip)

- linea aspera (Femur)
I - head of Fibula
A - extension (hip)
- flexion (knee)
- rotation (flexed knee)
©D
NS - sciatic N (L5-S2)
BS - deep femoral
- popliteal
T - extend hip against R
- flex knee against R - in the prone patient
© A. L. Neill 88
Brachialis
B
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - lower ½ of the Humerus

I - coronoid process (Ulna)
A - flexion (elbow)
©D

- radial recurrent
89 © A. L. Neill
Brachioradialis
B
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - lateral supracondylar ridge (Humerus)

I - styloid process (Radius)
A - flexion (elbow)
- pronation (forearm)
©D
BS - radial recurrent
© A. L. Neill 90
Buccinator
B part of the muscles of mastication
ill
Ne
na da
ma
O - lateral – outer surface of alveolar process of Maxilla

rA
- lateral surface (Mandible)

I - deep part of the muscles of the lips
- deep fascia of the face
A - compresses cheeks
- draws down angle of the mouth
BS - facial
©D
T - ask patient to blow as if playing the saxaphone.
Bulbospongiosus - see Muscles of the Perineum

Ciliaris - see Muscles of the Eye
Coccygeus = Ischeococcygeus - see the muscles of the Perineum
91 © A. L. Neill
Coracobrachialis
ill
C
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - corocoid process (Scapula)

I - midshaft of the Humerus
A - adduction (arm & shoulder)
BS - brachial
©D
T - moving extended arm supported on a table to the

midline against R
© A. L. Neill 92
Corrugator Supercilii
part of the muscles of facial expression
ill
C
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - glabella (Frontalis)
- medial suprorbital margin (Frontalis)
I - deep fascia of the skin in the midpoint of the orbital arch
A - pulls brows down and medially frowning
NS - facial N, supraorbital supratrochlear branches (CN VII)
©D
BS - facial opthalmic artery

T - ability to wrinkle brow
93 © A. L. Neill
Cremaster
part of the muscles of the perineum
ill
C
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - inguinal ligament
I - pubic tubercle (hip)
A - pulls testis to the body /regulates temperature of the testis
NS - genitofemoral, genital branch (L1-2)
BS - genitofemoral, genital branch
©D
T - testis jumps up when the thigh is stroked

- labia majora twitches
© A. L. Neill 94
Deltoid
ill
D
Ne
na da
ma
O - lateral 1/3 of anterior surface of Clavicle

- acromion process (Scapula)
- posterior spine (Scapula)
I - deltoid tuberosity (Humerus)
A - anterior - shoulder flexion, adduction, medial rotation abduction
rA
>90º, horizontal swing to midline

- middle - shoulder abduction >90º
- posterior - shoulder extension, adduction, lateral rotation
abduction >90º horizontal swing to midline,
NS - axillary N (C5-6)
BS - thoracoacromial
©D
T - moving shoulder in most directions against R

- the supine patient will eliminate the influence of gravity
95 © A. L. Neill
Depressor Anguli Oris

ill
D
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - oblique lines (Mandible)

I - deep fascia - at the corner of the lips
A - turns the corners of the lips down as in frowning
NS - facial N, mandibular branch (CN VII)
BS - facial - maxillary branch + inferior labial branch
T - ability to turn down the corners of the mouth as in frowning
©D
© A. L. Neill 96
Depressor Labii Inferioris

ill
D
Ne
na da
ma
O - anterior-medial surfaces of Mandible

I - deep fascia medial to the corners of the lips
rA
A - pulls lips down and back (with Platysma)

NS - facial N, superior buccal & mandibular branches (CN VII)
BS - facial - labial branches
T - ability to draw back lips and tighten neck (Platysma)
©D
97 © A. L. Neill
Depressor Septi
ill
D
Ne
na da
ma
O - anterior - medial surfaces of Maxilla

I - deep fascia at the base of the nose
rA
A - pulls nostrils inwards and lips up

NS - facial N, maxillary branch (CN VII)
BS - facial - maxillary, superior buccal branches
T - ask patient to wrinkle nose
©D
© A. L. Neill 98
Diaphragm
ill
D
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - xiphoid process (Sternum)

- ribs 7-12
- lumbar vertebrae L1-2
I - central tendon
A - forced inspiration - pulls down central tendon and
©D
expands volume
NS - phrenic (C3-5)
- accessary phrenic, cervical plexus
BS - superior, inferior phrenic, mamillary & long thoracic
T - ask patient to force inspiration and note abdomen increase
99 © A. L. Neill
Digastricus
part of the muscles of the Hyoid
ill
(anterior neck 2 muscle bellies passing through
a fibrous loop)
D
Ne
na da
ma
O - anterior - inner side (lingular) of jaw (Mandible)

rA
- posterior - mastoid notch (Temporal bone)

I - slides through the Hyoid tendon / ligament
A - elevates, retracts and protracts Hyoid
- depresses Mandible
NS - anterior - trigeminal N (CN V)
- posterior - facial N (CN VII)
©D
BS - facial mandibular branch

- superior cervical
T - open jaw against R
- note movement of Hyoid on swallowing
© A. L. Neill 100
Dorsal Interossei (foot)
ill
D
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - 2 heads to adjacent MTs 2-5

I - base Phalanx 1 Digits 2-5
A - abduction
NS - lateral plantar (superficial peroneal) (L4-S2)
©D
101 © A. L. Neill
Dorsal Interossei (hand)
ill
D
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - 2 heads to adjacent MCs 2-5

I - base Phalanx 1 Digits 2-5
A - abduction of fingers from and axis through middle finger
- flexion of proximal PIPs
- extension of middle and distal PIPs (fingers in a tent)
BS - deep palmer arch
©D
T - open fingers against R

- straighten 1st jt of fingers and straighten out their ends
© A. L. Neill 102
Epicranius = Frontalis + Occipitalis =

Occipito-Frontalis
ill
Ne
E
na da
Frontalis
ma
O - skull aponeurosis
I - superficial fascia superior to brow
A - raises eyebrows / wrinkles forehead
NS - facial N temporal branches (CN VII)
BS - supraorbital supratrochlear branches of opthalmic artery
Occipitalis
rA
O - Occipital bone - mastoid process (Temporalis)

I - skull aponeurosis
A - draws scalp back
NS - facial N postauricular branch
BS - facial
©D
Erector Spinae (ES) - Iliocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis

- see muscles of the Back - muscles are also each listed separately
103 © A. L. Neill
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
ill
Ne
E
na da
ma
rA
O - lateral epicondyle (Humerus)

I - dorsal base of MC 3
A - extension (wrist)
- radial deviation of hand
©D
BS - radial
- radial recurrent
T - lift hand from table against R
- move flat hand towards thumb against R
© A. L. Neill 104
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
ill
Ne
E
na da
ma
rA
O - lateral supracondylar ridge (Humerus)

I - dorsal base of MC 2
©D
BS - radial, radial recurrent
- posterior interosseus
105 © A. L. Neill
Extensor Carpis Ulnaris
ill
Ne
E
na da
ma
rA

- interosseus membrane from posterior surface
I - medial base of MC5
©D
- lateral deviation of hand

BS - ulnar
© A. L. Neill 106
ill
Ne
E
na da
ma
rA

I - dorsal Phalanx 1, Digit 5 via Extensor Digitorum tendon
A - extension (forearm, hand & Digit 5)
- abduction (Digit 5)
©D
NS - radial N, deep radial N (posterior interosseus N) (C7-8)

BS - ulnar
T - abduct little finger against R
107 © A. L. Neill
Extensor Digitorum
ill
Ne
E
na da
ma
rA

I - 4 tendons arise and are attached to dorsal base of
Phalanges 2-3 & Digits 2-5
©D
A - extension (forearm, hand & Digits2-5)

NS - radial N, deep radial N (posterior interosseus N) (C7-8)
BS - ulnar
T - extend hand from fist against R
© A. L. Neill 108
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
ill
Ne
E
na da
ma
rA
O - superio-lateral surface of Calcaneus

- inferior retinaculum
I - 4 tendons arise and are attached to dorsal base of
Phalanx 1 & Digits 2-4
A - extension (Digits1-4)
NS - deep peroneal N (L5-S1)
©D
BS - dorsalis pedis
- lateral tarsal
T - lift toes with foot on floor from upright patient
109 © A. L. Neill
ill
Ne
E
na da
ma
rA
O - anterior surfaces of Tibia & Fibula

I - 4 tendons arise and are attached to dorsal base of Phalanges
& Digits 2-5
A - extension (Digits1-4)
©D
- dorsiflexion of the ankle

NS - deep peroneal N, anterior tibial N (L4-S1)
BS - anterior tibial
T - lift foot and toes with heel on floor from upright patient
- walk / stand on heels
© A. L. Neill 110
Extensor Hallicus Brevis
ill
Ne
E
na da
ma
rA
O - superio-lateral surface of Calcaneus

- inferior retinaculum
©D
I - dorsal base of Phalanx 1 & Digit 1

A - extension (Digit1)
NS - deep peroneal N (S1-2)
BS - dorsalis pedis
- medial tarsal
T - uncurl big toe against R
111 © A. L. Neill
Extensor Hallicus Longus
ill
Ne
E
na da
ma
rA
O - anterior Fibula
I - Phalanx 2 & Digit 1
A - extension (Digit 1)
©D
- dorsiflexion (ankle)
NS - deep peroneal N (S1-2)
BS - dorsalis pedis
- anterior tibial
T - lift big toe from floor from upright patient
- extend big toe
© A. L. Neill 112
Extensor Indicis
ill
Ne
E
na da
ma
rA
O - dorsal distal ½ of Ulna

- posterior distal surface of interosseus membrane
I - dorsal base of Phalanges 2-3 & Digit 2 via extensor
digitorum tendon
©D
A - extension (hand & Digit 2)

NS - radial N (C7-T1)
BS - ulnar
T - extend curled hand & index finger
113 © A. L. Neill
Extensor Pollicis Brevis
ill
Ne
E
na da
ma
rA
O - dorsal surface of Radius

A - extension and abduction (hand & thumb)
NS - radial N, deep radial (= posterior interosseus N) (C6-7)
©D
BS - ulnar
T - open curled thumb against R
© A. L. Neill 114
Extensor Pollicis Longus
ill
Ne
E
na da
ma
rA
O - dorso-lateral surface in the middle 1/3 of Ulna

A - extension and abduction (hand & thumb)
NS - radial N, deep radial (= posterior interosseus N) (C6-7)
©D
BS - ulnar
T - open curled thumb against R
External Anal Sphincter - see Sphincter Ani
External Intercostals - see Intercostals
External Obliques - see Obliquuis Abdominus Externus
Extrinsic Auricular Muscles - see Auricularis
Extrinsic Ocular muscles - see the muscles of the Eye
115 © A. L. Neill
ill
Ne
F
na da
ma
rA
O - medial condyle (Humerus)

I - dorsal base of MC 2-3
A - flexion (forearm & hand)
©D
NS - median N (C6-7)
BS - radial, radial recurrent
T - lift up forearm lying flat on a table against R
© A. L. Neill 116
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
ill
Ne
F
na da
ma
rA
O - medial condyle (Humerus)

- proximal posterior (Ulna)
I - Pisiform
©D
- base of MC 5
A - flexion (forearm & hand)
NS - ulnar N (C7-8)
BS - posterior ulnar recurrent
T - lift up forearm lying flat on a table against R
117 © A. L. Neill
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis (foot)
ill
Ne
F
na da
ma
rA
O - base MT 5, sheath of Peroneus Longus

I - base of Phalanx 1 & Digit 5
©D
A - flexion (foot & little toe)

T - curl up little toe
© A. L. Neill 118
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis (hand)

Hypothenar eminence
ill
Ne
F
na da
ma
rA
O - flexor retinaculum
- Hamulus & Hamate
I - ulnar side of Phalanx 1, Digit 5
A - flexion of little finger
©D
NS - ulnar N, (C8-T1)
BS - ulnar
T - flex little finger against R
119 © A. L. Neill
Flexor Digitorum Brevis (foot)

first layer of the sole of the foot
ill
Ne
F
na da
ma
rA
O - base MT 5, sheath of Peroneus Longus

A - flexion (foot & little toe)
©D
T - curl up little toe
© A. L. Neill 120
Flexor Digitorum Longus (foot)

second layer of the muscles of the sole of the foot
ill
Ne
F
na da
ma
O - posterior Tibia
rA
I - base of Phalanx 3 & Digits 2-5

A - flexion & plantar flexion of the foot
NS - posterior tibial N (S2-3)
BS - posterior tibial
T - push toes into hand on the prone patient with
feet over the end. ie plantar flex against R
©D
121 © A. L. Neill
Flexor Digitorum Profundus (hand)
ill
Ne
F
na da
ma
rA
O - proximal 2/3 on anterior surface of Ulna

- coronoid process (Ulna)
©D
I - ulnar side of Phalanx 3, Digits 2-5

A - flexion of hand & fingers 2-5
NS - median & ulnar Ns, (C8-T1)
BS - ulnar
T - flex fingers against R
© A. L. Neill 122
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (hand)
ill
Ne
F
na da
ma
rA
O - medial epicondyle (Humerus)

- anterior onlique line (Radius)
©D
I - Phalanx 2, Digits 2-5

A - flexion (forearm, hand and fingers 2-5)
NS - median N, (C7-8)
BS - ulnar, radial
T - flex fingers against R
123 © A. L. Neill
Flexor Hallucis Brevis (foot)

third layer of the sole of the foot
ill
Ne
F
na da
ma
rA
O - plantar surface of the Cuboid

- lateral Cuniform
- Tibialis Posterior tendon
©D
I - both sides of Phalanx 1 & Digit 1

A - flexion (big toe)
NS - 1st plantar digital N (L4-S3)
BS - medial plantar
T - curl up big toe
© A. L. Neill 124
Flexor Hallucis Longus (foot)

second layer of the sole of the foot
ill
Ne
F
na da
ma
rA
O - lower posterior Fibula

A - flexion & plantarflexion of the foot
- inversion of the foot
©D
- medial stabilization of the ankle

- support for longitudinal ligament of arch
NS - posterior tibial N (S2-3)
- peroneal
T - plantarflex foot against R
- flex big toe against R
125 © A. L. Neill
Flexor Pollicis Brevis
ill
Ne
F
na da
ma
rA
- Trapezium ridge
I - lateral base of Phalanx 1, Digit 1
A - flexion of thumb
©D
NS - median & ulnar Ns (C6-T1)

BS - radial - palmar digital branches
T - flex thumb against R
© A. L. Neill 126
Flexor Pollicis Longus
ill
Ne
F
na da
ma
rA
O - anterior surface of middle 1/2 of Radius

- interosseus membrane (b/n Radius & Ulna)
I - Phalanx 2, Digit 1
©D
A - flexion (hand & thumb)

NS - median N, (C8-T1)
BS - ulnar
T - flex hand and thumb against R
Frontalis - see Epicranius
127 © A. L. Neill
Gastrocnemius
ill
Ne
G
na da
ma
rA
O - posterior condyles (Femur) via 2 heads

medial & lateral
©D
I - Archille’s tendon to tuberosity of Calcaneus

A - knee flexion
- plantar flexion and inversion of the foot
NS - tibial N (S1-2)
BS - popliteal
T - flex knee against R
© A. L. Neill 128
Gemellus
ill
Ne
G
Inferior da
I - medial surface of the greater trochanter (Femur)
na
A - lateral rotation
NS - N to Quadratus Femoris branch of (L4-S1)
BS - inferior gluteal
T - rotate hip against R
ma
rA
Superior
O - ischeal spine (hip)
©D
I - medial surface of the greater trochanter (Femur)

NS - N to Obturator Internus, SP (L4-S1)
BS - inferior gluteal
T - rotate hip against R
Genioglossus - see Tongue Muscles

Geniohyoid - see Thyro / Hyoid Muscles
129 © A. L. Neill
Gluteus Maximus
ill
Ne
G
na da
ma
rA
O - posterior crest of the Ileum (hip)

- Sacrum & Coccyx
I - greater trochanter (Femur)
- Tensor Fascia Lata
- linea aspera (Femur)
A - lateral rotation (hip)
©D
- extension (thigh)
NS - inferior gluteal N (L5-S2)
- angiococcygeal Ns dorsal sacral Ns (S1-5)
BS - superior gluteal
T - extend leg against R or in the standing patient
© A. L. Neill 130
Gluteus Medius
ill
Ne
G
na da
ma
rA
O - posterior crest of the Ileum b/n upper 2 gluteal lines (hip)

I - lateral surface of the greater trochanter (Femur)
A - abduction (Femur)
- medial rotator (hip)
©D
NS - superior gluteal N (L5-S1)

131 © A. L. Neill
Gluteus Minimus
ill
Ne
G
na da
ma
rA
O - posterior crest of the Ileum b/n upper 2 gluteal lines (hip)

- margin of sciatic notch
I - anterolateral border of the greater trochanter (Femur)
A - abduction (hip)
©D
- pelvic stabilizer
NS - superior gluteal N (L5-S1)
- test balance on one leg
© A. L. Neill 132
Gracillis
ill
Ne
G
na da
ma
rA
O - pubic symphysis (hip)

I - anteromedial surface of the Tibia
A - flexion (hip)
- adduction (hip)
BS - deep femoral
©D
- obturator
- medial femoral circumflex
T - flex hip against R
Hyoid muscles - Geniohyoid, Mylohyoid, Omohyoid, Sternohyoid

- see individual listings and the Thyro /Hyoid muscles
Hypoglossus - see Tongue Muscles
133 © A. L. Neill
Iliacus
part of Iliopsoas
ill
Ne
na da I
ma
rA
O - iliac fossa (hip)

I - lesser trochanter (Femur)
A - flexion (hip) from supine position
- anterior pelvic tilt (hip)
NS - femoral N (L2-3)
BS - deep femoral
©D
- obturator
T - flex hip in the supine patient
© A. L. Neill 134
Iliocostalis
part of the ES
ill
Ne
I
na da
ma
rA
©D
135 © A. L. Neill
Iliocostalis
ill
Cervicis
O - angles of ribs 3-6
Ne
I - TPs of cervical VBs 4-6
A - bilateral action - extension of cervical VC
- unilateral action - lateral flexion of cervical VC
NS - segmental doral branches of SNs
BS - segmental dorsal branches of the carotids
T - extend neck against R and laterally flex against R
Thoracis
O - angles of ribs 6-12
I - TP of cervical VB C7
da I
- angles of ribs 1-6

na
A - bilateral action - forceful contraction of the ribs for inspiration
- unilateral action - lat. flexion of VC (largely stopped by the ribs)
NS - segmental dorsal branches of SNs
BS - segmental dorsal branches of descending aorta
T - ask patient to inspire forcefully
ma
Lumborum
O - sacral crest and medial parts of the iliac crests
I - angles of ribs 3-6 lateral to Thoracis
A - bilateral forced inspiration, extension of the VC
rA
- unilateral lateral flexion of the VC

NS - segmental dorsal branches of SNs
BS - segmental dorsal branches of descending aorta, iliacs, lumbar
and sacral vessels
Iliopsoas = Iliacus + Psoas - see Iliacus and Psoas

Iliotibial Tract - see Tensor Fascia Lata
©D
Incisivus Labii - Inferior, Superior - see the muscles of the Face

Inferior Lingualis - see the muscles of the Tongue
Inferior Oblique - see the muscles of the Eye
Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor - see Pharyngeal Constrictors
Inferior rectus - see the muscles of the Eye
© A. L. Neill 136
Infraspinatus
part of the shoulder girdle - rotator cuff muscles
ill
Ne
I
na da
ma
O - medial 2/3 of infraspinous fossa (Scapula)

I - greater tuberosity (Humerus)
- horizontal abduction (shoulder)
NS - suprascapular N (C4-6)
rA
BS - suprascapular
- transverse cervical
- scapular cirumflex
T - with anterior horizontal arm move around against R
Innermost Intercostals - see Intercostals

©D
Internal intercostals - see Intercostals

Internal Obliques - see Obliquuis Abdominus Internus
137 © A. L. Neill
Intercostals
as a group the muscles b/n ribs
ill
Ne
External
O - costal groove of the rib
I - superior surface of the rib below
A - draws adjacent ribs up and closer
together
- increases thoracic volume with
da contracted Diaphragm
NS - segmental - anterior branches of SNs
(T1-12)
BS - internal thoracic
- intercostal branches
I
T - movement of rib cage with breathing

na
ma
Internal
O - inferior border of the rib
I - superior surface of the rib below
A - draws adjacent ribs down and
closer together
rA
- decreases thoracic volume with

relaxed Diaphragm
- flexion of the thorax
NS - segmental - anterior branches of SNs
(T1-12)
BS - internal thoracic
©D
- intercostal branches
T - movement of rib cage with breathing
Intimi = Innermost Intercostals - see Intercostals
© A. L. Neill 138
Interspinalis
cervical, thoracic and lumbar
ill
Ne
I
na da
ma
rA
©D
139 © A. L. Neill
ill
Ne
O - cervical SP of C3-7
- thoracic SP of T2-12
- lumbar SP L2-5 da
I - SP of the immediate VB above
A - draws adjacent VBs together extending the VC
I
NS - segmental - dorsal branches of relative SNs (C1-L5)

na
BS - cervical - branches of the internal carotid
- thoracic - dorsal branches of the decending aorta
- lumbar - dorsal branches of the iliacs
Interossei - Muscles groups - Dorsal, Palmer (hand), Dorsal, Plantar

ma
(foot) - see individual listings of these muscles

O & I listed individually - as a group these muscles lie b/n the MT
or the MC bones of the hands or feet.
A listed individually - as a group they assist in abduction (dorsal)
/adduction (plantar, palmar) of the toes /fingers of the foot or hand.
NS the digital branches of the Ns supplying the hand or foot
BS the digital branches of the BVs supplying the hand or foot
rA
coming from arches in the hand or foot

©D
© A. L. Neill 140
Intertranversarii
ill
Ne
I
na da
ma
rA
©D
141 © A. L. Neill
ill
Ne
O - cervical - TP of C1-T1 on the anterior & posterior surfaces
I -
A -
-
- da
thoracic - TP of T11- L1 on the posterior surface only
lumbar - TP on the lateral surface and mamillary bodies of L1-5
TP of the immediate VB above on the same surface
draws adjacent VBs together extending the VC
I
NS - segmental - ventral branches of relative SNs

na
BS - cervical - branches of the internal carotid
- thoracic - dorsal branches of the decending aorta
- lumbar - dorsal branches of the iliacs
Intrinsic Auricular Muscles - Stapedius

ma
Intrinsic Ocular Muscles - Ciliarus, Recti, Sphincter Pupillae -

see the muscles of the Eye
Ischiocavernosus - see the muscles of the Perineum
Lateral Cricoarytenoid - see the muscles of the Larynx
rA
©D
© A. L. Neill 142
Latissimus Dorsi
ill
Ne
na da
L
ma
O - spines of T7-L5
rA
- sacrum
- iliac crest
- ribs 10-12
I - floor of the bicipital groove (Humerus)
A - extension (arm)
- adduction and horizontal abduction (arm)
©D
NS - thoracodorsal N (C6-8)
BS - transverse cervical
- subscapluar
T - extend arm against R
Levator Ani - see the muscles of the Pelvis and Perineum

Levator Anguli Oris - see the muscles of the Face
Levator Palpabrae Superioris - see the muscles of the Eye
143 © A. L. Neill
Levator Costi
Brevis
ill
Ne
na da
L
ma
rA
©D
O - TP of C7-T11
I - outer surface of the rib immediately inferior b/n tubercle
and angle
A - elevate ribs in inspiration
- extend and laterally flex VC in thoracic region
NS - segmental dorsal branches of the corresponding SNs (C7-T11)
BS - segmental dorsal branches of the descending aorta
© A. L. Neill 144
Levator Costi
Longus
ill
Ne
na da
L
ma
rA
©D
O - TP of T7-T10
I - outer surface of the ribs 2-3 below b/n tubercle and angle
A - elevate ribs in inspiration
- extend and laterally flex VC in thoracic region
- rotation of the VC
NS - segmental dorsal branches of the corresponding SNs (T7-T11)
145 © A. L. Neill
Levator Scapulae
ill
Ne
na da
L
ma
O - TP of C1-4 (5)
rA
I - medial border of Scapula to the spine

A - elevate (shoulders) unilateral or bilateral
- lateral flexion, medial rotation (neck) unilateral
NS - dorsal scapular N (C5)
- dorsal branches of the SNs (C3-4)
- N to Levator Scapulae
©D
Levator Veli Palatini - see the Soft Palate Muscles

Lingualis - Inferior, Transverse & Vertical - see the Tongue Muscles
© A. L. Neill 146
Longissimus
ill
Capitus, Cerivcis & Thoracis - part of ES
Ne
na da
L
ma
rA
©D
147 © A. L. Neill
ill
Ne
O - Capitus - TP of C1-5
Cervicis -TP of C1-5
da
Thoracis - TP of T1-5
I - Capitus - mastoid process (Temporalis)
Cervicis - TP of C2-6
na
Thoracis - TP of T1-12 L
A - extension and rotation of the VC
NS - segmental spinal roots generally the dorsal branches (C1-L5)
BS - segmental dorsal branches of the ascending cervical BVs,
descending aorta and lumbar arteries
ma

- from upright position bend to one side and the other w/o help
rA
©D
© A. L. Neill 148
Longus Capitus
ill
Ne
na da
L
ma
rA
O - TP of C3-7
I - anterior surface of Occiput
A - flexion neck (bilaterally action)
©D
- rotation of neck (unilateral action)

NS - N to Longus Capitus (C1-C3)
BS - vertebral - maybe damaged in Whiplash accidents
T - flexion of Neck against R
- rotation of neck against R
149 © A. L. Neill
Longus Colli
ill
Ne
na da
L
ma
rA
O - TP and anterior surface of C1-T3

I - anterior arch of Atlas (C1)
A - flexion neck (bilaterally action)
©D
- rotation of neck (unilateral action)

NS - N to Longus Colli (C1-C3)
BS - vertebral - maybe damaged in Whiplash accidents
T - flexion of Neck against R
- rotation of neck against R
© A. L. Neill 150
Lumbricals (foot)
second layer of the soul of the foot
ill
Ne
na da
L
ma
rA
O - tendon of Flexor Digitorum Longus

I - dorsal surface of proximal Phalanges
©D
A - flexion of toes (not big toe)

NS - medial plantar N (L4-5)
- deep lateral plantar N (S1-2)
BS - plantar metatarsal
T - to curl up toes
151 © A. L. Neill
Lumbricals (hand)
ill
Ne
na da
L
ma
rA
O - tendon of Flexor Digitorum Profundus to the palm

I - lateral surface of Phalanx 1 Digits 2-5
- Extensor Digitorum tendons
A - flexion of fingers (not thumb)
©D
NS - median & ulnar Ns (C8-T1)

BS - palmar arches deep and superficial
T - to curl up fingers
© A. L. Neill 152
Masseter
part of the muscles of mastication
ill
Ne
na da
M
ma
rA
O - zygomatic arch (Maxilla)

I - Mandible
A - closes jaw
- clenches teeth
- protraction and retraction of jaw
NS - trigeminal N - mandibular branch (CN V)
©D
BS - maxillary, facial, transverse facial

T - to clench teeth and move jaw in and out
153 © A. L. Neill
Mentalis
ill
Ne
na da
M
ma
rA
O - Mandible
I - deep fascia of the skin of the chin
A - protrudes lips
- raises bottom lip
NS - facial N - mandibular branch (CN VII)
BS - facial - mandibular branch
©D
T - to lift up bottom lip
© A. L. Neill 154
Multifidus Capitus, Cervicis & Thoracis

part of deep spinal muscle layer
ill
Ne
na da
M
ma
rA
©D
155 © A. L. Neill
ill
Ne
O - Capitus articular processes (zygoapophyseal) of C1-7
da
- Cervicis TP and intertranverse ligament T1-12
- Thoracis TP and mamillary bodies of L1-5
- posterior foraminae of Sacrum
I - SP of 2-3 VB above
A - extension and rotation of the VC
na
- stability of the VC
NS - segmental spinal roots generally the
dorsal branches (C1-L5)
BS - segmental dorsal branches of the ascending M
cervical BVs, descending aorta and lumbar arteries
ma
- from upright position bend to one side and the

other w/o help
Muscularis Uvulae - see Soft Palate Muscles

Mylohyoid - see Thyro / Hyoid Muscles
Nasalis - see the muscles of the Face
rA
Oblique muscles of the eye - superior / inferior -

see the muscles
of the Eye
©D
© A. L. Neill 156
Obliquus Abdominus - Externus

External Oblique
ill
Ne
na da
ma
O
rA
©D
157 © A. L. Neill
ill
Ne
External (outer layer of abdominal muscles)
O - ribs 2 - 12 - interdigitates with Serratus Anterior
I - abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba (direction hands in
front pockets)
- iliac crest (hip)
- inguinal ligament
da
A - bilateral flexion of VC
forced expiration, coughing
na
compression of abdominal contents
assistance in defaecation
assisting the lumbar muscles for stability of the VC
- unilateral rotation to opposite side
NS - segmental T8-12
ma
- iliohypogatric, ilioinguinal Ns
BS - segmental intercostals O
- ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric
T - to suck in stomach / abdomen
rA
©D
© A. L. Neill 158
Obliquus Abdominis - Internus

Internal Oblique
ill
Ne
na da
ma
O
rA
©D
159 © A. L. Neill
ill
Ne
Internal (middle layer of abdominal muscles)
O - Iliac crest (hip)
- inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia
I - abdominal aponeurosis (direction hands in back pockets)
- lower ribs (8-12)
da
A - bilateral flexion of VC
forced expiration, coughing
compression of abdominal contents
assistance in defaecation
na
assisting the lumbar muscles for
stability of the VC
- unilateral rotation to opposite side
NS - segmental T8-12
- iliohypogatric, ilioinguinal Ns
BS - segmental intercostals
ma
- ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric O
T - to suck in stomach /abdomen
rA
©D
© A. L. Neill 160
Oblquuis Capitis
ill
Ne
Inferior
O - SP of C2 Axis
I - TP of C1 Atlas
da
A - rotates head
na
NS - suboccipital N (C2) and dorsal rami of C1-2
BS - vertebral
ma
O
rA
Superior
O - TP of C1 Atlas
©D
I - base of skull (Occiput)

A - extends head
- lateral flexion of head
NS - suboccipital N (C2) and dorsal rami of C1-2
BS - ascending cervical
T - test movements of the head ± R
161 © A. L. Neill
Obturator Externus
ill
Ne
na da
ma
O
rA
O - inferior pubic ramus and ischeal ramus (hip)

- obturator membrane
I - trochanteric fossa (Femur)
©D
BS - obturator
© A. L. Neill 162
Obturator Internus
ill
Ne
na da
ma
O
rA
O - internal pelvic surface

- obturator membrane through sciatic notch
I - anterior surface of medial greater trochanter (Femur)
A - lateral rotation (hip)
- extension & abduction from flexed hip
NS - N to Obturator Internus (L5-S2)
©D
T - test movements of the flexed hip to R
Occipitalis see Epicranius

Omohyoid see Thyro / Hyoid muscles
163 © A. L. Neill
Opponens Digiti Minimi

Hypothenar eminence
ill
Ne
na da
ma
O
rA
- Hamulus, Hamate
I - ulnar side of MC 5
A - flexion and apposition to thumb of little finger
NS - ulnar N deep branch (C8-T!)
BS - ulnar
©D
T - oppose thumb and little finger with R to little finger
© A. L. Neill 164
Opponens Pollicis
Thenar eminence
ill
Ne
na da
ma
O - Trapezium (ridge)
rA
- flexor retinaculum
I - along the side of MC 1
A - flexion and apposition of thumb
- adduction and medial rotation (thumb)
NS - median (C7-8)
BS - radial
©D
T - oppose thumb and little finger with R to thumb
165 © A. L. Neill
Orbicularis Oculi
ill
Ne
na da
ma
O
rA
O - Frontalis, medial margin of Maxilla, Lacrimal bone

I - inserts into deep fascia of the orbit on all sides
A - closure of eyelids tightly and as in normal blinking
drainage of tear ducts
NS - facial N (CNVII)
BS - facial
©D
T - ability to tightly close eyes
© A. L. Neill 166
Orbicularis Oris
ill
Ne
na da
ma
O
rA
O - Maxilla,
I - deep fascia of skin and muscles around the mouth
decussates extensively with the other muscles in this region
A - closure, pursing and protrusion of lips
©D
- assists in the actions of other muscles here

BS - facial
T - test movements of the mouth note other muscles act in
synergy
167 © A. L. Neill
Palmar Interossei
ill
Ne
na da
ma
P
rA
O - MCs 1-5
I - medial side of the base of the proximal
Phalanges 1-2
- lateral side of the base of the proximal
Phalanges 3-5
©D
A - adduction to the middle finger

BS - deep palmer arch
T - close open fingers against R
© A. L. Neill 168
Palmaris Brevis (hand)
ill
Ne
na da
ma
P
rA
- palmar aponeurosis
I - superficial fascia
A - closure of hand
NS - ulnar N (C8)
©D
BS - superficial palmar arch

T - close open hand against R
169 © A. L. Neill
Palmaris Longus (arm)
ill
Ne
na da
ma
P
rA

I - flexor retinaculum
- palmar aponeurosis
A - flexion of hand
©D
NS - median N (C6-8)
BS - posterior ulnar recurrent
- superficial palmar arch
T - flex hand against R
© A. L. Neill 170
Pectineus
ill
Ne
na da
ma
P
rA
O - pubic crest & tubercle (hip)

I - upper ½ linea aspera (Femur)
©D
A - adduction, flexion, lateral rotation (hip)

NS - femoral N (L2-4), obturator and accessory
obturator Ns (L3-4)
BS - media femoral circumflex, obturator
171 © A. L. Neill
Pectoralis Major
ill
Ne
na da
ma
base of the breast tissue main muscle of the chest

O - medial 2/3 of the anterior clavicle P
- ½ width of the anterior surface of the Sternum
- anterior surface of the cartilages of ribs 1- 6
- tendon twists over - so the clavicular fibres insert below the
rA
sternal & costal fibres

I - lateral lip of bicipital groove (Humerus)
A - fixed Sternum/chest
- adduction, horizontal adduction, medial rotation (Humerus)
- abduction > 90º
- fixed Humerus/arm (as in holding onto a fixed structure)
- accessory muscle of respiration - inspiration (eg in asthma)
©D
NS - medial & lateral pectoral N (C5-8)

T - horizontal adduction and adduction against R
- arm placed on a table moved over the surface 180º across
the table to eliminate gravity
This muscle may be removed in a mastectomy if there is
invasion to the deep fascia
© A. L. Neill 172
Pectoralis Minor
ill
Ne
na da
ma
P
deep to Major
O - anterior surface of ribs 3-5
- coracoid process (Scapula)
A - depression, flexion, medial rotation (shoulder)
rA
- abduction > 90º (Humerus)

- fixed Humerus/arm (as in holding onto a fixed structure)
- accessory muscle of respiration - inspiration
(eg in asthma)
NS - medial & lateral pectoral N (C5-T1)
©D
T - ability to pull their shoulders down
173 © A. L. Neill
Peroneus Brevis
b/n Longus and Tertius
ill
Ne
na da
ma
P
rA
O - lower lateral surface of Fibula

I - moves beneath the foot to the base of MT1 &
Cuniform1 (big toe)
©D
A - plantar flexion (ankle)

- eversion (foot)
NS - superficial peroneal N (L5-S2)
BS - peroneal
T - plantar flex and evert against R
© A. L. Neill 174
Peroneus Longus
most superficial
ill
Ne
na da
ma
P
rA
O - head, lateral surface of the Fibula

I - base of MT 5
©D
A - plantar flexion (ankle)

- eversion (foot)
NS - superficial peroneal N (L5-S1)
BS - peroneal
175 © A. L. Neill
Peroneus Tertius
deepest
ill
Ne
na da
ma
P
rA
O - lower anterior of the Fibula

©D
I - base of MT 5
A - dorsi flexion (ankle)
- eversion (foot)
NS - anterior tibial, deep peroneal N (L5-S1)
© A. L. Neill 176
Piriformis
ill
Ne
na da
ma
P
rA
O - anterior surface of Sacrum

- sacrotuberous ligament - through the greater
sciatic notch
I - superior medial surface of greater trochanter
A - lateral rotation, abduction extension (hip)
NS - inferior gluteal N (L5-S2)
©D
- N to Piriformis from SP (S1-2)

BS - superior & inferior gluteal, internal pudendal
Important landmark for the emergence of the Sciatic N
177 © A. L. Neill
Plantar Interossei
fourth and deepest layer of the soul
ill
Ne
na da
ma
P
rA
O - medial surface of MTs 3-5

©D
I - medial surface of base Phalanx 1 Digits 3-5

A - adduction
NS - lateral plantar (superficial peroneal) N (S2-3)
© A. L. Neill 178
Plantaris
ill
Ne
na da
ma
P
rA
O - posterior surface of lateral condyle (Femur)

I - Calcaneal tuberosity via Achilles’ tendon
©D
A - flexion (knee)
- dorsiflexion (ankle)
NS - medial popliteal/tibial N (L4-S1)
BS - popliteal
T - dorsiflex ankle against R
179 © A. L. Neill
Platysma
ill
Ne
na da
ma
P
rA
O - superficial fascia of the upper chest

I - superficial fascia of the chin and jaw up to
the lower lips
A - moves the skin from lower jaw to chest
©D
NS - facial N cervical branch (CN VII)

BS - facial, inferior alveolar, laryngeal
T - ability to tighten neck and jaw
© A. L. Neill 180
Popliteus
ill
Ne
na da
ma
P
rA
O - lateral epicondyle (Femur)

I - proximal posterior surface of Tibia
A - flexion (knee)
©D
- medial rotation of the flexed knee

NS - medial popliteal/tibial N (L4-S1)
BS - popliteal
T - with flexed knee rotate inwards against R
Procerus - see the summary of the muscles of the Face
181 © A. L. Neill
Pronator Quadratus
ill
Ne
na da
ma
P
rA
O - anterior surface of the distal ¼ of the Ulna

I - anterior surface of the distal ¼ of the Radius
©D
A - pronation
NS - median N anterior interosseus branch (C8-T1)
BS - ulnar
T - lay arm on bench pronate against R
© A. L. Neill 182
Pronator Teres
ill
Ne
na da
ma
P
rA

- supracondylar ridge (Humerus)
I - lateral surface (Radius)
©D
A - pronation, flexion (forearm)

NS - median N anterior interosseus branch (C6-7)
BS - anterior ulnar recurrent
T - lay extended arm on bench pronate and flex against R
183 © A. L. Neill
Psoas
Iliopsoas = Iliacus + Psoas Major
ill
Ne
na da
ma
Major P
completely overlays Minor and merges
with Iliacus
O - bodies and TP of T12, L1-5
rA

A - flexion of hip and lower back
NS - femoral N and LP (L1-3)
BS - iliolimbar
T - ability to raise straight legs (R=gravity)
Minor
©D
absent in 30% of patients

O - bodies and TP of L2-5
A - flexion of hip and lower back
NS - femoral N and LP (L1-3)
BS - iliolimbar
T - ability to straight legs (R=gravity)
© A. L. Neill 184
Pterygoid
part of the muscles of mastication
ill
Ne
Lateral da
O - superior, inferior heads, greater wing and lateral
surface of the lateral pterygoid plate of Sphenoid
I - temporomandibular joint
na
A - opens jaw / Mandible
- moves Mandible from side to side
NS - trigeminal N (CN V)
BS - maxillary branches
T - open jaw against R
ma
P
rA
Medial
O - lateral plate of Sphenoid - lateral pterygoid plate
©D
- Palatine bones, Maxilla

I - Mandible
A - closes jaw / Mandible
- moves Mandible back and clenches teeth
NS - trigeminal N (CN V)
BS - maxillary and its branches
T - ability to clench teeth and pull jaw back
185 © A. L. Neill
Pyramidalis
ill
Ne
na da
ma
P
rA
O - anterior surface of Pubic Symphysis and Pubis (pelvic ring)

©D
I - linea alba (part of the deep fascia of the abdomen)

½ way to the umbilicus
A - compresses abdomen, supports contents
- assists in defeacation, and forced expiration
NS - subcostal N (T12)
BS - ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric
T - tighten abdomen and observe lower muscles
© A. L. Neill 186
Quadratus Femoris
ill
Ne
na da
ma
Q
rA
O - ischeal tubersoity (hip)

I - quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest (Femur)
A - lateral rotation (Femur)
NS - N to Quadratus Femoris from SP (L4-S1)
BS - medial femoral circumflex
T - sitting on the floor legs flexed & abducted rotate legs
©D
outwards
187 © A. L. Neill
Quadratus Lumborum
ill
Ne
na da
ma
Q
rA
O - posterior crest of Ileum (hip)

I - rib 12, TP of L1-5
A - bilateral = lumbar extension (lower back)
- unilateral = lateral flexion (lower back)
- augments action of Diaphragm,
- supports lower back
©D
- supports abdominal & pelvic contents (core muscle)

NS - subcostal N, LP (T12-L3)
BS - lumbar vessels
T - erect standing patient bends to the side
- hyperextension of lower back - care needed with some
patients
© A. L. Neill 188
Quadratus Plantae
2nd layer soul of the foot
ill
Ne
na da
ma
Q
rA
O - 2 heads medial, lateral

- medial medial inferior surface of Calcaneus
- lateral lateral surface Calcaneus, long plantar ligament
I - tendon of Flexor Digitorum Longus
©D
A - plantar flexion
NS - lateral plantar N (L4-S2)
T - foot, plantar flexion against R
- observation of arch and changes with flexion
189 © A. L. Neill
Rectus Abdominis
Segmental muscles 4-5 divisions - often asymmetric
ill
Ne
na da
ma
R
rA
O - anterior surface of Pubic Symphysis and crest of Pubis

(hips pelvic ring)
I - xiphoid process (Sternum)
- costal cartilages ribs 5-7
©D
A - bilateral - lateral flexion and flexion of trunk/abdomen,

supports contents
- assists in defeacation
- unilateral - rotation of abdomen
NS - subcostal N (T12), lower intercostal Ns (T5-12)
BS - inferior epigastric, lower intercostals
T - tense and bend abdomen - sit ups
© A. L. Neill 190
Rectus Capitis
ill
Ne
Anterior
O - TP of Atlas (C1)
da
I - Occiput - inferior surface of basilar part
na
A - flexion (head)
NS - N to Rectus Capitus part of CP (C2-3),
suboccipital N (C1)
BS - vertebral
T - flex head against R
ma
R
rA
©D
Lateralis
O - TP of Atlas (C1)
I - Occiput - jugular process
A - lateral flexion (head) unilateral action
NS - N to Rectus Lateralis (C1-3) part of CP
BS - vertebral
T - laterally flex head against R
191 © A. L. Neill
Rectus Capitis
ill
Ne
da
Posterior - Major
O - SP of Axis (C2)
I - Occiput - lateral ½ of inferior nuchal line
na
A - bilateral extension (head)
- unilateral ipsi-rotation - (to the same side)
NS - suboccipital N (C1)
BS - vertebral, occipital
T - extend head against R
ma
R
rA
©D
Posterior - Minor
O - posterior arch of Atlas (C1)
I - Occiput - medial ½ of the inferior nuchal line
A - extension (head)
NS - suboccipital N (C1)
BS - vertebral, occipital
T - extend head against R
© A. L. Neill 192
Rectus Femoris
ill
Ne
na da
ma
R
rA
©D
O - ASIS (hip)
I - quadratus tendon through to tibial tuberosity
A - flexion (hip) - stabilizes the hip
- extension (knee)
BS - lateral femoral circumflex
T - sitting patient extend knee against R
193 © A. L. Neill
Rhomboideus Major (Major Rhomboid)
ill
Ne
na da
ma
R
rA
O - SP of C7-T5
I - inferior angle of medial border and spine of Scapula
A - elevation, medial rotation (shoulders/shoulder blade)
- adduction (arm via shoulder blade)
©D
NS - dorsal scapular N (C4-5)

© A. L. Neill 194
Rhomboideus Minor
ill
Ne
na da
ma
R
rA
O - SP of C7-T1
I - inferior angle of medial border and spine of Scapula
A - elevation, medial rotation (shoulders/shoulder blade)
- adduction (arm via shoulder blade)
NS - dorsal scapular N (C4)
©D
195 © A. L. Neill
Risorius
ill
Ne
na da
ma
R
rA
O - deep fascia of the face superficial to Masseter

I - skin at the angle of the mouth
A - grinning (variable)
BS - facial - transverse branch
T - ability to smile "wryly"
©D
© A. L. Neill 196
Rotatores
part of the deepest layer of muscles of the Spine - VC
ill
series of small muscles extending from Atlas to Sacrum
Longus completely overlays Brevis
Ne
na da
ma
R
rA
O&I - Longus - SP to lamina of the VB 2 above

- Brevis - SP to lamina of the VB 1 above
©D
A - bilateral - extension of the VC

- unilateral - rotation of the VC at the level of individual VBs
NS - segmental dorsal rami of the SNs
BS - segmental dorsal branches of the local vessels
eg intercostals, iliolumbar etc
Salpingopharyngeus - see the Pharyngeal Muscles
197 © A. L. Neill
Sartorius
part of anterior compartment of the thigh
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - ASIS of hip
I - anteriomedial surface of Tibia
©D
A - flexion (hip and knee)

- abduction & lateral rotation (hip)
BS - femoral
T - patient lying on the side with flexed hip and extended leg
from here ability to flex knee against R (gravity eliminated)
© A. L. Neill 198
Scalenus Anterior, Medial & Posterior

Scalene muscles
ill
Ne
na da
ma
O - Anterior TP of C3-7
- Medial TP of C3-7
rA
- Posterior TP of C5-7
S I - Anterior anteromedial surface of rib 1
- Medial lateral to the anterior muscle rib 1
- Posterior rib 2 inferior to the Clavicle
A - elevation of the ribs for unilateral action ll muscles
- in forced inspiration
- bilateral - flexion (neck)
©D
- unilateral - rotation & lateral flexion of the neck

NS - segmental - SNs anterior branches (C4-7 anterior & lateral
C6-8 posterior) supraclavicular branches of the BP Ns (C4-8)
N to Longus Colli and N to Scaleni muscles
BS - superficial cervical
T - flex neck against R
- laterally flex neck against R
199 © A. L. Neill
Semimembranosus
part of Hamstrings - posterior compartment of the thigh
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA

I - posterior surface of the medial condyle (Tibia)
©D
A - extension (hip)
- flexion (knee)
- lateral rotation (flexed knee)
BS - deep femoral
T - patient lying on the side with flexed hip and extended leg
ability to draw up both hip and knee against R (gravity
eliminated)
© A. L. Neill 200
Semispinalis
part of the deep muscles of the spine / neck
ill
more lateral than Spinalis
Ne
na da
ma
rA
S
©D
201 © A. L. Neill
ill
Ne
Capitis
O - TP of C4-7
I - superior & inferior nuchal lines (Occiput)
A - bilateral extension (head)
- unilateral rotation (head)
da
NS - suboccipital N - dorsal rami (C1)
Cervicis
O - TP of T1-6
na
I - SP of C1-5
A - bilateral extension (neck)
- unilateral rotation (head)
NS - dorsal rami of the segmental SNs (C2-T5)
ma
Thoracis
O - TP of T6-10
I - SP of C6-T4
A - bilateral extension (thorax)
rA
- unilateral rotation (thorax)

NS - dorsal branches of the segmental SNs (C5-T11)
BS - segmental branches from local BVs
T - ability to extend back in a prone position and extend
and rotate neck
©D
© A. L. Neill 202
Semitendinosus
part of Hamstrings - posterior compartment of the thigh
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA

©D
I - medial surface of the proximal shaft of the Tibia

A - flexion (knee)
- medial rotation (flexed knee)
BS - deep femoral
T - ability of the standing patient to rotate knee inwards
203 © A. L. Neill
Serratus Anterior
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
S
O - lateral surface of ribs 1-9
I - costal surface of the vertebral boarder of the Scapula
A - abduction (Scapula - shoulder)
- lateral rotation (shoulder - pulling shoulders back
©D
- fixed upper limb accessory breathing muscle - inspiration

- protraction (drawing shoulders down)
NS - long thoracic (C5-7)
BS - lateral thoracic
T - ability to pull down shoulders and arms
© A. L. Neill 204
Serratus Posterior
ill
Ne
Inferior
O - SP of T11-L3
da
I - lateral surface of ribs 8-12
na
A - pulls ribs downwards (for expiration)
NS - lower intercostal Ns, subcostal N (T7-12)
BS - intercostals, iliohypogastric
T - forced expiration w/o assistance from accessory
muscles observe lower rib movement
ma
rA
Superior
©D
O - ligamentum nuchae
- SP of C1-T3
I - lateral surface to angle of ribs 2-5
A - pulls ribs upwards (for inspiration)
NS - upper intercostal Ns (T1-4)
BS - intercostal BVs
T - observation of the upper ribs in inspiration
205 © A. L. Neill
Soleus
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - upper shaft, posterior surface (Tibia & Fibula)

I - Achille’s tendon to tuberosity of Calcaneus
A - plantar flexion (foot)
©D
NS - medial popliteal, tibial N (S1-2)

- peroneal
- popliteal
T - ability of the standing patient to go on their toes
© A. L. Neill 206
Sphincter Ani - External Anal Sphincter

ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - submuscosa of the rectum extending to deep

S fascia of the skin
I - peroneal body
- fibres of Levator Ani
A - relaxation causes release of rectal contents
NS - inferior rectal Ns from SP (S2-4)
©D
- pudendal N (S2-4)
BS - inferior rectal vessels
- haemorrhoidal vessels
T - faecal continence
207 © A. L. Neill
Sphincter Urethrae - Urethral Sphincter

ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - submuscosa of the urethra

I - peroneal diaphragm
S
- in females - anterior wall of the vagina
A - relaxation causes release of bladder contents
NS - pudendal N (S2-4)
BS - inferior vaginal vessels
©D
- branches from internal iliacs

- pudendal vessels
T - urinary continence
© A. L. Neill 208
Spinalis
part of ES
ill
more medial than and superficial to Semispinalis
Ne
na da
ma
rA
S
©D
209 © A. L. Neill
ill
Ne
Capitus
O - TP of C4-7
I - superior nuchal lines (Occiput)
A - bilateral extension (head and upper VC)
- unilateral rotation (head and neck)
da
NS - dorsal branches of SN - dorsal rami (C1-8)
Cervicis
na
O - ligamentum nuchae
- SP of C7
I - SP of C1
A - bilateral extension (upper VC)
- unilateral stabilization (neck)
NS - dorsal rami of the segmental SNs (C2-8)
ma
Spinalis Thoracis
O - TP of T11-L2
I - SP of T1-8
rA
A - bilateral extension (thorax)

- unilateral stabilization of thorax S
NS - dorsal branches of the segmental SNs (T9-L2)
BS - segmental branches from local BVs
©D
T - ability to extend back in a prone position and

extend neck
© A. L. Neill 210
Splenius
superficial to Spinalis
ill
Ne
na da
ma
Capitus
O - TP of T1-3
I - superior nuchal lines (Occiput)
- lateral mastoid process (Temporal bone)
rA
A - bilateral hyperextension, extension (head and neck)

S - stabilization (head)
NS - dorsal branches of SN - dorsal rami (C1-2)
- suboccipital N, greater occipital N (C1-2)
Cervicis
©D
O - ligamentum nuchae and TP of C1-3

I - SP and interspinous ligaments of T1-4
A - bilateral extension, hyperextension (neck and upper VC)
- unilateral stabilization (neck)
NS - dorsal rami of the segmental SNs (C3-8)
BS - branches of the internal carotids
T - ability to hyper-extend the head and neck
211 © A. L. Neill
Sternocleidomastoid
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - Manubrium (breastbone) S
- anterior surface of medial 1/3 of the Clavicle
I - mastoid process (Temporal bone)
A - bilateral flexion (head and neck)
NS - accessory N (CN XI)
©D
- N to Sternocleidomastoid (ventral rami of SNs C1-2)

T - turn head against R
- flex head against R
Sternohyoid - see Thyro / Hyoid Muscles
Sternothyoid - see Thyro / Hyoid Muscle
Stylopharyngeus - see Pharyngeal Muscles
© A. L. Neill 212
Subclavius
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
S
O - anterosuperior surface of rib 1
I - inferior groove on the Clavicle
A - depression of Clavicle
- stabilizer of sternoclavicular joint
NS - N to Subclavius (C5-6) from branches of BP
©D
- thoracoacromial
213 © A. L. Neill
Subcostales
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
S
O - angle of the ribs 1-10
I - medial end of 2-3 ribs inferior - below
A - forced expiration
NS - intercostal Ns T1-12
BS - intercostal BVs
©D
T - observe the extent of unassisted forced expiration
© A. L. Neill 214
Subscapularis
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - subscapular fossa (Scapula)

©D
I - lesser tuberosity (Humerus)

A - medial rotation (arm)
- adduction
NS - upper and lower subscapular Ns (C5-7)
BS - lateral thoracic
- subscapular
T - turn arm inwards against R
215 © A. L. Neill
Supinator
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Ne
na da
ma
rA
S
- collateral radial ligament
- annular ligament
- crest (Ulna)
©D
I - proximal 1/3 of Radius

A - supination (forearm)
- medial rotation (arm)
NS - radial N, deep radial & posterior interosseus branches (C5-6)
BS - radial
T - supination of forearm against R
Superior Pharyngeal Constrictor - see Pharyngeal Constrictors
© A. L. Neill 216
Supraspinatus
Part of the rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - supraspinous fossa (Scapula)

I - greater tuberosity (Humerus)
©D
- shoulder joint capsule

A - draws head of Humerus up into the shoulder
- abduction > 180º (arm)
- stabilizer of shoulder joint
NS - suprascapular N (C4-6)
BS - suprascapular
- axillary
T - hyperextension of arm > 180º against R
217 © A. L. Neill
Temporalis
ill
Ne
na da
ma
O - temporal fossa of the Frontal, Parietal and Temporal bone

rA
I - coronoid process and ramus (Mandible)

A - closes jaw
- retracts Mandible
- clenches teeth T
NS - trigeminal N (CNV)
BS - maxillary
- middle & superior temporals
©D
T - test strength of closed jaw or close against R (with care)
© A. L. Neill 218
Tensor Fascia Lata

part of the Iliotibial tract - lateral compartment of the thigh
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
T
O - anterior iliac crest (Ileum –hip)
I - iliotibial tract
A - flexion, abduction & medial rotation (Femur on hip)
©D
NS - superior gluteal (L4-S1)

- lateral femoral circumflex
T - patient to abduct leg when standing R = gravity
- supine patient to abduct leg against R
Tensor Veli Palatini - see Soft Palate Muscles
219 © A. L. Neill
Teres Major
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
T
O - lower posterio-lateral border of Scapula
I - medial lip of the bicipital groove (Humerus)
©D
A - extension, medial rotation (shoulder)

NS - lower subscapular N (C5-7)
BS - scapular circumflex
© A. L. Neill 220
Teres Minor
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - lower posterio-lateral border of Scapula

T I - inferior surface of greater tuberosity (Humerus)
A - lateral rotation (shoulder)
NS - axillary N (C4-5)
©D
BS - scapular circumflex
T - patient with arm resting on table move in an
horizontal arc away from sagittal plane against R
Thyrohyoid - see Thyro / Hyoid Muscles
221 © A. L. Neill
Tibialis Anterior
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
T
O - lateral tibial surface
I - base of MT 1
©D
A - dorsiflexion (ankle)
- inversion (foot)
NS - anterior tibial N, deep peroneal N (L4-S1)
T - invert foot against R
- dorsiflex foot against R
© A. L. Neill 222
Tibialis Posterior
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - posterior surface of Tibia & Fibula

I - inferior surfaces of the Tarsal bones
- base of MTs 2-3
T A - plantar flexion (ankle)
- inversion (foot)
NS - posterior tibial N (L4-S1)
BS - peroneal
©D
T - invert foot against R

- plantarflex foot against R
223 © A. L. Neill
Transversus Abdominis
deepest layer of the abdominal wall
ill
Ne
na da
ma
O - costal cartilages of lower ribs (7-12)

- lumbar fascia
rA
- crest of Ileum (hip)

I - linea alba
A - compresses abdomen
- helps with defeacation T
- helps with forced expiration - diaphragm
- stabilizes VC - core muscle
NS - segmental intercostal Ns (T7-12)
©D
- iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal & subcostal Ns (T12-L1)

BS - iliolumbar
- deep iliac circumflex
T - ability to pull in the waist
Transverse Perineal - Profundus, Superficialis

- see the muscles of the Pelvis and Perineum
© A. L. Neill 224
Trapezius upper, middle, lower

Most superficial muscle of the back
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
T
©D
225 © A. L. Neill
ill
Ne
da
O - external occipital protuberance (skull)
- medial 1/3 superior nuchal line (Occiput)
- ligamentum nuchae
- SP of C7, T1-12 & their supra-, inter-, spinous ligaments
na
I - lateral 1/3 of the Clavicle
- medial border of acromion (Scapula)
- spine of Scapula
A - elevation, upward rotation - upper fibres (Scapula)
- extension, adduction - middle fibres (Scapula)
- depression, downward rotation - lower fibres (Scapula)
ma
NS - accessory N (CN XI) - upper, middle fibres

- ventral rami of C3-4 = N to Trapezius - upper, middle fibres
- dorsal roots C1-5 - lower fibres
- segmental - dorsal branches of intercostals
T - elevation of shoulder blades - upper, middle fibres (against R)
- depression of shoulder blades - lower fibres
rA
T
©D
© A. L. Neill 226
Triceps Brachii
3 headed muscle - long, lateral & medial heads
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
T
O - long - infraglenoid tubercle (Scapula)
- lateral - lateral posterior surface of Humerus
©D
- medial - posterior surface of Humerus

I - olecranon (Ulna)
A - extension (elbow)
- extension (Scapula)
BS - deep brachial
T - extension or arm against R (in standing patient R=gravity)
227 © A. L. Neill
Vastus Intermedius
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
O - anterior surface of Femur V

©D
I - tibial tuberosity
A - extension (knee)
BS - femoral, lateral femoral circumflex
T - extension of knee in sitting patient
BS - ulnar
T - ability to extend the knee in the sitting patient
© A. L. Neill 228
Vastus Lateralis
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
V O - lateral lip of linea aspera (Femur)

©D
BS - femoral, lateral femoral circumflex
229 © A. L. Neill
Vastus Medialis
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
V
©D
O - medial lip pf linea aspera (Femur)

BS - femoral
© A. L. Neill 230
Zygomaticus
part of muscles of facial expression
ill
Ne
Major
da
O - Zygoma - cheekbone
na
I - deep fascia at the angle of the mouth
A - draws mouth back smiling/laughing - Major
NS - facial N (CNV)
BS - facial
T - smile
ma
rA
Minor
©D
O - Zygoma – cheekbone
- deep fascia of the upper lip
A - maintains nasolabial furrow - philtum
NS - facial N (CNV)
BS - facial
often lost in cosmetic surgery i.e. no skin crease from nose to lips
Z
231 © A. L. Neill
ill
Ne
na da
ere
ma
hic Desig n by Left Hemisph
Grap
rA
©D
© A. L. Neill 232
Notes...
ill
Ne
na da
ma
rA
©D
233 © A. L. Neill
THE A TO Z SKELETAL MUSCLES

ISBN 978-0-9806959-0-8
ill
Origins, insertions, actions, blood supply & nerve supply for all muscles
are listed alphabetically with separate illustrations of each individual
muscle; separate listing of all major muscle groups; regional index of the
muscle along the side (i.e. where does this muscle come from) and
cross referencing with common muscle names. GREAT FOR THE
Ne
SPORTS THERAPIST, THE MASSAGE THERAPIST, THE PERSONAL
TRAINER CHIROPRACTOR AND THE PHYSIOTHERAPIST.
THE A TO Z OF THE HEART

ISBN 978-0-9806840-6-3
da
The heart is illustrated from all points of view as a whole organ,
along with the structures of the components of the CVS, including
the lymphatic system.
Included and arranged alphabetically is the BS of all the major
organs, any special features and relationship b/n the function and
na
the structure.
THE A TO Z OF THE BONES, JOINTS & LIGAMENTS

AND THE BACK
ma
ISBN 1 74138 167 5

All bones, their joints, movements, ligaments, relations, BS & NS are
listed alphabetically. Each major joint is discussed in detail - shown with
& w/o their additional supportive structures. Regional listing and cross
referencing. A special section discusses the BACK, common problems
with posture, pathology, examination techniques and overall structure.
GREAT FOR THE FORENSIC EXPERT, THE ANTHROPOLOGIST THE
rA
MEDICAL PRACTITIONER, ORTHOPAEDIC SURGEON AND TRAINEE

RADIOGRAPHER AND RADIOLOGIST
THE A TO Z OF THE BONES OF THE SKULL

ISBN 1741381675
All skull bones are listed alphabetically. The TMJ is shown in detail with
©D
related structures; radiology of the skull using the common clinical

planes are shown with line drawing explanations of the features. an
examination of all cavities, joints and anthropological markers, are also
included. GREAT FOR THE FORENSIC EXPERT, THE ANTHROPOLOGIST
THE MEDICAL PRACTITIONER, ORTHOPAEDIC SURGEON AND TRAINEEE
RADIOGRAPHER AND RADIOLOGIST
THE A TO Z OF THE HEAD & NECK

ISBN 978-0-9806840-0-1
ill
All bones of the skull and cervical spine are illustrated individually from
several aspects, including teeth charts and nomenclature. The skull as a
whole is demonstrated and common radiographical images explained, an
examination of all cavities, joints and anthropological markers, are
included. All the muscles of the Head & Neck are individually listed and
Ne
illustrated along with their BS & NS. Overviews of the cutaneous nerves,
anastomoses of the arteries and the supf and deep venous systems of
the region, lymphatic drainage and clinical ramifications are illustrated.
Great for the ANTHROPOLOGIST/DENTIST/ARTIST/FORENSIC SCIENTIST!!
THE A TO Z OF PERIPHERAL NERVES

ISBN 978-0-9806959-2-2
All peripheral nerves, their pathways, branches, alternative names and
da
nerve root origins, including functional deficits, likely aetiology of the
trauma and examination techniques to illicit pathology deficits. There is
also cross referencing, regions indexing and an examination guide.
USEFUL IN REHABILITATION AND EXAMINATION FOR WORKERS
COMPENSATION, THIS BOOK LISTS DEFICITIS AND TESTING OF
NEUROLOGICAL FUNCTION.
na
THE A TO Z OF THE BRAIN
ISBN 978-0-9806840-2-5
ma
The brain is illustrated as a whole organ with BS NS coverings special

features and then dissected and individual structures w/in it listed
alphabetically and illustrated cross referenced with their many names.
The Cranial Nerves origins pathways and interactions are illustrated and
a full cranial nerve clinical examination illustrated and explained. Clinical
tables of coma assessment, headache classification and other complex
neurological concepts are included along with a comprehensive
neurological glossary.
rA
A TO Z POSTER INFECTIONS OF THE SKIN

ISBN 978-0-9806959-1-5
This A3 size poster examines the pyogenic bacterial infections of the skin in
©D
a new and unique way - listing the various pathological presentations of

these infections layer by layer and their clinical ramifications. It along with
other skin posters of malignancies and other skin conditions in the series
will be incorporated into the A to Z of the skin a coming title of the A to Zs.
The A to Z collection may be ordered from the Coop bookshop or directly
from Anatomy Update 0410018681 / [email protected]
Special rates for students and libraries.
The A to Z of
Skeletal Muscles
The A to Zs
Dr. A. L. NEILL
[email protected]
www.amandasatoz.com
0414 248 747
ISBN 978 0 9806959 6 0
Aspen Pharmacare Australia Pty Ltd
34-36 Chandos Street, St Leonards NSW 2065
ABN 51 096 236 985

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A-Z Skeletal Muscles14:A to Z Book 7/05/10 11:01 AM Page A

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

Graphic Design & everyone who provided valuable feedback.

How to use this book

example muscle groups acting on significant joints, examination,

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

Capitalization is used to demonstrate the muscles and bones and

Any suggestions on format or inclusions will be gratefully received

ISBN 978 0 9806959 6 0

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

Definition of Tendons & Ligaments

Segmental Motor Nerve Diagram 33

Index - Alphabetical Listing Of Muscles 69

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

(of hip bone)

ES = Erector Spinae group of T = TEST / thoracic

wrist) w/o = without

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

Common terms in the Study and Examination of

Cephalic/Cephalo- pertaining to the head

articulating (joint) surface.

the skull except for the mandible, referring to the

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

Dens / Dentine / Dentate a tooth, relating to teeth, denticulate having tooth-like

several bones as in temporomandibular fossa - more

Gluteal / Gluteus pertaining to the buttocks

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

Lesion deficit or injury - lack of function arising from pathology

a short passage; adj.- meatal as in external acoustic

Palm / Palmar referring to the palm of the hand - anterior in the

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

Phalanx/Phalanges small bones of the fingers or toes - 3/finger (2/thumb

Scalene uneven, one side very different to the other

venous or arterial blood, lymph or serous fluid

process / protrusion. adj. - spinous

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

Suture the saw-like edge of a cranial bone that serves as

bones in another direction e.g. in the elbow and ankle

Tuberosity a large rounded process or eminence, a swelling or

sheath by pushing inwards into a structure, and

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

Definition of Ligament and Tendon

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

Structure and Substructure of

sarcomere basic contractile unit of the muscle

A band - myosin to myosin filaments

H band - myosin only segments minimum in contraction

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

10 tendon fibres i = intrafusal e = extrafusal

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

Anatomical Planes and Relations

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

shoulder abduction in the coronal

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

back lateral flexion shoulder

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles

note: extension of the neck is in the normal anatomical position

The A to Z of Skeletal Muscles