S.M.

Lawan / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN:

2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.969-973

PSAT Model- Based Voltage Stability Analysis for the Kano

330KV Transmission Line
S.M. Lawan
Department of Electrical Engineering, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil Nigeria

Abstract
Voltage instability problems increasing This paper demonstrates how singularity in the
day by day because of demand increase. It is very Jacobian can be avoided by slightly reformulating
important to analyze the power system with the power flow equations and applying a
respect to voltage stability. This paper formulation will be implemented in the ATC
investigates the voltage stability analysis of Kano Toolbox with MATLAB and tested on 330kv buses
330KV Transmission line. The test system to determine power flow solution using
network consisting of 11 buses, 4 generating POWERSAT (PSAT) technique [2].
stations, 4 transmission lines and 1 control
centres, Power System Analysis Toolbox (PSAT) II. Continuation Power Flow
software was used to carried out simulation The conventional power flow has a
analysis, using the relevant data as obtained from problem in the Jacobian matrix which becomes
power holding company of Nigeria [PHCN], to singular at the voltage stability limit. This problem
determine bus voltages, real and reactive power can be overcome by using continuation power flow
flows and losses of the transmission lines and [3].Figure 1 shows the predictor – corrector scheme
generators The results obtained showed that the used in the continuation power flow.
Maximum Loading Point is max λ = 3.97 p.u.
Also load active powers are in base and
maximum cases are P base = 7.00 p.u. and P max
= 7.189 p.u. respectively. The weakest bus also is
identified bus8 with voltage 0.948 p.u. Also load
active powers are in base and maximum cases
are P base = 9.67p.u. and P max = 17.67 p.u.
respectively. The weakest bus also is identified
bus8 with voltage 0.948 p.u

Key words: PSAT, 330KV Transmission Line,

Voltage Stability, Power Flow

I. Introduction
As power systems become more complex
and heavily loaded, voltage stability becomes an Figure1. An illustration of the Continuation power
increasing serious problem. Voltage problems have flow [3]
been a subject of great concern during planning and
operation of power systems due to the significant From the Newton-Raphson, load flow equations can
number of serious failures believed to have been be written as:
caused by this phenomenon. It is therefore
necessary to develop Voltage Stability Analysis
(VSA) tools in today‟s Energy Management (1)
Systems (EMS). [1]
Indeed, numerous authors have proposed
voltage stability indexes based upon some type of
power flow analysis. A particular difficulty being (2)
encountered in such research is that the Jocobian of
a Newton-Raphson power flow becomes singular at The new load flow equations consists of
the steady state voltage stability limit. In fact, this load factor can be expressed as:
stability limit, also called the critical point, is often PLi  Pi 0   ( K Li S base cos i )
defined as the point where the power flow Jacobian
is singular. As a consequence, attempts at power
QLi  QLi 0   ( K Li S base sin i )
flow solutions near the critical point are prone to
divergence and error.
(3)

969 | P a g e
 S.M. Lawan / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN:
2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.969-973
Where the following definitions are made;  Regulating Transformers: Load tap changer
with voltage or reactive power regulators
PLi0, QLi0 – original load at bus i, active and reactive and phase shifting transformers.
respectively.  FACTS: Static Var Compensators,
KLi - multiplier to designate the rate of load Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors,
change at bus i as λ changes. Static Synchronous Source Series
Ψi - power factor angle of load change at bus Compensators, Unified Power Flow
i. Controllers, and High Voltage DC
transmission systems.
III. PSAT METHOD  Wind Turbines: Wind models, Constant
PSAT is a Matlab toolbox for electric speed wind turbine with squirrel cage
power system analysis and control. The command induction motor, variable speed wind
line version of PSAT is also GNU Octave turbine with doubly fed induction
compatible. PSAT includes power flow, generator, and variable speed wind turbine
continuation power flow, optimal power flow, and with direct drive synchronous generator.
small signal stability analysis and time domain  Other Models: Synchronous machine
simulation. All operations can be assessed by means dynamic shaft, dynamic phasor RLC series
of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and a Simulink- circuit, sub-synchronous resonance model,
based library provides a user friendly tool for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell, and sub
network design. transmission area equivalents.
PSAT core is the power flow routine,
which also takes care of state variable initialization. Besides mathematical routines and models,
Once the power flow has been solved, further static PSAT includes a variety of utilities, as follows:
and/or dynamic analysis can be performed. These 1. one-line network diagram editor (Simulink
routines are: library);
1. Continuation power flow; 2. GUIs for settings system and routine parameters;
2. Optimal power flow; 3. User defined model construction and installation;
3. Small signal stability analysis; 4. GUI for plotting results;
4. Time domain simulations; 5. Filters for converting data to and from other
5. Phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement. formats;
In order to perform accurate power system analysis, 6. Command logs.
PSAT supports a variety of static and dynamic
component models, as follows: Finally, PSAT includes bridges to GAMS
 Power Flow Data: Bus bars, transmission and UWPFLOW programs, which highly extend
lines and transformers, slack buses, PV PSAT ability of performing optimization and
generators, constant power loads, and shunt continuation power flow analysis [4]
admittances.
 CPF and OPF Data: Power supply bids and IV. Under Study Network
limits generator power reserves, generator Our test system is Kano 330KV
ramping data, and power demand bids and Transmission system. Stimulated diagram of System
limits. with the following components and statistics as
 Switching Operations: Transmission line shown in table 1and 2 below:
faults and transmission line breakers.
 Measurements: Bus frequency and phasor Table 1: Network Statistics
measurement units (PMU). Buses 11
 Loads: Voltage dependent loads, frequency Lines 8
dependent loads, ZIP (impedance, constant Transformers 4
current and constant power) loads, Generators 4
exponential recovery loads, Loads 2
thermostatically controlled load, Jimma's
loads, and mixed loads. Table2: Solution Statistics
 Machines: Synchronous machines Number of Iterations 4
(dynamic order from 2 to 8) and induction Maximum P mismatch [p.u.] 0
motors (dynamic order from 1 to 5). Maximum Q mismatch [p.u.] 0
 Controls: Turbine Governors, Automatic Power rate [MVA]
Voltage Regulators, Power System 100
Stabilizer, Over-excitation limiters and
Secondary Voltage Regulation (Central
Area Controllers and Cluster Controllers).

970 | P a g e
 S.M. Lawan / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN:
2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.969-973

Bus V phase P gen Q P load Q load

gen

[p.u.] [rad] [p.u.] [p.u.] [p.u.] [p.u.]

Bus 01 1.030 0.353 7.000 1.825 0.000 0.000

Bus 02 1.010 0.183 7.000 2.284 0.000 0.000
Bus 03 1.030 -0.119 7.189 1.724 0.000 0.000
Bus 04 1.010 -0.296 7.000 1.936 0.000 0.000
Bus 05 1.007 0.241 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Bus 06 0.979 0.065 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Bus 07 0.963 -0.082 0.000 0.000 9.670 -1.000
Bus 08 0.948 -0.323 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Bus 09 0.974 -0.560 0.000 0.000 17.670 -2.500

Bus 10 0.985 -0.414 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Bus 11 1.009 -0.234 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Fig. 2 Kano 330KV Transmission system
Table 4: Line Flows
In this system generation unit are modeled Fro Line P Q P Q
as standard PV buses and loads are represented as
m [p.u. Flow Flow Lo Lo
constant PQ loads. The P and Q load powers are not Bus ] [p.u [p.u ss ss
voltage dependent and are assumed to change as To .] .] [p.u.] [p.u.]
follows: Bus
Pl  Pl 0 (1   )
Bus 1 7.000 1.002 0.123 1.191
(4) 05
Ql  Ql 0 (1   ) Bus
06
Where PL0 and QL0 are the active and Bus 2 13.87 1.210 0.202 2.008
reactive base loads, whereas PL , and QL , are the 06 7
active and reactive loads at bus L for the current Bus
operating point as defined by λ , table 2 07
Bus 3 2.002 0.079 0.048 0.303
V. Simulation Results 07
To analyze of static voltage stability to survey Bus
contingencies of power system (like the line outages 08
and/or generation unit outages) with Psat software Bus 4 1.954 -0.224 0.047 0.382
[5]. The continuation power flow for normal system 08
manner is done that all generation units and lines are Bus
in the network and in fact no contingencies has 09
occurred in system. Maximum Loading Point is max Bus 5 1.954 -0.268 0.047 0.293
λ = 3.97 p.u. Also load active powers are in base 08
and maximum cases are P base = 7.00 p.u. and P Bus
max = 7.189 p.u. respectively. The weakest bus also 09
is identified bus8 with voltage 0.948 p.u. Also load
Bus 6 7.189 0.866 0.129 1.245
active powers are in base and maximum cases are P
11
base = 9.67p.u. and P max = 17.67 p.u. respectively. Bus
The weakest bus also is identified bus8 with voltage
10
0.948 p.u
Bus 7 13.85 0.177 0.204 2.026
A. The results of simulation for the network
09 6
with CPF method Table 3, 4,5 and 6 shows
Bus
the results of single generation units‟
10
applying continuation power flow.
Bus 8 2.002 0.123 0.048 0.391
B.
07
Table 3: Power Flow Results
Bus
08

971 | P a g e
 S.M. Lawan / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN:
2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.969-973

Bus 9 7.000 1.825 0.000 0.822 Reference

01 [1] X. Wang, G.C. Ejebe, J. Tong, & J.G.
Bus Waight “Preventive/Corrective Control for
05 Voltage Stability Using Direct Interior
Bus 10 7.000 2.284 0.000 0.886 Point Method” IEEE Transaction on Power
02 Systems, Vol. 13, No. 3, August 1998, pp.
Bus 878 883.
06 [2] Werner C. Rheiboldt, & John V. Burkardt
Bus 11 7.000 1.936 0.000 0.862 „Psat Toolbox in Matlab‟ ACM Trans. On
04 Mathematical Software, Vol. 9, no. 2,
Bus 1983, pp 215-235
10 [3] Venkataramana Ajjarapu, Colin
Bus 12 7.189 1.724 0.000 0.859 Christy,1992. “The continuation power
03 flow a tool for steady state voltage stability
Bus analysis”, IEEE Transactions on Power
11 Systems, Vol.7, No. 1. February.
[4] A. P. Lerm, C. A. Canizares, and A. S.
Table 5: General Summary Report Silva, “Multi-parameter bifurcation
Power Total Total Total analysis of the South Brazilian power
Generation Load Loses system,” IEEE Trans. Power
Real Power 28.19 27.34 0.85 [5] F. Milano, "Power System Analysis
[p.u] Toolbox," Version 1.3.4, Software and
Reactive 7.77 -3.50 11.27 Documentation, July 14, 2005.
Power [p.u] [6] Operation Technology Inc, „Electrical
Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP)‟
Table 6: Newton-Raphson Method for Power 2001.
Flow Computation [7] IEEE Standards Board Approved by
American National Standard Institute
Iteration Convergence “IEEE Recommended Practice for
1 0.048618 Industrial and Commercial Power Systems
2 0.0030922 Analysis (IEEE Std 399 – 1991)
[8] PHCN 2011 report on generation profile of
3 1.7363e-005
the country.
4 4.4468e-010
[9]. Komolafe,O.A And Omoigui M.O”An
Assessment Of Reliability Of Electricity
Table 7: State Matrix Eigen values Summary
Supply In Nigeria.,”Conference
Proceedings Of The 4th International
Dynamic Order 24 Conference On Power Systems Operation
Number of Eigen values with Re(MU) < 0 19 And Planning (ICPSOP),ACCRA,Ghana,
Number of Eigen values with Re(MU) >0 0 July 31-August 3,2000,Pp 89-91
Number of real Eigen values 16 [10] A. P. Lerm, C. A. Canizares, and A. S.
Number of Complex Pairs 4 Silva, “Multi-parameter bifurcation
Number of Zero Eigen values 6 analysis of the South Brazilian power
system,” IEEE Trans. PowerSyst., vol. 18,
pp. 737–746, May 2003.
VI. CONCLUSION [11] W. Marszalek and Z. W. Trzaska,
The Study 330KV network has a relatively “Singularity-induced bifurcations in
low voltage drop in the transmission lines though, electrical power systems,” IEEE Trans.
there was an obvious improvement over the existing Power Syst., vol. 20, pp. 312–320, Feb.
case, some buses and generators of high reactive 2005.
power values need to be compensated using either [12] T. Gou and R. A. Schlueter, “Identification
the conventional compensators such as reactors, of generic bifurcation and stability
capacitor banks, and tap changing transformers or problems in power system differential-
the use of FACTS devices. This however will enable algebraic model,” IEEE Trans. Power
the 330KV transmission network to be used very Syst., vol. 9, pp. 1032–1044, May 1994.
close to its thermal limit, yet still remain very stable, [13] Y. V. Makarov, D. J. Hill, and Z.-Y. Dong,
reduce transmission line congestion and maintain “Computation of bifurcation boundaries for
grid stability and effective interconnectivity. power systems: A new _-plane method,”
IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, vol. 47, pp.
536–544, Apr. 2000.

972 | P a g e
S.M. Lawan / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN:
2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.969-973

973 | P a g e