Modernism-to-Postmodernism Architecture

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HOA
History of Architecture
MODULE 2
Classical Architecture and the
Western Succession 1
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Revivalist
Architecture
Neoclassicism
■ Revival of using Classical orders as
decorative motifs during the 18th,19th until
the 21st century.
■ Simple, strongly geometric composition.
■ Shallow reliefs on facades. 2
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NEOCLASSIC. Paris Opera House, Charles Garnier.
GREEK REVIVAL. Second Bank of the United States, WilliamStrickland.
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Romanticism
Turning to styles of the past to draw playful forms
that addressed the emotions. It allowed architects to
tailor historical styles according to the particulars of
building type and location.
Royal Pavilion, Brighton - John Nash (Architect)
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Old Customs Warehouse, Katajanokka, Helsinki
Gothic Revival
■ Revived the spirit and forms of Gothic
architecture.
■ Remained the accepted style for churches in the
U.S. into the 20th century.
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GOTHIC REVIVAL. Strawberry Hill, HoraceWalpole.
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GOTHIC REVIVAL. (Rebuilt) Houses of Parliament, London. Charles Barry and Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin.
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Beaux-Arts
Eclecticism
■ Symmetrical plans and eclectic use of
architectural features.
■ Often gives a massive, elaborate, and
ostentatious effect.
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École des Beaux-Arts

School of Fine Arts established in 1819 by the French
government. The school taught a way of organizing a
buildaing into a balanced hierarchy of spatial
elements and planning principles.
It drew upon the principles of French neoclassicism,

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but also incorporated Gothic and Renaissance
elements, and used modern materials, such as iron
and glass.
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City Beautiful Movement

▪ Daniel Burnham, proponent.
▪ An approach to urban planning characterized by
monumentally placed buildings, grand promenades,
spacious plazas, and classical sculpture.
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The McMillan Plan, a comprehensive planning document for the development of the monumental core and the park
system of Washington,D.C.
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An aerial view of the National Mall in Washington, D.C., showing the Lincoln Memorial at the bottom, the Washington
Monument at center, and the U.S. Capitol at the top.
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Modern
Architecture
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Industrial Age
▪ Began in Great Britain.
▪ Industrial revolution, vast economic and social
upheavals, stemming from mechanizationand mass
production, required new building types for industry,
commerce, and transportation.
▪ Material innovations: cast iron, steel, reinforced
concrete, and cheaper manufacturing of glass. 10
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Industrial Age
▪ Innovations during the Industrial Age:
▪ Steam Power
▪ Machine tools
▪ Cement
▪ Chemicals
▪ Glass Making
▪ Paper Machine
▪ Textile
▪ Mining
▪ Transportation
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Crystal Palace at Sydenham, London, England. Joseph Paxton. 1854
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Crystal Palace after the fire 30 December 1936.
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Brooklyn Bridge. JohnAugustus and Washington Roebling. (World’s largest steel suspension bridge.)
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Eiffel Tower, Paris, France. Alexandre Gustav Eiffel.

1889 Exposition Universelle
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Skyscrapers
▪ An American invention.
▪ The invention of elevator and more sophisticated
heating, plumbing, and electric lighting systems
made the higher spaces as accessible and
comfortable as the lower ones.
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Home Insurance Building, Chicago. William LeBaron Jenney. (Considered as the first skyscraper.)
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Wainwright Building, St. Louis, Missouri. Louis Sullivan.
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Louis Sullivan
▪ “Form (ever) follows function.”
▪ His greatest contribution to the skyscraper was the
organizing of its identical, stacked floors to express a
strong visual identity. (Three levels: base, shaft, and
top floor)
▪ Used nature-inspired or “organic” decorations to
humanize his imposing structure.
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Prudential (Guaranty) Building, Buffalo, New York. Louis Sullivan.
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Carson Pirie Scott Department Store (Sullivan Center), Chicago, Illinois. Louis Sullivan.
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Frank Lloyd Wright

▪ Believed that buildings should be spreadout
horizontally.
▪ Prairie house, homes with overhanging rooflines and
flowing rooms.
▪ Broadacre City, a visionary plan meant to bring urban
life to the country; a low-density settlement with small
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establishments and an acre of land for each person.
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Robie House, Chicago, Illinois. Frank Lloyd Wright.
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Fallingwater (Kauffman House), Pennsylvania. Frank Lloyd Wright.
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Broadacre City. Frank LLoyd Wright.
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Organic Architecture
▪ Promotes harmony between human habitation andthe
natural world.
▪ Materials, motifs, and basic ordering principles based
on nature.
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Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Manhattan, New York City. Frank Lloyd Wright.
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Johnson Wax Company Administration Center, Racine, Wisconsin. Frank Lloyd Wright.
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Interior of Johnson Wax Company Administration Center, Racine, Wisconsin. Frank Lloyd Wright.
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Art Deco
▪ Also called Style Moderne.
▪ First appeared in France before the WWI
▪ Based on geometric motifs, streamlined and
curvilinear forms, sharply defined outlines.
▪ Uses bold colorsand synthetic materials (plastics).
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Chrysler Building, New York. William VanAlen.
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The American Radiator Building in New York City by Raymond Hood (1924)
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Art Nouveau
▪ “New Art;” based on the return to craftsmanship and

the integration of art, design, and architecture.
▪ an international style of art, architecture and applied
art, especially the decorative arts, that was most
popular between 1890 and 1910.
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Art Nouveau
Characteristics:
• Exaggerated, flowing, undulating lines

• Rich ornamentation
• Emphasis on the decorative and structural properties of
materials, especially glass and ironwork
• Use of color and gilding Asymmetrical composition 23
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Art Nouveau
▪ Germany: Jugendstil
▪ Spain: Modernismo
▪ Italy: Stile Liberty
▪ Austria: Sezession
▪ France: Le Modern Style
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Art Nouveau Architects

 Victor Horta in Brussels
 Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona
 Raimondo D’Aronco in Constantinople and Turin
 Joseph Hoffman in Vienna
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 Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow
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Hôtel Tassel, Belgium. Victor Horta.
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Paris Metro Entrances. HectorGuimard.
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Antoni Gaudi
▪ Combined Moorish and Gothic elements with
naturalistic forms, their textured, undulating shapes
recall waves, sea coral, and fish bones.
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Park Güell, Barcelona, Spain. Antoni Gaudi.
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Casa Batllo, Barcelona, Spain. Antoni Gaudi.
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Casa Milà, Barcelona, Spain. Antoni Gaudi.
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Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, Spain. Antoni Gaudi.
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Modern “-isms”
And Other Architectural Styles
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Expressionism
A European movement that generated jaggedand
dynamic forms in both painting and architecture.
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Principles of Expressionism
• Distortion of form for an emotional effect.
• Subordination of realism to symbolic or stylistic
expression of inner experience.An underlying
effort at achieving the new, original, and
visionary. 29
• Profusion of works on paper, and models, with
discovery and representations of concepts
more important than pragmatic finished
products.
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Principles of Expressionism
• Often hybrid solutions, irreducible to a single
concept.
• Themes of natural romantic phenomena, such
as caves, mountains, lightning, crystal and
rock formations. As such it is more mineral and
elemental than florid and organic which
characterized its close contemporary art
nouveau.
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Einstein Tower, Potsdam, Germany. Erich Mendelsohn.
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De Stijl
■ “The Style”
■ Use of black and white with the primary colors
rectangular forms, and asymmetry (inspiredby a
Mondrian painting).
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Rietveld Schröder House, Utrecht, Netherlands. Gerrit Rietveld.
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Constructivism
■ Expression of construction was to be the basis
for all building design.
■ was a form of modern architecture that
flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and
early 1930s.
■ Emphasizes on functional machine parts.
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Constructivism Architects
■ Vladimir Tatlin
■ Konstantin Melnikov
■ Nikolai Milyutin
■ Aleksandr Vesnin
■ Leonid Vesnin
■ Viktor Vesnin
■ El Lissitzky 32
■ Vladimir Krinsky
■ Iakov Chernikhov
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Rusakov Workers' Club, Moscow. Konstantin Melnikov.
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The Melnikov
House, Russia
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Mosselprom
Building
Moscow Russia
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Metabolism
■ A post-war Japanese architectural movement
that fused ideas about architectural
megastructures with those of organic biological
growth. It had its first international exposure
during CIAM's 1959 meeting and its ideas were
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tentatively tested by students from Kenzo
Tange's MIT studio.
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Nakagin
Capsule Tower
Apartments, an
Example of
Japanese
Metabolism.
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Organic Architecture
■ A building should be functional, harmonizes with
its natural environment, and forms an integrated
whole.
■ Shapes are often of irregular contours and
resemble forms found innature.
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Bauhaus
■ Bau (building), haus (house)
■ A school in Germany founded by Walter Gropius
■ Synthesis of technology, craft, and design
aesthetics
■ Emphasis on functional design (“form follows
function”).
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Bauhaus Architects
■ Walter Gropius (1883-1969) Designed Bauhaus Complex,
Desau (1925); MetLife Building, NYC (1963).
■ Laszlo Moholy-Nagy Taught the Bauhaus's vorkurs; director
of New Bauhaus (1937-8), Chicago.
■ Hannes Meyer (1889-1954) Swiss Marxist Professor of 36
architecture, later director, at the Bauhaus.
■ • Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969) Succeeded Meyer
as director of the Bauhaus in 1930.
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The Bauhaus Building, Dessau, Germany. Walter Gropius.
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International Style
■ Functional architecture devoid of regional
characteristics.
■ Simple geometric forms, large untextured
surfaces (often white), large areas of glass, and
general use of steel or reinforced concrete
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construction.
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Le Corbusier
▪ Charles Edouard Jeanneret
▪ “The house is a machine for living in.”
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Villa Savoye, Poissy, France. Le Corbusier. (Reflected the architect’s five points of architecture)
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Five Points of International Style
• Pilotis, structural system of stilts that liftedthe building

off the ground to allow people and traffic to pass
underneath;
• Free plan, rooms enclosed by non-load-bearing partitions;
• Curtain walls;
• Ribbon windows; and
• Roof gardens.
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Unité d'Habitation, Marseille, France. Le Corbusier. (An apartment block with 23 different unit types)
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Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, France. Le Corbusier. (More complex, sculptural shapes in concrete.)
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La Ville Contemporaine. Le Corbusier. (A visionary scheme of highly ordered groupings of skyscrapers)
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Mies van der Rohe

▪ “Less is more.”
▪ Best known for developing boxy, steel-and-glass
architecture for nearly every purpose - from houses to
skyscrapers.
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Barcelona Pavilion, Spain. Mies van der Rohe. (Barcelona chair)
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Farnsworth House, Plano, Illinois. Mies van derRohe.
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Seagram Building, New York. Mies van derRohe.
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Postmodernism
▪ A renewed appreciation for the rich traditions of
architecture past.
▪ Architects began enlivening facades with color,
pattern, and ornaments.
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Postmodern Architects
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Alvar Aalto
▪ “Nature, not the machine, should serve as the model
for architecture.”
▪ Finnish architect; one of the first modernists to fuse
technology with craft.
▪ Humanized modernism with curved walls and roofs
and wood-finished interiors. He was also sensitive to
the contours of the land and to a building’s orientation
to daylight.
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MIT Baker House Dormitory, Cambridge, Massachusetts. AlvarAalto.
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Helsinki University of Technology Lecture Hall. Alvar Aalto.
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Eero Saarinen
▪ Used advances in structural systems to create
sculpturally expressive buildings.
▪ His buildings followed a unique designdirection
according to the particulars of their site and purpose.
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TWA Flight Center, New York. Eero Saarinen.
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Dulles International Airport, Dulles, Virginia. EeroSaarinen.
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Louis Kahn
▪ “Architectural form should reflect a building’s social
purpose.”
▪ His work is often compared to ancient monuments.
▪ Composed of circles, squares, and triangles, his
designs were constructed of rough concrete and brick
to convey a massive primal quality.
▪ Daylight played an important role in his buildings.
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Phillips Exeter Academy Library, New Hampshire. Louis Kahn.
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Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas. Louis Kahn. (Exemplifies his mastery of natural illumination.)
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Richards Medical Research Building, Pennsylvania. Louis Kahn. (Divided clustered towers into “served” and “servant”
spaces, an architectural principle that is still followed today.)
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Robert Venturi
▪ “Less is a bore.”
▪ Suggested that architects should embrace ambiguity,
decoration, and “messy vitality” in their buildings.
▪ His vision was an architecture of “both-and” rather
than “either-or.” This led to the development of a more
pluralistic attitude towards architecture that still
prevails today.
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Vanna Venturi House, Philadelphia. Robert Venturi.
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Episcopal Academy Chapel; Newtown Square, Pennsylvania. Robert Venturi.
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Philip Johnson
▪ Once an advocate of the International Style, became
one of postmodernism’s biggest promoters.
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The Glass House, New Canaan, Connecticut. Philip Johnson. (InternationalStyle)
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AT&T Building, New York. Philip Johnson.
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James Stirling
▪ Proponent of New Brutalism and high-tech.
▪ He sculpted his buildings to convey solidity.
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Neue Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart, Germany. James Stirling.
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Michael Graves
▪ Incorporated decorative, historical references within
his abstract designs.
▪ His architecture often has a childlike, cartoonish
quality, shown to exaggerated effect.
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Team Disney Burbank, California. Michael Graves.
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The New York Five
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The New York Five

Leading the modern revival group:
▪ Peter Eisenman
▪ Michael Graves
▪ Charles Gwathmey
▪ John Hejduk
▪ Richard Meier 54
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Getty Museum, Los Angeles. Richard Meier. (A cultural acropolis of six building situated high above a Los Angeles
freeway.)
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Postmodern Styles
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Brutalism
▪ Inspired by the béton brut (raw concrete) used by Le
Corbusier in his later buildings.
▪ Used to describe massive modern architecture built of
reinforced concrete, with the concrete’s rough,
abrasive surfaces left exposed.
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Art and Architecture Building, Yale University. Paul Rudolph.
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High Tech
▪ Using the technology of building in a highly expressive
way.
▪ Pioneered by Richard Rogers, Norman Foster, and
Renzo Piano.
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Centre Pompidou, Paris. Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano. (The innards of the building are placed on the exterior.)
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Millenium Dome, London. Richard Rogers. (Spans 80,000 sq.m.; largest fabric-covered structure in theworld.)
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HSBC Building, Hong Kong. Norman Foster. (Mechanical ducts are kept hidden; prefers a slick, clean skin of metal
and glass that is articulatedby structure.)
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Deconstructivism
▪ Using bent, angled and exploded forms to represent
the uncertainty of ourtimes.
▪ Drew upon the literary theories of Jacques Derrida,
who holds that “there is no fixed truth but only multiple
interpretations.”
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Deconstructivism
▪ An iconic style of three-dimensional postmodernist
art, opposed to the ordered rationality of modern
design, Deconstructivism emerged in the 1980s,
notably in Los Angeles California, but also in Europe.
▪ Characterized by nonrectilinear shapes which
distort the geometry of the structure, the finished
59
appearance of deconstructivist buildings is typically
unpredictable and even shocking.
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Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain. Frank Gehry.
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Vitra Fire Station; Weil am Rhein, Germany. ZahaHadid.
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One World Trade Center; New York City. Daniel Libeskind. (The tallest skyscraper in the WesternHemisphere.)
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Blobitecture
▪ A style of postmodernist architecture characterized
by organic, rounded, bulging shapes, Blobitecture
(aka blobism or blobismus) was first christened by
William Safire in the New York Times in 2002
(although architect Greg Lynn used the term "blob
architecture" in 1995) the style first appeared in the
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early 1990s.
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Blobitecture
▪ Developed by postmodernist artists on both sides of
the Atlantic, the construction of blobitecture's non-
geometric structures is heavily dependent on the use
of CATID software (Computer Aided Three-
dimensional Interactive Application).
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The Sage Gateshead, designed by Sir Norman Foster as a City Hall, London by Sir Norman Foster
music center
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Green Architecture
▪ Sustainable design, considering land use,
transportation issues, energy efficiency, indoor
ecology and waste reduction when designing
buildings.
▪ Sustainability, to ensure that our actions and decisions
today do not inhibit the opportunities of future
generations.
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Nanyang Technological University; Singapore. CPG Consultants Pte Ltd.
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Other architects and their

WORKS….
127
20TH CENTURY - MODERN ARCHITECTURE

More innovations:
 Curtain wall
 Steel and plate-glass
 Folded slab by Eugene Freyssinet
 Flat slab by Robert Maillart
 Laminated timber 64
 Functionalism in design
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CHARLES-EDOUARD
JEANNERET (LE CORBUSIER)
Notre Dame du
Haut,France
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CHARLES-EDOUARD
JEANNERET (LE CORBUSIER)
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Villa Savoye,
France
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CHARLES-EDOUARD JEANNERET (LE CORBUSIER)
 Five Points of New Architecture
 1. Framework structurally independent of walls
 2. Free-standing façade - the free facade,the
corollary of the free plan in the vertical plane
 3. Roof garden - restoring, the area of ground covered
by the house
 4. Open planning - the free plan, achieved through the
separation of the load-bearing columns from the walls
subdividing the space
 5. Cube form elevated on stilts or columns - pilotises
elevating the mass off the ground
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MARCEL BREUER
 Architect and designer
 Best known for the
design of tubular steel
Wassily Chair
 Studied at theBauhaus -
become director of the 66
school's furniture
department in 1924
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MARCEL BREUER
UNESCO Secretariat
Building,Paris Whitney Museum of Art
133

EERO SAARINEN
TWA Terminal, JFK
Airport
 Undulating shape was meant
to evoke the excitement of
high speed flight
 Even interior details:
lounges, chairs, signs, and 67
telephone booths
harmonized with the curving
“gull winged”shell
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EERO SAARINEN
Dulles Gateway Arch, Missouri

Airport
135

OSCAR NIEMEYER
 Worked with city planner Lucio Costa to
conceive and build Brasilia, Brazil's capital in a
record time of just four years
 Functionality and the
use of pre-stressed
concrete dominate his designs
68
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OSCAR NIEMEYER
Parliament Building, Cathedral,Brasilia

Brasilia
137

ERICH MENDELSOHN
69
Einstein Tower,Potsdam
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FRANK LLOYDWRIGHT
 organic architecture
Falling Water,Pennsylvania
139

FRANK LLOYDWRIGHT
70
Solomon R.
Guggenheim Museum,
New YorkCity
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FRANK LLOYDWRIGHT
Johnson WaxBuilding
141

BUCKMINSTER
FULLER
 Created the
Dymaxion House,
the first “machine
for living” - a
portable home
inside from metal 71
alloys and plastics
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BUCKMINSTER FULLER
Geodesic Dome
143

WALTER GROPIUS
 Created prototype of modern architecture:
free-standing glass sheath suspended on a
structural framework - aka curtain wall
 First used this on Hallidie Building, San
Francisco in 1918
 Established Bauhaus, a school or training 72
intended to relate art and architecture to
technology and the practical needs of
modern life
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WALTER GROPIUS
Bauhaus School,Germany
145

FREI OTTO
 Theseminal figure in the development of
tensile architecture
 Veered away from the simple geometric
solutions and built organic free forms that
could respond to complex planning and
structural requirements 73
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FREI OTTO
147

IEOH MING PEI
74
Entrance to Louvre Museum,

Paris
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IEOH MING PEI
Bank of China,Hongkong
149

IEOH MING PEI
75
Rock & Roll Hall of
Fame & Museum,
Ohio
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LOUIS ISADORE KAHN
Salk Institute for Biological Studies,California
151

LOUIS ISADORE KAHN
76
Kimbell Art Museum,Texas
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LOUIS ISADORE KAHN
National Parliament House,

Bangladesh
153

MICHAEL GRAVES
77
Portland Building,Oregon
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MICHAEL GRAVES
Disney World Dolphin Resort
155

MOSHE SAFDIE
78
Habitat 67,Montreal
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NORMAN FOSTER
HSBC Building,Hongkong
157

NORMAN FOSTER
79
London City Hall
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NORMAN FOSTER
30 St. Mary Axe,London
159
End of Module 2
Part 3
80
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10 O ct 20 1 9

NEOCLASSIC. Paris Opera House, Charles Garnier.

GREEK REVIVAL. Second Bank of the United States, WilliamStrickland.

Royal Pavilion, Brighton - John Nash (Architect)

Old Customs Warehouse, Katajanokka, Helsinki

GOTHIC REVIVAL. Strawberry Hill, HoraceWalpole.

École des Beaux-Arts

It drew upon the principles of French neoclassicism,

City Beautiful Movement

Crystal Palace at Sydenham, London, England. Joseph Paxton. 1854

Crystal Palace at Sydenham, London, England. Joseph Paxton. 1854

Crystal Palace at Sydenham, London, England. Joseph Paxton. 1854

Crystal Palace after the fire 30 December 1936.

Eiffel Tower, Paris, France. Alexandre Gustav Eiffel.

Wainwright Building, St. Louis, Missouri. Louis Sullivan.

Prudential (Guaranty) Building, Buffalo, New York. Louis Sullivan.

Frank Lloyd Wright

Robie House, Chicago, Illinois. Frank Lloyd Wright.

Fallingwater (Kauffman House), Pennsylvania. Frank Lloyd Wright.

Broadacre City. Frank LLoyd Wright.

Chrysler Building, New York. William VanAlen.

▪ “New Art;” based on the return to craftsmanship and

• Exaggerated, flowing, undulating lines

Art Nouveau Architects

Hôtel Tassel, Belgium. Victor Horta.

Paris Metro Entrances. HectorGuimard.

Park Güell, Barcelona, Spain. Antoni Gaudi.

Casa Batllo, Barcelona, Spain. Antoni Gaudi.

Casa Milà, Barcelona, Spain. Antoni Gaudi.

Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, Spain. Antoni Gaudi.

Einstein Tower, Potsdam, Germany. Erich Mendelsohn.

Rietveld Schröder House, Utrecht, Netherlands. Gerrit Rietveld.

Rusakov Workers' Club, Moscow. Konstantin Melnikov.

The Bauhaus Building, Dessau, Germany. Walter Gropius.

Five Points of International Style

• Pilotis, structural system of stilts that liftedthe building

La Ville Contemporaine. Le Corbusier. (A visionary scheme of highly ordered groupings of skyscrapers)

Mies van der Rohe

Barcelona Pavilion, Spain. Mies van der Rohe. (Barcelona chair)

Farnsworth House, Plano, Illinois. Mies van derRohe.

Seagram Building, New York. Mies van derRohe.

MIT Baker House Dormitory, Cambridge, Massachusetts. AlvarAalto.

Helsinki University of Technology Lecture Hall. Alvar Aalto.

TWA Flight Center, New York. Eero Saarinen.

Dulles International Airport, Dulles, Virginia. EeroSaarinen.

Phillips Exeter Academy Library, New Hampshire. Louis Kahn.

Vanna Venturi House, Philadelphia. Robert Venturi.

Episcopal Academy Chapel; Newtown Square, Pennsylvania. Robert Venturi.

The Glass House, New Canaan, Connecticut. Philip Johnson. (InternationalStyle)

AT&T Building, New York. Philip Johnson.

Neue Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart, Germany. James Stirling.

Team Disney Burbank, California. Michael Graves.

The New York Five

The New York Five

Art and Architecture Building, Yale University. Paul Rudolph.

Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain. Frank Gehry.

Vitra Fire Station; Weil am Rhein, Germany. ZahaHadid.

Nanyang Technological University; Singapore. CPG Consultants Pte Ltd.

Other architects and their