Chapter Four

Ordinary Amplitude Modulation

Notes for Power Calculation

( )=[ + ( )] cos

Now, let m(t) = mp mn(t) where mn(t) is the normalized message and equal to
m(t)/mp . As we know, μ = min m(t)/A = mp/A,

( )=[ + ( )] cos = + ( ) cos

= 1+ ( ) cos = [1 + ( )] cos

Note that, envelop detection can't be applied on the AM signal if μ > 1 (over-
modulated). That means, the condition must be A > mp . The bandwidth of the
modulated signal is equal to 2*the bandwidth of the information signal (2*Bm).

To calculate the modulation Depth, it is equal to μ*100%.

The carrier power Pc is the power of A cos ωct , while the side band power Ps is the
power of m(t) cos ωct ,

( ( )) ( )
= = = ℎ ( ( )) ℎ

Note that Pc is wasted power because it doesn't include any information while the
useful power is the sideband power Ps . the total power is PAM = Pc + Ps . hence the
power efficiency is given by

( )

%= ∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = ( )

∗ 100%

AM with Tone Modulation

For Tone modulation, x(t) = Am cos ωmt, then

( )=[ + cos ] cos =[ + cos ] cos

= [1 + cos ] cos

( )
So, Pc = A2/2 and Ps = (μA)2/2/2 = (μA)2/4 where ( ( )) =

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Chapter Four
( )

%= ( ) = = ∗ 100%

∴ = ∗ 100%

Since 0≤μ≤1 , maximum efficiency occurs when μ = 1 for which the efficiency =
33.3%.

= + + = + +

Note that PDSB ≤ 0.5 Pc then Pc ≥ 0.5 PAM . which means that more than 50% of
the total transmitted power resides in the carrier. Since the carrier contains no
information, then we can conclude that a substantial portion of the transmitted power
is wasted in the carrier itself. The simplicity of envelope detector deserve such a
wastage.

Example

An AM transmitter has total power 5KW and modulation index 0.6. Calculate a)
carrier power, b) Lower sideband power, c)Upper sideband power.

Solution

= ∴ = ∗ = ∗5 = 4.25
.

.
= ∴ = ∗ = ∗5 = 0.76
.

.
= = = 0.38

Example

If x(t) = 3 cos(2π * 103 t) Volts and the carrier signal is 10 cos(2π * 106 t) Volts, find
a) Modulation Depth b) USB frequency c) LSB Frequency d) USB Amplitude
e)LSB Amplitude f) the percentage power in the DSB (transmission efficiency).

Solution

a) μ = 3/10 = 0.3 so D = 30%

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Chapter Four

b) USB freq. = fc + fm = 1001 KHz

c) LSB freq. = fc - fm = 999 KHz

d) USB Ampl. = μA/2 = 0.3*10/2 = 1.5 Volts

e) LSB Ampl. = μA/2 = 0.3*10/2 = 1.5 Volts

.
f) % = ∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = 4.3%
.

Example

An AM transmitter has total power 24 KW for 100% modulation, find the power
transmitted for modulation index 0.6.

Solution

For μ=1, = ∗ 100%

∴ = = ∗ 24 = 16

.
For μ=0.6, = = ∗ 16 = 18.8

Example

An AM transmitter has total power 50 KW with modulation index 0.707 for

sinusoidal modulating signal. If μ is then reduced such that the total power became 45
KW. Find the new modulation index and the new transmission efficiency.

Solution

For μ=0.707, = ∗ 100%

∴ = = ∗ 50 = 40
.

For the new value of μ2

= ∗ 100% → =

μ2 = 0.5

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Chapter Four

.
%= ∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = 11.11
.

Example

For tone modulation xAM(t);

a) Find the efficiency if modulation index is 0.6

b) What is the value of modulation index to get power efficiency 0.25
c) If xAM(t) = A[1+0.8 cos 2π * 1000t] cos 2π * 106t ;
1- Find carrier frequency
2- Bandwidth
3- Determine A and m(t) if the power of AM signal 412.5W.

Solution

.
a) %= ∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = = 15.25%
.

b) = → 0.25(2 + )=

.
=∓ = ∓0.816 ∴ = 0.816
.

c) xAM(t) = A[1+0.8 cos 2π * 1000t] cos 2π * 106t

fc = 106 Hz = 1 MHz

Bandwidth = 2 Bm = 2000 Hz = 2 KHz

.
%= ∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = 24.24
.

%= ∗ 100% → 24.24 = ∗ 100%

.

Ps = 0.2424*412.5 = 100

Pc = PAM - Ps = 412.5 – 100 = 312.5 W

Pc = A2/2 ∴ = 2 = √625 = 25

Am = μA = 0.8*25 = 20

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Chapter Four

∴ ( ) = 20 cos 2 ∗ 1000

Example

An AM modulator has output xAM(t) = 40 cos 2π * 200t + 4 cos 2π * 180t + 4 cos 2π

* 220t . determine the modulation index and the efficiency and sketch its spectrum.

Solution

xAM(t) = A cos ωct + m(t) cos ωct

m(t) = 8 cos 2 π * 20t

xAM(t) = 40 cos 2π * 200t + 8 cos 2 π * 20t . cos 2π * 200t

∴ ( ) = 40 1 + cos 2 ∗ 20 cos 2 ∗ 200 = [1 + cos ] cos

μ = 8/40 = 0.2

.
%= ∗ 100% = ∗ 100% = 1.96%
.

20 20

2 2 2 2

-220 -200 -180 180 200 220

Example

If xAM(t) = A cos 2π * 500t + B cos 2π * 440t + B cos 2π * 560t and the carrier power
is 100 W and the efficiency of the system is 30%. Determine A and B and calculate
the modulation index and the bandwidth.

Solution

Pc = A2/2 → A = (2Pc)0.5 = 14.14

%= ∗ 100% → 30 = ∗ 100%

μ = 0.926

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Chapter Four

B = Aμ/2 = 14.14*0.926/2 = 6.55

Bandwidth = 2Bm = 2* 60 = 120 Hz

Single Side Band Amplitude Modulation

Ordinary AM and DSB-SC AM waste bandwidth because they both require a

transmission bandwidth equal to twice the message bandwidth. Since either upper side
band and lower side band contains the complete information of the message signal,
only one side is necessary for information transmission. When only one side band is
transmitted, the modulation is referred to as Single Side Band Modulation.

SSB/SC Generation

Direct Method or Frequency Discrimination Method

The straightforward way to generate a SSB signal is to generate DSB signal first and
then suppress one of the side bands by filtering. This is known as the frequency
discrimination or direct method. Practically, this method is not easy because the filter
must have sharp cut-off characteristics.

Phase-Shift Method (Hilbert Transform)

In this case, we use the idea of Hilbert Transform which delays the phase of every
frequency component by π/2. ( ) is the same as ( ) but with each frequency
component being shifted by π/2 or - π/2 in phase.

( )=1

− >0
arg[ ( )] =
<0

This means that if ( ) ↔ ( ) and ( ) ↔ ( ) then

− ( ) >0
( )=
( ) <0

Now, let m(t) = m1(t) + m2(t) = LSB +USB , then

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Chapter Four

( )= ( )+ ( ) and ( )=− ( )+ ( ) as shown in figure

below M(f)

M2(f) M1(f)

1= [ ( − )+ ( + )]
-ω ω
= [ ( − )+ ( − )+ ( + )+ ( + )]

2= [ ( − )− ( + )]

= [− ( − )+ ( − )+ ( + )− ( + )]

= [− ( − )+ ( − )+ ( + )− ( + )]

Adding part1 + part2

( )= [ ( ) cos + ( ) sin ]

( )= [ ( − )+ ( + )] LSB

M2(f)
M1(f)

fc- fc

Subtracting part1 - part2

( )= [ ( ) cos − ( ) sin ]

( )= [ ( − )+ ( + )] USB

M2(f) M1(f)

fc- fc

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Chapter Four

Example

Find xSSB(t) for a simple case of a tone modulation when m(t) = cos 2π *1000t and the
carrier frequency 10 KHz.

Solution

( ) = cos 2 ∗ 1000

( ) = cos(2 ∗ 1000 − ) = sin 2 ∗ 1000

( )= [ ( ) cos ± ( ) sin ]

= cos(2 ∗ 1000 ). cos(2 ∗ 10000 ) ± sin( 2 ∗ 1000 ). sin( 2 ∗ 10000 )

( ) = cos(2 ∗ 1000 ). cos(2 ∗ 10000 ) − sin( 2 ∗ 1000 ). sin( 2 ∗

10000 )

= cos(2 ∗ (1000 + 10000) ) = cos(2 ∗ 11000 )

Note

The demodulation of SSB/SC can be achieved using the coherent detection as used in
DSB modulation. For demodulation SSB with large carrier signal, the envelop
detection is used as in the ordinary AM.

Vestigial Sideband Modulation

It was mentioned before that SSB signals are relatively difficult to generate because it
requires filter must have very sharp cut-off characteristics. To overcome this problem,
a comprise between SSB and DSB is sought in what is known as the Vestigial
Sideband transmission. In this mode, instead of rejecting one side band completely, a
graduate cut-off of one sideband is accepted.

The cut-off characteristics is such that the partial suppression of the transmitted
sideband USB in the neighborhood of the carrier is exactly compensated by the partial
transmission of the corresponding part of the suppressed sideband LSB.

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Chapter Four

The property of the filter must satisfy the figure shown below. So,

( + )+ ( − )= | |<

b
a a b
ωm

This type of modulation is used in TV transmission with large carrier to have a simple
receiver (envelop detector).

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Chapter Four

Detection

The original signal x(t) can be recovered from the Vestigial sideband by synchronous
detection (coherent detection). The incoming Vestigial sideband signal is first
multiplied by cos ωct. the product is given by;

( )= [ ( + )+ ( − )] ( )

( ) = {[ ( + 2 ) + ( )] ( + )+[ ( )+ ( −2 )] ( − )}

( )= ( ){ ( + )+ ( − )}

So, ( + )+ ( − ) must be constant for |ω| < ωm .

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Chapter Four

Angle Modulation

( )
x(t) ∫ PM FM

( )/
x(t) d/dt FM PM

Notes

As we know from equation 4.14,

If |ϕ(t)|max << 1, the equation will be;

( )= cos − ∅( ) sin

This signal is called a Narrowband NB Angle Modulated signal. Thus,

For Tone Modulation, the message signal will be

And according to equations 4.6 and 4.8 both give

Where

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Chapter Four

The parameter β is known as the modulation index for Angle Modulation and is the
maximum value of phase deviation for both PM and FM. Note that β is defined only
for sinusoidal modulation and it can be expressed as

∆ ∆
= = where Δω is the maximum frequency deviation, defined in equation

4.5. Therefore, Narrowband NB Angle Modulated signal could be written in the form;

( )= cos − sin sin

= cos − cos( − ) + cos( + )

( )= [ ( − )+ ( + )] − [ ( − + )+ ( + − )]
2 4

+ [ ( − − )+ ( + + )]
4

A/2 A/2
Aβ/4 Aβ/4

-fc + fm fc - fm
-fc - fm fc + fm

Aβ/4- Aβ/4-

Thus, the total bandwidth will be 2 fm for single tone modulation. Generally,

Btotal = 2 ω where ω is the message bandwidth

Wide-Band Angle Modulation

Based on the equation ϕ(t) = β sin ωmt for Tone modulation, if β is large value the
spectrum of the modulated signal will be different from the Narrowband Modulated

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Chapter Four

signal which has been explained previously. As known previously, the modulated
signal is represented by;

This equation could be written by using Fourier Series as shown below;

Where Jn(β) is Bessel Function of the first kind of order n and argument β . The table
shown below lists some selected values of Jn(β) .

Bandwidth Calculation

The bandwidth calculation depends on the value of β as shown below;

If β ≤ 1 , BT = 2 fm

If 1 ≤ β ≤ 13 , BT = 2 * n * fm where n could be found using the Bessel function

table.

If β ≥ 13 , BT = 2 * (β + 1) * fm or BT = 2 *Δf

Power Calculation

PT = <|x(t)|2> = Ac2/2

Generally, according to the above equation for the modulated signal using Fourier
series, we can find the PT ;

= ∑ ( ) where ∑ ( )=1

Thus, = ∑ ( )= + + + …..= ∑

Pn is the power in each sideband (we should not forget that these sidebands appears as
pairs in the positive and negative frequencies). Thus, each sideband pair contains a
power of;

= ( )

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Chapter Four

Table of Bessel Function

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Chapter Four

Example

If the carrier frequency is 10 MHz and the maximum frequency deviation is 50 KHz
for FM signal, find the bandwidth if (a) fm = 500 KHz (b) fm = 0.5 KHz (c) fm = 10
KHz.

Solution

(a) β = Δf / fm = 50*103 / 500*103 = 0.1 , β < 1 then

BT = 2 fm = 2 * 500 * 103 = 1 MHz

(b) β = Δf / fm = 50*103 / 0.5*103 = 100 , β >> 1 then

BT = 2 * (β + 1) * fm = 2*(100+1)*500 = 101 KHz

(c) β = Δf / fm = 50*103 / 10*103 = 5 (from Bessel function table we can find

that for β = 5 we have 8 coefficients Jn . Then n = 8)

BT = 2 * n * fm = 2*8*10*103 = 160 KHz

Example

A 100 KW FM transmitter with carrier frequency of 100 MHz and signal tone
modulation of fm = 1 KHz. The modulation index is increased till the second side
band reaches its zero value. Find the transmission bandwidth, then find the average
power at the carrier frequency and at all side bands and then specify it at the first
sideband.

Solution

From Bessel function table, we can find that J2(β) is reached to zero value at β = 5.2.
for this value of β, n will equal to 8. And J0(β) = -0.16. Thus,

BT = 2 * n * fm = 2 * 8 * 1*103 = 16 KHz

( )
= = ( ) = (−0.16) = 0.0256

Pc = 0.0256 * 100 KW = 2.56 KW

PSB = 100 – 2.56 = 97.44 KW

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Chapter Four

P = average power at irst sideband = ( ) ∗ 2 = 100 ∗ 1000 ∗

(−0.33) ∗ 2 = 22

Generation of Wideband Modulated Signal

Direct Method

Notes:

- The indirect method (Armstrong Method) depends on the frequency

multiplication which increases the carrier frequency to a high value. In order
to avoid that, a frequency convertor (such as using DSP modulator) is used to
shift the spectrum to the carrier frequency.
- Multiple frequency multiplier stage could be used in order to get a wide range
of variation in both frequency and modulation index as shown in figure below.

NBFM X n1 Freq. X n2
Mod. f1 n1 f1 Conv. f ± (f ± )
Δf1 n1 Δf1 n1 Δf1 n2 n1 Δf1
β1 n1 β1 n1 β1 n2 n1 β1

cos ω1t cos ω2t

Example

For an Armstrong type FM generator, if the carrier frequency in the NBFM was 100
KHz and the frequency multiplier coefficient n1 is 150 and n2 is 30. The frequency
convertor has a frequency value f2 = 10 MHz. Note that the maximum frequency
deviation is 1 KHz for NBFM. Find the carrier frequency and total bandwidth.

Solution

After the first frequency multiplier,

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Chapter Four

n1 f1 = 150*100 KHz = 15 MHz

after the first frequency convertor,

25
± = 10 ± 15 =
5

After the second frequency multiplier

= ( ± ) = 750
150

Δft = n1 n2 Δf1 = 150*30*1 KHz = 4.5 MHz

BT = 2* Δft = 9 MHz

Direct Method

Notes:

In this type of modulated signal generation, either L or C is controlled by the

modulating signal. The instantaneous frequency is;

( )=

= + ∆ cos

Where ΔC is the maximum change in C and Ct is the effective capacitor.

The relation between the capacitor change and the maximum frequency deviation
could be extracted from the above equation as

∆ ∆
=

Where

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Chapter Four

Example

A voltage controlled oscillator has L=10 μH and effective capacitor Ct = 103 PF at

x=0. If the modulating signal x(t) = 4.5 cos 2π*103t and causes a maximum change in
the capacitor ΔC=6 PF. Find the frequency deviation, modulation index and total
bandwidth if a frequency multiplier with n=5 is used.

Solution

Co = 103 PF , where Ct = Co + ΔC cos 2π*103t

= = = = 1.592 ∗ 10 = 1.592
√ ∗ ∗ ∗ .

∆ ∆
=

Δf = 4.77 KHz

∆
= = 4.77 that leads to n=6

BT (before the frequency multiplier) = 2*n*fm = 2*6*1000 = 12 KHz

BT (after the frequency multiplier) = 12 * 5 = 60 KHz

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