Architectural Character in 2.

Palladian Architecture - is derived from the villas of

THE GROWTH OF EUROPEAN STATES Andrea Palladio, the greatest architect of the Late
Renaissance. He admired ancient Roman Architecture.
“The Age of Enlightenment” Palladio, like famous artists generally, was followed by
“The Age of Reason” many successors who absorbed and worked in his
Enlightenment is man’s emergence from his nonage style; these ranged from unoriginal imitators to artistic
Isaac Newton geniuses, the latter of whom applied old ideas in
Voltaire brilliant new ways. Interestingly, Palladio's greatest
Diderot successors emerged primarily in England.
Robert Adam, Lord Burlington, William Kent,
“The Age of Revivals” Colen Campbell
REVIVAL: The most famous of all Palladian buildings are two
The act of reviving, or the condition of being revived. American civic buildings, the White House and United
A restoration to use, acceptance, activity or vigour after States Capitol
a period of obscurity or quiescence 3. Classical Block or Beaux-Arts - features a vast
A return to use or fashion, as of former styles, manners rectangular (or square) plan, with a flat (or low-lying)
or activities roof and an exterior rich in classical detail. The
A reawakening of faith or interest exterior is divided into multiple levels, each of which
features a repeated classical pattern, often a series of
TIMELINE OF ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS arches and/or columns. The overall impression of
such a building is an enormous, classically-decorated
rectangular block.
The classical block aesthetic is also known as
"Beaux-Arts style", since it was developed principally
by the French École des Beaux-Arts.)

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
 Revival of the classical orders; Greek and Roman or
NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE Greco-Roman hybrid.
The antidote to progress Greek Columns:
England is the birthplace of Neoclassicism,the forefront of Doric, Ionic, Corinthian
building and sculpture. A Capital is the
 It is a style principally derived from the architectural crowning member (top) of
antiquity, following the Vitruvian principles a column, on which rests
Antique: the column and base.
Belonging to, made in, or typical of an earlier period Capital styles are based on
Of or belonging to ancient times, especially of, from, or the Orders of Architecture.
characteristics of ancient Greece or Rome Columns are vertical
Vitruvian Principles: architectural support.
Utilitas, Firmitas, Venustas They typically include: the round or square shaft, the top
Commodity, firmness, delight (capital) and the bottom (base). The base is the lowest
 Aimed to regain for art and design, a purity of form element of a column structure on which the column shaft
 Rejected the spirited and rich ornament of Baroque rests. The plinth is the square or round slab that the column
Style base rests upon.
 Believed that the golden age of progress and knowledge In architecture, columns are utilized as loadbearing
as from the age of the Romans which ad peace, elements supporting porches, arches or a cornice.
progression and harmony  Pediments - An architectural element developed in
 Back to basics with purity and simplicity ancient Greece, pediments were historically
NEOCLASSICAL BUILDING TYPES embellishments over doors and windows that were both
1. Temple Style - features a design based on an ancient structural (supported by columns) and decorative
temple. Many temple style buildings feature a peristyle (with sculpture reliefs). Beginning with Roman
(a continuous line of columns around a building). architecture, pediments became primarily decorative.
~The most famous temple style buildings of the
Neoclassical age:
Panthéon (Paris, by Jacques-Germain
Soufflot) Roman-based (modelled after the
Pantheon in Rome)
British Museum (London, by Robert Smirke). The
former is , while the latter is Greek-based.
 1 - 2 1/2 stories in height – generally low buildings  Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington
 Symmetrical: balance and symmetry are the most born in Yorkshire, England, was the son of The 2nd
predominant characteristic of neoclassicism Earl of Burlington and 3rd Earl of Cork and Juliana Noel.
 Building’s facade is flat and long, often having a Burlington was called 'the Apollo of the Arts' and 'the
screen of free-standing columns. architect Earl', never taking more than a passing interest in
 Exterior was built in such ways as to represent classical politics despite his position as a Privy Counsellor and a
perfection. Decorations were reduced to a minimum on member of both the British House of Lords and the Irish
outside. House of Lords.
 Wide variety of different window configurations
including basic, arched, Palladian and Norman Wheel.  William Kent
A well known Palladian detail is a large window was an eminent English architect, landscape architect
consisting of a central arched section flanked by two and furniture designer of the early 18th century.
narrow rectangular sections. Kent introduced the Palladian style of architecture into
England with the villa at Chiswick House, and for originating
the 'natural' style of gardening known as the English
landscape garden at Chiswick, Stowe House in
Buckinghamshire, and Rousham House in Oxfordshire. As a
landscape gardener he revolutionised the layout of estates,
but had limited knowledge of horticulture.

 Neoclassical structure are characterized by their walls Chiswick House (1725)

rather than the decoration of it. Its emphasis is on the Designed by Richard Boyle and William Kent
planar characteristics. Adapted from Palladio’s Villa Rotunda.
 In form, Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall Compact, simple, geometric, and segmented look
rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities The surfaces are flat and unbroken
to each of its parts (segmented). The ornament is meager. (Deficient in richness or
 Features: Colonnade, Rotundas, Porticoes lack of ornamentation)
Colonnade: A series of columns placed at regular A temple portico juts out abruptly from the
intervals block-like body of the structure.
Rotundas: A circular building, hall or room, with or
without a dome THE ENGLISH LANDSCAPE GARDEN
Porticoes: A porch or walkway with a roof supported “Carefully planned to look unplanned.”
by columns, often leading to the entrance of a Winding paths
building Irregularly placed clump of trees
Little lakes and rivers instead of symmetrical
basins and canals
THE PALLADIAN REVIVAL
Must seem unbounded
Must be picturesque
 Colen Campbell
Suggesting a striking of attractive picture
was a pioneering Scottish architect and architectural
Standard Features:
writer, credited as a founder of the Georgian style. For most
Little temples half concealed by the shrubbery
of his career, he resided in Italy and England.
Artificial ruins
His major published work, Vitruvius Britannicus, or
To draw sorrowful reflections from the soul.
the British Architect, appeared in three volumes between
1715 and 1725.
Landscape garden with Temple of Apollo, Stourhead,
England. 1744-1765
Stourhead House (1720)
By Henry Flitchoft and Henry Hoare
Designed by Colen Campbell based on Palladio’s
Villa Emo
INTERIOR DESIGN
The portico part of Campbell's design was only
added in 1840 (1721–24); interiors destroyed
 Adam Style by Robert Adam
by fire (1902)
was a British neoclassical architect, interior designer
Burlington House, London (1717)
and furniture designer. He was the son of William Adam
Remodelled the front and provided an entrance
(1689–1748), the country's foremost architect of the time,
gateway for Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of
and trained under him. With his older brother John, Robert
Burlington (Remodelled in 1868 and the
took on the family business, which included lucrative work
gateway demolished.)
for the Board of Ordnance, after William's death.
was a leader of the first phase of the classical revival in
England and Scotland from around 1760 until his death.
 He influenced the development of Western architecture,  Empire Style
both in Europe and in North America. Adam designed grandeur of Egypt and Rome, pompous, formal, and
interiors and fittings as well as houses. more masculine furniture selections, assert France’s
dominance
The Library, Kenwood London (1767-1769) led to direct copying of classical types of furniture and
Covered with barrel vault connected at either end accessories; to this was added a new repertory of Egyptian
to an apse that is separated by a screen of Corinthian ornament, stimulated by Napoleon’s campaigns in Egypt.
Columns Mahogany-veneered furniture with ormolu mounts assumed
Balance of varied shapes and proportions the shapes of Roman, Greek, and Egyptian chairs and tables
Play of semi-circles, half domes and arches with winged-lion supports and pilasters headed with sphinxes,
The color was in daring contrast to the stark white busts, or palm leaves. Where no classical prototypes existed,
that was widely preferred for interiors that time. contemporary designs were enlivened with ancient
Echoes delicacy of Rococo interiors but with a ornamental motifs, often with symbolic implications in
characteristically Neoclassic insistence on planar reference to Napoleon’s reign—e.g., winged victory and the
surfaces, symmetry and geometric precision. laurel wreath used as decorative symbols of triumph; bees,
sheaves of grain, and cornucopias for prosperity; and fasces
 Louis XVI Style or Directoire Style and sphinxes for conquest.
French neo-classic interiors feature a return to the
straight line over the curve, a heavy reliance on classical NEOCLASSICISM AND THE ANTIQUE
Roman design motifs and characteristics as well as a
gradual decrease in the quality of workmanship and materials. The mid-eighteenth century was greatly stirred by two
Blue and white continue from Louis XV as important color experiences: the rediscovery of Greek art as the original
schemes. Hoping to revive the support for the Monarchy, source of classic style, and the excavations at Herculaneum
French Designers reject the more playful and erotic Rococo and Pompeii, which for the first time revealed the daily life
for a simpler more unified approach and re-introduce many of the ancients and the full range of their arts and crafts.
of the motifs seen in Louis XIV designs. Especially the Apollo, Richly illustrated books about the Acropolis at Athens, the
sun disk and Die and taper leg form. Etruscan and Pompeian temples at Paestum, and the finds at Herculaneum and
panels, Roman arrow quivers, and caryatids combine with Pompeii were published in England and France.
Greco-roman moldings. Furniture of the Directoire period Late 18th century, had come to favor the heavier and
following the Revolution tend to be more subtle and use more austere Greek Doric over the Roman. This “Greek
more delicate color schemes. Revival” phase of Neoclassicism was pioneered on a small
scale in England but was quickly taken up everywhere, since
Color: Blue and White, Gold and White, Pale tints and it was believed to embody more of the “noble, simplicity,
Murals with classical motifs dominate interiors. and calm grandeur” of Classical Greece than did the later
less “masculine” orders.
Furniture: Furniture tends to be more effeminate (but Greek Doric was also the least flexible order, hence
sometimes confusedly mixed with the masculine), lighter and particularly difficult to adapt to modern tasks even when
more architectural , smaller in scale, employ straight legs and combined with Roman or Renaissance elements. Only rarely
either do away with stretchers or imitate Louis XIV with could Greek Doric architecture furnish a direct model for
multi-leg chests. There is less ormalu and marquetry is often Neoclassic structures. We instead find adaptations of it
replaced by porcelain or ceramic plaques. We once again see combined with elements derived from the other Greek orders.
the three legged Roman form especially in small tables and
stands. The Style can be seen as a reaction against the NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
Rococo, and while similar in proportion it is more angular.
The leg becomes a die and tapered (often fluted) shaft Monumental Architecture
(sometimes done in a spiral fluting) Furniture types include
the return of the true 4 post bed, three legged tables and the For most of history, temples and palaces served as the
complete range of seating seen in the Rococo. leading forms of monumental architecture.
During the Neoclassical era, these building types were
Materials: Mahogany, satin wood, Ebony etc. from gradually replaced by government buildings (e.g. courts,
Asia, Africa and the Americas replace Lacquer and Ceramics public service buildings, schools) and commercial buildings
and porcelains are used. (e.g. office and apartment buildings, performing arts centers,
transportation terminals).
Textiles. The Jacquard loom introduced in 1728 coupled Today, government and commercial buildings dominate
with Whitney’s cotton gin begins to now revolutionize the cityscapes all over the world.
textile industry. Stripes and floral patterns that previously had
to be hand woven or printed can now be Mass Produced,
ushering in the start of the Industrial Revolution.
ENGLAND  Sir Robert Smirke
 Sir John Nash was an English architect, one of the leaders of Greek
He was a British architect. The greatest architect of the Revival architecture, though he also used other architectural
English picturesque. styles. As architect to the Board of Works he designed several
major public buildings including the main block and facade
The Royal Pavilion, Brighton. (1815-1818) of the British Museum. He was a pioneer of the use of
The style of this "stately pleasure dome" is a concrete foundations.
cream-puff version of the Taj Mahal. Over a
Neo-Palladian building Nash imposed a facade of The British Museum
cast-iron domes, minarets, and lacy screens, with The core of today’s building was designed by the
Chinese and even Gothic motifs thrown in for good architect Sir Robert Smirke (1780–1867) in 1823. It was
measure; hence, it was known as Indian Gothic. a quadrangle with four wings: the north, east, south and
west wings.
The Buckingham Palace The building was completed in 1852. It included
is the London residence and administrative galleries for classical sculpture and Assyrian antiquities
headquarters of the reigning monarch of the United as well as residences for staff.
Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the Smirke designed the building in the Greek Revival
palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal style, which emulated classical Greek architecture.
hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British Greek features on the building include the columns and
people at times of national rejoicing and mourning. pediment at the South entrance.
This style had become increasingly popular since
the 1750s when Greece and its ancient sites were
 Sir John Soane ‘rediscovered’ by western Europeans.
was an English architect who specialised in the The building was constructed using
Neoclassical style. The son of a bricklayer, he rose to the top up-to-the-minute 1820s technology. Built on a concrete
of his profession, becoming professor of architecture at the floor, the frame of the building was made from cast iron
Royal Academy and an official architect to the Office of and filled in with London stock brick. The public facing
Works. He received a knighthood in 1831. sections of the building were covered in a layer of
Portland stone.
Bank of England, London (destroyed) (1794)
On 16 October 1788 he succeeded Sir Robert FRANCE
Taylor as architect and surveyor to the Bank of England.
He would work at the bank for the next 45 years,  Jacques-Germain Soufflot
resigning in 1833. Given Soane's youth and relative was a French architect in the international circle that
inexperience, his appointment was down to the introduced neoclassicism. His most famous work is the
influence of William Pitt, who was then the Prime Panthéon in Paris, built from 1755 onwards, originally as a
Minister and his friend from the Grand Tour, Richard church dedicated to Saint Genevieve.
Bosanquet whose brother was Samuel Bosanquet,
Director and later Governor of the Bank of England. His Pantheon, Paris (1755-1792)
salary was set at 5% of the cost of any building works at was built as the church of Ste.-Genevieve, but
the Bank, paid every six months. Soane would virtually secularized during the Revolution. As with so much else
rebuild the entire bank, and vastly extend it. The five in eighteenth-century France, the building looks back to
main banking halls were based on the same basic layout, the preceding century
starting with the Bank Stock Office of 1791–96, consists huge portico is modeled directly on ancient
of a rectangular room, the centre with a large lantern Roman temples
light supported by piers and pendentives, then the four
corners of the rectangle have low vaulted spaces, and in  Etienne-Louis Boullee
the centre of each side compartments rising to the height was a visionary French neoclassical architect whose
of the arches supporting the central lantern, the room is work greatly influenced contemporary architects.
vaulted in brick and windows are iron framed to ensure was half a generation younger than Soufflot and far
the rooms are as fire proof as possible. more daring. He began as a painter and retired early, but
The Bank being Soane's most famous work, Sir though he built little, his teaching at the Royal Academy
Herbert Baker's rebuilding of the Bank, demolishing helped to create a tradition of visionary architecture that
most of Soane's earlier building was described by flourished during the last third of the century and the early
Nikolaus Pevsner as "the greatest architectural crime, years of the next. Boullee's ideal was an architecture of
in the City of London, of the twentieth century". "majestic nobility," an effect he sought to achieve by
combining huge, simple masses. Most of his designs were for
structures on a scale so enormous that they could hardly be
built even today.
 main sculptures are not integral friezes but are treated as
Project for a Memorial to Isaac Newton. 1784. Ink independent trophies applied to the vast ashlar masonry
and wash drawing, 15 1/2 x 25 1/2". Bibliotheque masses, not unlike the gilt-bronze appliqués on Empire
Nationale, Paris furniture. The four sculptural groups at the base of the Arc
are The Triumph of 1810 (Cortot), Resistance and Peace
 Claude-Nicolas-Ledoux (both by Antoine Étex) and the most renowned of them all,
was one of the earliest exponents of French Neoclassical Departure of the Volunteers of 1792 commonly called La
architecture. He used his knowledge of architectural theory to Marseillaise (François Rude). The face of the allegorical
design not only domestic architecture but also town planning; representation of France calling forth her people on this last
as a consequence of his visionary plan for the Ideal City of was used as the belt buckle for the honorary rank of Marshal
Chaux, he became known as a utopian. of France. Since the fall of Napoleon (1815), the sculpture
was the opposite of Boullee: an architect who built representing Peace is interpreted as commemorating the
much and turned to theory only late in his career. Yet his Peace of 1815.
work quickly developed visionary qualities that are readily
apparent in his most important achievement, the 50 tollgates GERMANY
he designed for the new walls around Paris in 1785-89, of
which only four still exist.  Karl Friedrich Schinkel
was a Prussian architect, city planner, and painter who
Barriere de Villette (after restoration), Paris. also designed furniture and stage sets. Schinkel was one of
(1785-1789) the most prominent architects of Germany and designed both
shows a remarkable sense of geometry placed at neoclassical and neogothic buildings. His most famous
the service of a singular imagination. Ledoux has buildings are found in and around Berlin.
mounted a huge rotunda on a square base, which is an architect of great ability, began as a painter in the
entered through a Greek portico supported by pillars style of Caspar David Friedrich.
instead of columns. (All four sides are identical in Together with Carl Gotthard Langhans (1732-1808), the
appearance.) Although the structure derives from giant of late-18th century architecture, Schinkel gave Berlin a
antiquity, the effect is anything but classical. Visually rational, dignified air, transforming it into a city to rival the
the portico seems almost crushed by the burden of the classical splendour of Rome or Paris.
rotunda, whose massiveness is barely relieved by the
strangely medieval-looking screen of arches over paired The Altes Museum (1824-1828)
columns. Implicit in the radically simplified forms and is a spectacular example of the Greek revival. The
decidedly odd proportions is a critique of all earlier main entrance looks like a Doric temple seen from the
examples of the same type, from the Roman Pantheon side, but with Ionic columns strung across a Corinthian
through Soufflot's Ste.-Genevieve. The building, nearly order. The building is notable for its bold design and
Mannerist in its gestures, is among the most peculiar of refined proportions.
any before Wright's Guggenheim Museum, which proclaims Berlin as the new Athens, with Kaiser
may be regarded as its descendant. Wilhelm III as a modern Pericles.

 Jean Chalgrin  Carl Gotthard Langhans

was a French architect, best known for his design for the A master of several different styles, the Silesian builder
Arc de Triomphe, Paris. Carl Gotthard Langhans was one of the greatest architects in
The Arc de Triomphe was commissioned by Napoleon Germany to move away from Baroque architecture and adopt
to commemorate the victorious armies of the Empire. The the new idiom of Neoclassical architecture, which was later
project was under way when Chalgrin died, and it was popularized in Prussia by his successor Karl Friedrich
completed by Jean-Nicolas Huyot. Schinkel (1781-1841)

Acr de Triomphe Brandenburg Gate

One of the most famous monuments in Paris. one of the most famous monuments of neoclassical art,
honours those who fought and died for France in the French the internationally renowned Brandenburg Gate (1789–94),
Revolutionary and the Napoleonic Wars, with the names of based on the Athenian Propylaea.
all French victories and generals inscribed on its inner and
outer surfaces. Beneath its vault lies the Tomb of the SPAIN
Unknown Soldier from World War I.
The astylar design is by Jean Chalgrin (1739–1811), in  Juan de Villanueva
the Neoclassical version of ancient Roman architecture (see, was a Spanish architect Villanueva is the best known
for example, the triumphal Arch of Titus). Major academic architect of Spanish Neoclassicism.
sculptors of France are represented in the sculpture of the Arc He entered into the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San
de Triomphe: Jean-Pierre Cortot; François Rude; Antoine Fernando as a pupil when he was eleven years old. In 1758,
Étex; James Pradier and Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire. The he travelled to Rome to become a grant holder of the
Academy to complete his studies. In 1765, he returned to
Spain.
His undisputed masterpiece is the Prado Museum,
projected in 1785 and 1787.
He was a prolific architect and he displayed the majority
of his work in Madrid.
With his personal style and with his strong local
influences, he was the architect who best brought the
theorical basis of European Neoclassicism to Spain.

Prado Museum, Madrid

It was constructed as a Museum of Natural History,
a School of Natural History, and an auditorium for
conferences and lectures. It was transformed into the
Museum of Art in 1814, and today it is also known as
Edificio Villanueva.

REPORTERS:
BS ARCHITECTURE 2A

GOYENA, Shanna Mae

SALAZAR, Shannine
CLAVERIA, Jomari