Free From www.analyzemath.

com
Calculus Booklet of Formulas

GREEK ALPHABET GEOMETRIC SEQUENCES

Capital Small Name The n th term of a geometric sequence with

А α Alpha first term a1 and common ratio r is given by
В β Beta a n = a1 r n −1
Γ γ Gamma
∆ δ Delta The sum S n of the first n terms of a
Ε ε Epsilon geometric sequence is given by
Ζ ζ Zeta a1(1− r n )
Η η Eta Sn =
Θ θ Theta (1− r)
Ι ι Iota The sum S of an infinite geometric
Κ κ Kappa sequence with | r |< 1 is given by
a1
Λ λ Lambda S=
Μ µ Mu (1 − r )
Ν ν Nu
Ξ ξ Xi EXPONENTAILS AND LOGARITHMS
Ο ο Omicron y = log b ( x) if and only if b y = x
Π π Pi
Ρ ρ Rho log b ( xy) = log b ( x) + log b ( y )
Σ σ Sigma x
Τ τ Tau log b ( ) = log b ( x) − log b ( y )
y
Υ υ Upsilon
Φ φ Phi log b x r = r log b ( x)
Χ χ Chi b log b ( x ) = x
Ψ ψ Psi log b (b x ) = x
Ω ω Omega
log b (1) = 0
log b (b) = 1
ABSOLUTE VALUE log a ( x)
log b ( x) = , change of base
 x for x ≥ 0 log a (b)
| x |= 
− x for x < 0
| x |= x 2 BINOMIAL THEOREM
n positive integer
( x + y) n = x n + n C1 x n−1 y+ n C 2 x n−2 y 2 + L
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCES + n Cr x n−r y r + K + y n
The n th term of an arithmetic sequence n!
with first term a1 and common difference Where n C r =
r!(n − r )!
d is given by
a n = a1 + (n − 1)d
The sum S n of the first n terms of an
arithmetic sequence is given by
n
Sn = ( a1 + a n )
2 Free From www.analyzemath.com 1
 Free From www.analyzemath.com

sin x cos x
EXPONENTS AND RADICALS
x0 = 1 cos x − sin x
1 1
x −r = r = ( )r
x x tan x sec 2 x
1
= xr
x −r cot x − csc2 x
x r x s = x r+s
( x r ) s = x rs sec x sec x tan x

x xr csc x − csc x cot x

( )r = r
y y
xr sin −1 x , arcsin x 1
s
= y r −s 1− x 2
y
cos−1 x , arccosx −
1
( xy) r = x r y r 1− x 2
x y −1
tan x , arctan x 1
( ) −r = ( ) r
y x 1 + x2
1 sinh x cosh x
x n
=n x
n xy = n x n y cosh x sinh x
n
m n
x m
= ( x)
n
tanh x sec h 2 x
x x
n =
y n y coth x − csc h 2 x

sec hx − sec hx tanh x

DERIVATIVES
csc hx − csc hx coth x
k is a constant.
sinh −1 x 1
f (x ) '
f ( x) x2 + 1
cosh −1 x 1
k 0 x2 − 1
tanh −1 x 1
k f (x ) '
k f ( x) 1 − x2
coth −1 x 1
n n −1 −
x nx 1 − x2

ex ex

ln x 1
x

Free From www.analyzemath.com 2

 Free From www.analyzemath.com

1 x
sin −1 ( )
a
a2 − x2
1 x
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS sinh −1 ( )
a2 + x2 a
A constant of integration should be added in
all cases. 1 x
cosh −1 ( )
x −a 2 2 a
f (x )
∫ f ( x )dx
1 1 x
tan −1 ( )
k kx x + a2
2 a a

k f (x ) k ∫ f ( x) dx 1 1 x−a
ln( )
1 ln | x | x − a2
2
2a x + a

x
ex ex 1 1 a+ x
ln( )
a − x2
2
2a a − x
ln x x ln x − x

sin x − cos x
TAYLOR SERIES (about x = a )
cos x sin x
( x − a ) 2 ''
tan x − ln(cos x) f ( x) = f ( a) + ( x − a) f ' (a) + f (a)
2!
cot x ln(sin x) ( x − a) n ( n)
+L+ f (a) + L
n!
sec x x π
ln(tan( + ))
2 4
csc x x MACLAURIN SERIES
ln(tan( ))
2 x 2 ''
f ( x) = f (0) + xf ' (0) + f ( 0)
sinh x cosh x 2!
xn (n)
cosh x sinh x +L+ f ( 0) + L
n!
tanh x ln(coshx))

coth x ln(| sinh x |))

sec hx 2 tan −1 (e x )

csc hx
x
ln(| tanh( ) |)
Free2From www.analyzemath.com 3
 Free From www.analyzemath.com

REAL FOURIER SERIES (Period T) POWER SERIES FOR SOME FUNCTIONS

∞ ∞
1 2πm 2πm x2 xn
f (t ) = a0 + ∑ am cos( t ) + ∑ bm sin( t) ex = 1+ x + +L+ +L for all x
2 m=1 T m=1 T 2! n!

x2 x3 n +1 x
n
ln(1 + x) = x − + L + (−1) +L
Where 2 3 n!
T
−1 < x ≤ 1
2 2πm e jx − e − jx x3 x5 x7
am = ∫
T 0
f (t ) cos(
T
t ) dt sin x = = x− + − +L
2 3! 5! 7!
T
2 2πm
bm = ∫
T 0
f (t ) sin(
T
t )dt −1
sin x = arcsin x = x +
1 x 3 1⋅ 3 x 5
+ +
2 3 2⋅4 5
COMPLEX FOURIER SERIES (Period T) 1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 x 7
+L
2⋅4⋅6 7
∞
2πm
f (t ) = ∑c
m = −∞
m exp(i
T
t)
e jx + e − jx x2 x4 x6
cos x = = x− + − +L
2 2! 4! 6!
where
1 2 17 7
T tan x = x + x 3 + x 5 + x +L
1 2πm 3 15 315
cm =
T ∫ f (t ) exp(−i
0
T
t ) dt
x3 x5 x7
tan −1 x = arctan x = x − + − +L
Relationship between the above coefficients 3 5 7
of the real and complex forms.
e x − e−x x3 x5 x7
sinh x = = x+ + + +L
1 2 3! 5! 7!
cm = (a m − ibm )) m > 0
2
1 1 x3 1⋅ 3 x5
c0 = a0 sinh −1 x = arcsin h x = x − +
2 2 3 2⋅4 5
1 1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 x7
c m = (a − m + ib− m ) m < 0 − +L
2 2⋅4⋅6 7

FOURIER TRANSFORM PAIR e x + e−x x2 x4 x6

cosh x = = x+ + + +L
∞
2 2! 4! 6!
~
F (ω ) = ∫ f (t ) exp(−iωt )dt 1 2 17 7
−∞ tanh x = x − x 3 + x 5 − x +L
∞ 3 15 315
1 ~
f (t ) =
2π ∫ F (ω ) exp(iωt )dt
−∞ x3 x5 x7
tanh −1 x = arctan hx = x + + + +L
3 5 7

Free From www.analyzemath.com 4

 Free From www.analyzemath.com

INTEGER SERIES
N
1
∑ i = 1 + 2 + 3 + L + N = 2 N ( N + 1)
i =1
NEWTON METHOD
N

∑i
i =1
2
= 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + L + N 2 =

1
N ( N + 1)(2 N + 1)
6
N
1
∑i
i =1
3
= 13 + 2 3 + 33 + L + N 3 = [ N ( N + 1)]2
2

NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF f(x) = 0

Start with a single estimate x1 of the root;
BISECTION METHOD
then successive estimates are given in
terms of the previous one by

f ( xn )
x n +1 = x n −
f ' ( xn )

x1 and x 2 are estimates of the root that are

on opposite sides of the root (i.e. such that
f ( x1 ) ⋅ f ( x 2 ) < 0 ). The next estimate is
given by the arithmetic mean of the previous
x1 + x 2
two estimates, x3 = . Discard
2
whichever of x1 or x 2 is on the same side of
the root as x3 ( x 2 in the diagram) and repeat
the process. The root of f ( x ) = 0 always
lies between the last two estimates. The
bisection method is slow but always
converges for a 'well behaved' function.

Free From www.analyzemath.com 5

 Free From www.analyzemath.com

NUMERICAL INTEGRATION ω comment

sin ωt s
2 2
s +ω
cos ωt s
s +ω2
2

t sin ω t 2ωs
(s + ω 2 ) 2
2

t cos ωt s2 − ω 2
(s 2 + ω 2 ) 2

sinh ωt ω
b−a s −ω2
2
Let h =
N cosh ωt s
Trapezoidal rule s −ω2
2

b e − at sin ωt ω
h
∫
a
f ( x)dx ≈ [ f 0 + 2 f 1 + 2 f 2 + 2 f 3 +
2
(s + a) 2 + ω 2
e − at cos ωt s+a
2 f 4 + L + 2 f N − 2 + 2 f N −1 + f N ]
(s + a) 2 + ω 2
Simpson rule δ (t − τ ) e − sτ dirac delta
function
The number of intervals N must be even
H (t − τ ) 1 − sτ step
e
b
h s function,

∫
a
f ( x)dx ≈ [ f 0 + 4 f 1 + 2 f 2 + 4 f 3 + 2 f 4 + L
3 e − at f (t ) F (s + a) τ >0
damping in
t becomes
+ 2 f N − 2 + 4 f N −1 + f N ] 1 s
f (kt ) F( )
scale
k k change

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS tf (t ) dF first

−
ds Derivative
∞
f ' (t ) sF ( s ) − f (0)
L( f (t )) = F ( s ) = ∫ f (t ) exp(− st )dt
−
first
derivative
0
"' 2 '
f (t ) s F ( s) − sf (0) − f (0) second
f (t ) F (s ) comment derivative

1 1 s t
1 Integral of
∫ f ( x)dx s
F ( s)
f(t) w.r.t t
s 0
t n n! t
convolution
F1 ( s ) F2 ( s )
s n +1 ∫f
0
1 ( x ) f 2 (t −
integral

e − at 1 aF ( s ) + bG ( s ) Linearity
af (t ) + bg (t
s+a

Free From www.analyzemath.com 6