9CA – PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT 06

PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT 6

PHRASES TO REMEMBER

1. Resume (n) = CV = _____________________ /’vi:tai/

2. Biography (n) à autobiography (n) à biodata (n)
3. Preface (v/n) à foreword (n)
§ Each chapter is prefaced by a quotation from Shakespeare.
4. Compliment sb on sth (v)
§ She complimented him on his excellent German.
§ To pay sb a compliment = praise sb for sth
§ Return a compliment: treat sb they way they have treated you
§ I’ll take that as a compliment
5. Implement (v) = carry out
§ Implement changes / _____________________ / _____________________ / reforms
§ The _____________________ of the new system.
§ _____________________ (n): a tool or an instrument, often one that is quite simple and used
outdoors
6. Supplement sth ________ sth (v): add sth to sth in order to improve it
§ Your diet should be supplemented ________ vitamin pills.
§ He supplements his income by giving private lessons.
§ _____________________ (n)
§ Vitamin / dietary _____________________
§ the Sunday colour supplements
7. Acquire (v): gain sth by one’s own efforts/behaviour
§ She has acquired a good knowledge of English.
§ He has acquired a reputation for dishonesty.
§ _____________________ (n)
8. Inquire about… (v) = enquire (v)
§ She enquired ________ ________ your whereabouts.
§ Enquire ________ sb = ask after sb
§ Enquire ________ sth = look into sth = investigate
§ ________ enquiries
§ ________ / ________ an enquiry ________ the affair
9. Require (v) à requisite (a/n): necessary for…
§ The situation required that he (should) be present.
§ All candidates will be required to take a test.
§ A university degree has become a _____________________ for entry into most professions.
10. Implicit (a): suggested without being directly expressed
§ Implicit ________ his speech was the assumption that they were guilty.
§ Implicit (a) = part of… The ability is implicit in the teacher’s role

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§ Implicit (a) = complete She had the implicit trust of her staff.
11. Explicit (a): clear and easy to understand
§ He gave me very explicit directions on how to get there.
§ The reasons for the decision should be made explicit.
12. Illicit (a) = illegal, not approved
§ Illicit drugs
§ An illicit love affair
13. Elicit sth from sb (v): get information from sb with difficulty
§ I could elicit no response ________ him.
§ Her tears elicited great sympathy from her audience.
14. Converse (v) à conversation (n)
§ The two men were conversing ________ music and opera.
15. Conserve (v)
§ New laws have been _____________________ to conserve wildlife in the area.
16. Reserve (v)
§ I’d like to reserve a table for three at 8pm.
§ I’d prefer to reserve my judgement until I know all facts.
17. Reverse (v)
§ Although I expected to enjoy living in the country, the reverse is true.
§ The government has failed to reverse the economic decline.
18. Literal (a)
§ Literal meaning / translation
19. Literary (a): connected with literature
§ Literary criticism/theory
§ A literary man à he likes literature very much
20. Literate (a) >< illiterate (a) à literacy >< illiteracy (n)
§ Though nearly 20, he was barely literate.
§ Computer literate
21. Subscribe to sth (v) à subscription (n)
§ We subscribe ________ several sports channel.
§ Which journals does the library subscribe to?
22. Prescribe (v)
§ The doctor may be able to prescribe you something ________ that cough.
23. Inscribe (v): write/cut words… onto sth
§ The names of the king and queen were inscribed above the door.
24. Content (n/a)
§ He tipped the contents of the bag onto the table.
§ She hadn’t read the letter and so was unaware of its contents.
§ _____________________ of contents contents _____________________
§ Content sb (v): make sb happy
o My apology seemed to content him. Nothing will content her.

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§ Content (a): happy & satisfied à contentment (n)

o Not content ________ stealing my boyfriend, she has turned all my friends against me.
o I was content to wait.
§ To your _____________________ content: as much as you want
o This is a supervised play area where children can run around to their ________ content.
25. Context (n)
§ His decision can only be understood ________ context.
§ This quotation has been _____________________ out of context.
26. Contend (v) = maintain
§ I would contend that the minister’s thinking is flawed on this point.
§ Contend ________ sb = struggle for sth 3 groups are contending for power.
§ Contend ________ sb/sth = deal with a difficult situation
27. Consent (v)
§ He reluctantly consented ________ his daughter’s marriage.
§ She finally consented ________ answer our questions.
§ Children under 16 cannot _____________________ consent to medical treatment.
28. Withhold (v): refuse to give sth to sb; keep back
§ She was accused of withholding information from the police.
§ Payment was withheld until the work was completed.
29. Obsolete (a) = out of date
§ With technological changes, many traditional skills have become obsolete.
30. Reiterate (v): repeat sth to emphasize it
§ Let me reiterate that we are fully committed to this policy.
31. Disclose (v) = reveal à disclosure (v)
§ The spokesman refused to disclose details of the takeover ________ the press.
32. Dominate (v)
§ He tended to dominate the conversation.
§ The train crash dominated the news.
33. OPINION
§ We were invited to ________ our opinions about/on how the work should be done.
§ Everyone ________ an opinion on the subject.
§ He expressed the opinion that job losses were inevitable.
§ ________ / air an opinion
§ There is a difference of opinion as to the merits of the plan.
§ Opinion is divided on the issue.
§ Which is better is a matter of opinion.
§ We are strongly of the opinion that great caution should be exercised in dealing with this matter.
§ Have a ________ /________ /________ /________ opinion of sb
§ The boss has a very high opinion of her.
34. Acronym (n)
35. Anecdote (n)

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36. Consonants
37. Vowels
38. Jargon (U)
39. Poetry (n) = verse à poem (n)
40. Prose (n)
41. Rumour (n/v)
42. Slang (n)
43. Quotation (n) à quote (v) à misquote (v)
44. Slogan (n)
45. DOWN
§ Jot sth down (v)
o I’ll just jot down the address for you.
§ Boil down to sth (v): have sth as a main or basic part
o In the end, what it all boils down to is money, or the lack of it.
§ Narrow down (v)
o We have narrowed down the list to 4 candidates.
§ Play down (v): make sth less important à play up
§ Lay down the rules / regulations (v)
§ Stand down (v): leave a job/position
o He stood down to make way for someone younger.
§ Tear down (v): demolish
o They’re tearing down these old houses to build a new office block.
§ Run sb down (v): criticize sb in an unkind way
o He’s always running her down in front of other people.
§ Back down (v): take back a demand, an opinion…
o She refused to back down on a point of principle.
§ The car keeps breaking down.
46. Archaic (a): very old-fashioned, outdated, old and no longer used
§ “Thou art” is an archaic form of “you are”.
§ The system is archaic and unfair and needs changing.
47. State-of-the-art (a): using the most modern or advanced techniques or methods
§ The system was state of the art.
48. Contemporary (a/n): belonging to the same time // modern
§ He was contemporary with the dramatist Congreve.
§ Contemporary fiction / music / dance
49. Juvenile (a): connected with young people who are not yet adults
§ Juvenile crime/employment
§ juvenile offenders
50. Advocate (v): support sth publicly
§ The group does not advocate the use of violence.
§ Mary experts advocate rewarding your child for good behaviour.

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§ He’s an advocate for hospital workers.

51. Convey (v): make ideas, feelings known to sb
§ Colours like red convey a sense of energy and strength.
§ He tried to convey how urgent the situation was.
§ Conveyance (n)
52. BOOK
§ Hardback / paperback books
§ A book ________ wildlife
§ ________ the books = check the accounts
§ Be ________ sb’s good/bad books --> sb is pleased/annoyed with you
o I’m in her good books at the moment because I cleared up the kitchen.
§ ________ the book: following rules and instructions carefully
o She always does everything by the book.
§ ________ the books: change facts or figures illegally
o His accountant has been cooking the books for years.
§ Don’t judge a book by its _____________________.
§ ________ my book = in my opinion
o That’s cheating in my book.
§ _____________________ sb like a book
§ Take a _____________________ out of / from sb’s book: copy sb’s behaviour
53. ISSUE
§ A key/sensitive/controversial issue
§ The union plans to _____________________ the issue of overtime.
§ You’re just avoiding the issue.
§ Don’t confuse the issue.
§ Money is not an issue.
§ She has some issues with men. (à problems)
§ A special issue of stamps
§ The article appeared ________ issue 25.
§ Be ________ issue: be the most important part of the subject being discussed
o What is ________ issue is whether she was responsible for her actions.
§ Force the issue (V): do sth to make people take a quick decision
§ Take issue ________ sb: disagree or argue with sb
§ Issue (v): make sth known
o They issued a joint statement denying the charges.
§ Issue (v): give
o Issue passports/_____________________ /_____________________
o New members will be issued ________ a temporary identity card.
54. WORD
§ He was a true friend in all _____________________ of the word.
§ Tell me what happened in your own words.

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§ Words _____________________ me. = I can’t express how I feel.

§ Have a word with Pat and see what she thinks.
§ A word of warning: read the instructions carefully.
§ She left ________ a word.
§ He never breathed a word of this to me.
§ I _____________________ you my word that this won’t happen again. (= promise)
§ I give you my word of _____________________.
§ We only _____________________ his word for it that the cheque is in the post.
§ He promised to help and was as good as his word. (= He did what he promised.)
§ I trust her not to _____________________ back on her word.
§ I can’t prove it – you’ll have to take my word for it. = believe it
§ Word has it that she’s leaving. (information, news)
§ _____________________ speak louder than words.
§ Be _____________________ for words: surprised, confused that you don’t know what to say
§ _____________________ your words: admit that you were wrong
55. Take issue with sb (about/on/over sth): start disagreeing / arguing with sb about sth
§ I must take issue with you on that point.
56. Keep / reduce sth to the (absolute / bare) minimum
§ Costs should be kept to a minimum.
§ As an absolute minimum, you should spend 2 hours in the evening studying.
57. Lay / be in _____________________ for sb/sth: coming in the future, about to happen
§ We don’t know what life holds in _____________________ for us.
§ They think it’ll be easy but they have a surprise in _____________________.
58. At the expense of sth: with loss or damage to sth
§ He built up the business at the expense of his health.
§ We don’t advocate an education system that benefits bright children at the expense of those who are
slower to learn.
59. In / within the near future: soon
§ The exchange rate is likely to fall in the near future.
60. Contend with / against sb/sth: struggle in order to overcome sb
§ Contend for sth
§ Three armed groups were contending for power.
§ Nurses often have to contend with violent or drunken patients.
61. Spare sth for sb (v):
§ Spare a thought for …
§ I’d love to have a beak, but I can’t spare the time just now.
§ You should spare a thought for the person who cleans up after you.
62. Be instrumental ________ doing sth: important in making sth happen
§ He was instrumental ________ bringing about an end to the conflict.
63. Marvel ________ sth (v): be surprised at, often admiring it a lot
§ Everyone was marvelled ________ his courage.
64. Be loath to do sth: be reluctant to do sth
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§ He was loath to admit his mistake.

65. _____________________ exception to sth: strongly object to sth
§ I _____________________ great exception to the fact that you told my wife before you told me.
66. Position (v): place/arrange oneself in a particular way or position
§ She quickly positioned herself behind the desk.
§ Large television screens were positioned at either end of the stadium.
67. Require sth ________ sb (v)
§ What is exactly required of a receptionist?
68. Little / nothing short ________ + adj/n: no less than
§ Last year’s figures were little short ________ disastrous.
§ The transformation has been nothing short ________ a miracle.
69. _____________________ sb astray (v): lead sb to do sth, tempt sb to do sth wrong
§ Jack’s parents thought that the other boys might _____________________ him astray.
§ Fortunately, the gunman’s shots _____________________ astray.
70. Be justified ________ doing sth (v): having good reasons for
§ He felt fully justified ________ asking for his money back.

VOCABULARY & GRAMMAR

EXERCISE 1: Choose the words/phrases that best complete the sentences.

1. The manufacturer will probably propose the product __________.
a. be withdrawn b. will be withdrawing c. would withdraw d. being withdraw
2. The ecologist said it was time we __________ measures to preserve the forest.
a. take b. took c. would take d. had taken
3. __________ that you consult a specialist.
a. It is advisable b. You are advised c. There is advice d. You are advisable
4. When speaking in front of a large audience, you should bear in _________ that everyone should be able to both
hear and see you.
a. opinion b. head c. mind d. heart
5. The central committee has __________ down strict guidelines about working conditions in its latest report.
a. lain b. laid c. placed d. born
6. “Can Karen work late tonight?” “She said she __________.”
a. can’t b. hadn’t c. couldn’t d. didn’t
7. The teacher explained __________ for any student.
a. that how regular revision is important b. that how important regular revision is
c. how is regular revision important d. how important regular revision is
8. The customs officer requested that __________ her suitcase.
a. to open b. her opening c. she had opened d. she open
9. “I want to buy that car.” “Don’t you want to know __________ it first?”
a. can you afford b. if you afforded c. whether you afford d. if you can afford
10. It is uncanny how it always seems as if Emily can read my __________.
a. opinion b. head c. mind d. heart
11. Due to the economic downturn, the factory has __________ off more than 20% of its workforce.
a. lain b. laid c. placed d. born
12. “Did Angela ever admit she damaged the computer?” “No, she blamed __________.”
a. that I had broken it b. me for breaking it c. to break it on me d. breaking it on me
13. Interested applicants should send in a _______.
a. summary b. biography c. résumé d. preface

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14. I’ve just finished reading a fascinating _______ of Marilyn Monroe.

a. summary b. biography c. résumé d. preface
15. The lecturer asked us to write a 200-word ________ of the article.
a. summary b. biography c. résumé d. preface
16. I prefer Sunday newspapers because of the travel __________.
a. compliment b. supplement c. complement d. implement
17. It makes my day when someone pays me a __________.
a. compliment b. supplement c. complement d. implement
18. The waiter suggested a green salad to __________ the meat dish we had ordered.
a. compliment b. supplement c. complement d. implement
19. Children do not __________ all of their knowledge of the world from books.
a. acquire b. inquire c. require d. enquire
20. We __________ about train times at the information desk.
a. acquired b. inquired c. required d. enquire
21. It __________ great imagination and patience to write a novel.
a. acquires b. inquires c. requires d. enquire
22. The manual gives __________ instructions for installing the software.
a. implicit b. explicit c. illicit d. elicit
23. Ruth was upset by the __________ criticism in her teacher’s comment on her essay.
a. implicit b. explicit c. illicit d. elicit
24. Despite the efforts of the authorities, the __________ trade in pirated DVDs continues.
a. implicit b. explicit c. illicit d. elicit
25. He writes prose in a very complex, __________ style.
a. literal b. literate c. literary d. literature
26. These days, you have to prove that you are computer __________ for most jobs.
a. literal b. literate c. literary d. literature
27. The detective went digging for evidence, but not in the __________ sense of the word!
a. literal b. literate c. literary d. literature
28. If you take out a __________ to the magazine, you’ll save 70%.
a. prescription b. inscription c. subscription d. description
29. The doctor gave her a __________ for some sleeping pills.
a. prescription b. inscription c. subscription d. description
30. The __________ on the base of the memorial honours all the soldiers who fought in the war.
a. prescription b. inscription c. subscription d. description
31. Luckily we managed to steer the __________ around to a topic we knew something about.
a. conversation b. conservation c. reserve d. reverse
32. The __________ of that document is highly confidential.
a. content b. context c. consent d. contend
33. Our literature teacher helped us understand in the historical __________ of the play.
a. content b. context c. consent d. contend
34. Parents who wish their children to take part in the excursion must sign a form giving their __________.
a. content b. context c. consent d. contend
35. The interviewer asked me __________ and I hope my answer was satisfactory.
a. to say how could I cope with stress b. how well I coped with stress
c. how would I cope with stress d. if did I cope with stress well
36. My doctor said __________ the medication for six months.
a. I would have to take b. I must have taken c. that I take d. me to take
37. Our parents have suggested __________ on a camping trip out my sister and I don’t like the idea.
a. to go b. that we went c. going d. we should have gone
38. Ray asked us if we were interested in learning Italian and we said __________.
a. that we were b. are we c. him we would be d. we ought
39. The board proposes that the majority of this year’s profits __________ in new product development.
a. will be invested b. be invested c. to be invested d. invest

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40. The idea is __________ the publicity department during beak periods.
a. Susan to assist b. Susan assisting c. that Susan be assisted d. that Susan assist
41. Before signing any contract you should __________ the small print carefully.
a. read b. understand c. feel d. see
42. The teacher instructed __________ in pencil.
a. the students writing b. the students to write
c. the students wrote d. that the students would write
43. I must__________ next week.
a. have serviced the car b. get the car to service c. get the car serviced d. have the car servicing
44. Fans of the author are expected to __________ in droves to tomorrow’s book signing event.
a. turned b. drawn c. jumped d. come
45. __________ all your money on the first day of your trip was foolish.
a. Having to spend b. You to spend c. Being spent d. Spending
46. As a subscriber, you will receive a 50% discount on the cover price of each __________.
a. edition b.issue c. problem d. matter
47. “Oh, no! My new shirt has shrunk!” “You __________ it by hand”
a. might have washed b. had better wash c.should have washed d. didn’t have to wash
48. The children in the audience were __________ by the show.
a. brightened b. advocated c. captivated d. cultivated
49. There need to be __________ changes to the health system to bring it up to date.
a. eventful b. radical c. liberal d. primitive
50. It is a crime to __________ evidence relating to a police investigation.
a. withhold b. swear c. infer d. inquire
51. The advertising agency had to __________ up with a catchy new slogan for the campaign.
a. turned b. drawn c. jumped d. come
52. It takes a lot of self-confidence to be able to strike up a __________ with a perfect stranger.
a. conversation b. conservation c. reserve d. reverse
53. There is a great deal of pressure in the newspaper industry; editors might work a 12-hour day with no _______.
a. come-down b. letdown c. let-up d. crackdown
54. It’s not worth keeping the old computer – the technology is __________ now.
a. illiterate b. ambiguous c. contemporary d. obsolete
55. Our lecturer __________ the importance of taking clear notes.
a. responded b. reiterated c. retained d. recruited
56. The author submitted an __________ of her proposed novel for her publisher’s approval.
a. outline b. outlook c. underline d. underestimate
57. The other guests on the chat show took __________ with the politician’s racist comments.
a. edition b. issue c. problem d. matter
58. It would be a mistake to __________ too much into the latest statistics as they may not truly represent the long-
term situation.
a. read b. understand c. feel d. see
59. Vegetarians are often advised to make iron and vitamin ________ to make up for any deficiencies in their diet.
a. complements b. ailments c. imitations d. supplements
60. These days most __________ is sent by email.
a. quotation b. legend c. inscription d. correspondence
61. Campers under 18 need their parents’ ________ before they can take part in any extreme sports at this camp.
a. consonant b. consent c. context d. contract
62. Terry has a tendency to dominate the__________ and not let others express their opinions.
a. conversation b. conservation c. reserve d. reverse
63. It is getting to be a cliché now, but I still believe that travel can broaden the __________.
a. opinion b. head c. mind d. heart
64. The quality of the food we eat is a(n)__________ that concerns all of us.
a. edition b. issue c. problem d. matter
65. Allison tries to hide her emotions but I can __________ her like a book.
a. read b. understand c. feel d. see
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66. Tourists must not be allowed access to the parts of the beach where the turtles have __________ their eggs.
a. lain b. laid c. placed d. born
67. It has __________ to my attention that some staff members have been taking overly long lunch breaks.
a. turned b. drawn c. jumped d. come
68. The famous author wouldn’t __________ information regarding the book he is currently working on.
a. dominate b. strike up c. crack d. disclose
69. Bob Dylan used the lyrics of his songs to __________ his opinion on social and political issues.
a. withhold b. voice c. tell d. understate
70. We hope the new prime minister will __________ a promise he made before the elections.
a. honour b. break c. stick d. return
71. The film is ______ almost entirely on events that really happened.
a. set b. based c. rested d. fixed
72. Eventually the rescue team ______ in finding the missing walkers.
a. managed b. achieved c. fulfilled d. succeeded
73. You can always ______ on Simon to help you. He’s a good friend.
a. rely b. trust c. bargain d. believe
74. The police still do not know who was ______ for the theft.
a. guilty b. probable c. likely d. responsible
75. It wasn’t her turn, but Hannah ______ on paying for the drinks.
a. demanded b. required c. requested d. insisted
76. Some people are ______ of the success of others.
a. angry b. jealous c. greedy d. dissatisfied
77. My grandparents don’t ______ of people who have mad manners.
a. respect b. admire c. approve d. appreciate
78. Marta wanted the gold medal and was not ______ with silver.
a. glad b. cheerful c. satisfied d. positive
79. When I study medicine at university I want to ______ in surgery.
a. specialize b. concentrate c. dedicate d. focus
80. This part of the country is ______ for this beautiful scenery.
a. impressive b. proud c. famous d. outstanding
81. He wanted to _________ off the appointment until next Wednesday.
a. put b. make c. turn d. leave
82. We heard a _________ noise and part of the old building collapsed.
a. loud b. strong c. high d. heavy
83. I agree _________ one point with Chris: it will be hard for us to walk 80 km.
a. in b. of c. on d. for
84. We should give teenagers a place to _________ up their own club.
a. make b. set c. put d. stand
85. You have to change your general _________ to life.
a. attitude b. opinion c. view d. feeling
86. People doing that job should be well paid. But, as _________ as I know, they’re not.
a. much b. long c.far d. good
87. I must _________ on paying for the phone calls I made from your flat.
a. demand b. suggest c. require d. insist
88. At that restaurant they treat you _________ if you were a princess.
a. almost b. as c. just d. so
89. The neighbours watered our plants while we were away. We will ________ the compliment when they go away.
a. return b. redo c. pay d. exchange
90. Students are encouraged to _________ their opinions on the new rules.
a. air b. place c. put d. post

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EXERCISE 2: What is it? Choose from the words below.

ACRONYM – ANECDOTE – CONSONANTS – JARGON – POETRY – QUOTATION
RUMOUR – SLANG – SLOGAN – VERSE – VOWELS
1. UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund) ________________
2. a, e, i, o, u ________________
3. b, c, d, etc. ________________
4. Wasssup! It rocks! Wicked! ________________
5. She walks in beauty like the night
Of cloudless climes and starry skies
All all that’s best of dark and bright… (Byron) ________________ ________________
6. Let me tell you what happened the other day. I saw this guy and he really looked familiar, so I said, “Did we
go to school together?” He looked at me and shook his head and said, “Sort of. I was your geography
teacher.” ________________
7. … the professor is currently executing code from a slow read-only memory ________________
8. “We have really everything in common with America nowadays except, of course, language.”
________________
9. “Give yourself a head start with HeadStart Shampoo!” ________________
10. Apparently Beth was offered the assistant manager’s job but she turned it down because she doesn’t get on
with Jim, the regional boss. ________________

EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences with the correct form of one of the given words.
BOOK – ISSUE – WORD
1. That restaurant’s really popular – I think we should ________________.
2. Can I have a ________________ with you about my grades?
3. Mum will let me go – I’m in her good ________________ at the moment.
4. Personal privacy is an ________________ these days.
5. I feel I must take ________________ with your claim that women make bad engineers.
6. If you take out a year’s subscription, you get an extra two ________________ free of charge.
7. All staff members will be ________________ with an identify card.
8. I give you my ________________ that I will not pass on this information to anyone else.
9. ________________ of the redundancies spread very quickly.
10. Several protesters were ________________ for disturbing the peace.

EXERCISE 4: Match the underlined parts of each sentence with its paraphrase.

1. They implied that I knew. a. _______ uses informal, everyday language

2. She was able to infer a lot from the statistics. b. _______ we found out
3. His reply was ambiguous. c. _______ got the point across
4. We reiterated our position. d. _______ let us know as soon as possible.
5. We have a reasonable command of the language. e. _______ drew conclusions based on what she
read
6. She was very outspoken. f. _______ repeated
7. It came to our attention. g. _______ can make ourselves understood.
8. Please notify us promptly. h. _______ not made clear
9. She speaks excellent colloquial French. i. _______ hinted
10. They conveyed the idea effectively. j. _______ didn’t hold back and spoke openly and
honestly

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EXERCISE 5: Complete the sentences with the correct form of one of the given words.
JOT – BOIL – NARROW – PLAY – LAY – STAND – TEAR – RUN – BACK – BREAK
1. In the end, it all ________________ down to how much you are prepared to spend.
2. They have decided to ________________ down the old tower block.
3. The spokesman tried to ________________ down the severity of the crisis.
4. I don’t think the government is going to ________________ down on this issue.
5. The regulations are ________________ down in a 100-page document.
6. I didn’t have any paper so I ________________ down some notes on a napkin.
7. I think the chairman should ________________ down so his assistant can take over.
8. I hate the way Carol ________________ people down behind their backs.
9. My car ________________ down and I’m using my friend’s this week.
10. After the interviews, they ________________ down the choice to 3 candidates.

EXERCISE 6: Match the questions and the answers.

1. Could you afford new clothes? a. _______ Yes, there was a crackdown.
2. Did they catch many drink drivers? b. _______ No, there was a breakdown on the train.
3. Did you play golf on Saturday? c. _______ No, we got hand-me-downs.
4. Did he take the lower-paid job? d. _______ No, there was a downpour.
5. Did you get there on time? e. _______ Yes, it was a real come-down.

WORD FORMS

EXERCISE 7: Write the verbs of the following words.

1. slave ____________ code ____________ slave ____________
2. black ____________ dark ____________ soft ____________
3. light ____________ dead ____________ strength____________
4. able ____________ deep ____________ sure ____________
5. act ____________ fast ____________ sweet ____________
6. bright ____________ force ____________ thick ____________
7. broad ____________ hard ____________ tight ____________
8. close ____________ large ____________ tough ____________
9. courage ____________ length ____________ trust ____________
10. danger ____________ rich ____________ weak ____________
11. wide ____________ bad ____________ camp ____________

EXERCISE 8: Supply the correct forms of the given words.

1. Would you ___________ your child to a complete stranger? (TRUST)
2. Security has been ___________ at the airports since the hijacking. (TIGHT)
3. Add two teaspoons of flour to ___________ the sauce. (THICK)
4. Travel is said to ___________ the mind and ___________ our understanding of other cultures. (BROAD – DEEP)
5. The local council plans to ___________ the road through the village. (WIDE)
6. Writing the research paper together ___________ their friendship. (STRONG)
7. The drug problem has ___________ in recent years. (BAD)
8. You should ___________ a CV with your job application. (CLOSE)
9. Smoking in public places has been banned, but the law is not ___________. (FORCE)
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10. For security reasons, all information is ___________ before it is sent electronically. (CODE)

EXERCISE 9: Complete the passage with the correct forms of the given words.
LANGUAGE – CONTROVERSY – SIGNIFICANT – CHOOSE – SPEAK
CHARACTER – POSSIBLE – WEAK – COURAGE – PRONOUNCE
ENGLISH TODAY
People in Britain today still pay a great deal of attention to the notion of class. According to recent research by
(1)_________, British people attach more (2)_________ to accent and (3)_________ of words than anything else,
even wealth, when assessing other people’s social status. However, a new style of English (4)_________ which has
been adopted by people from all levels of society may soon make it (5)_________ to judge somebody according to
their (6)_________. The new standard English is known as Estuary English (EE) because it originated in the areas
around the River Thames estuary, but is now typical throughout the south-east. This way of speaking is very popular
with the young in particular, who are keen to disguise their social origins.
The most (7)_________ feature of EE is a tendency to (8)_________ consonants, particularly l and t sounds, so that
the word what is heard as wha and will sounds something like wiw. Some vowels are not voiced clearly so that the
words full, fall and fool sound virtually the same, which can cause ambiguity. EE speech is a (9)_________ subject in
England – some people welcome it as a sign that Britain is moving towards a class-free society, but others consider it
a lazy, ignorant way of speaking, and schools have been told to (10)_________ their pupils to speak more correctly.

CLOZE TESTS

EXERCISE 10: Fill in each blank with ONE suitable word.

CLEANING UP THE NEIGHBORHOOD
Local authorities and local residents agree on one thing: it’s essential that something (1)_________ done about inner-
city crime. New schemes in Bradford are (2)_________ local people in the effort to clean up some of Britain’s most
troubled urban neighbourhoods. A group of mums, aunts and grannies, all (3)_________ volunteers, have beengiven
(4)_________ in self-defence and negotiating skills, and sent out to patrol the streets in the afternoons and evenings.
Their (5)_________ is to approach anyone who looks (6)_________ to misbehave and ask themwhat they are doing.
It is hoped that their presence will (7)_________ drug dealers and make the area safer for children. Organisers of the
scheme deliberately looked for middle-aged women because they are said to be more (8)_________ in communicating
with youngsters and so can warn them against (9)_________ into trouble (10)_________ provoking an aggressive
response. To ensure their safety, the women have been issued (11)_________ mobile phones which will (12)_________
them to let the police know instantly if an emergency (13)_________. The same organization also runs courses on
personal safety for women. This gives them the chance to express their fear and learn what they can do to make their
areas safer. They are persuaded to (14)_________ crimes or suspicious behavior. Organisers say that it’s no use blaming
the police for ignoring problems if local people don’t (15)_________ action either.

EXERCISE 11: Fill in each blank with ONE suitable word.

Preparing your Dissertation
This advice for undergraduates should be (1)_________ as a general guide only – consult (2)_________ member of
staff is supervising your project for more details.
First of all, you need a topic that is (3)_________ too broad nor too specialized – dissertations prepared by past students
have been (4)_________ online on the department site so you can (5)_________ through to get an idea of what is

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suitable but remember that you must choose an (6)_________ topic. Prepare an outline which describes concisely what
you intend to research and what you hope to (7)_________, then discuss your proposal with your (8)_________.
When you are researching your chosen topic, keep careful (9)_________ on everything you read. You will need to
(10)_________ detailed references and footnotes in your final dissertation (11)_________ give the publication details
of all your sources.
Before handing it in, be sure to (12)_________ your manuscript carefully as inaccuracies will be heavily penalized.

EXERCISE 12: Fill in each blank with ONE suitable word.

PUBLISHERS CAUGHT OUT
When David Lassman was unable to find a publisher for his novel, he began to (1)_________ whether a famous author
like Jane Austen would (2)_________ similar problems getting her work published today. He subsequently
(3)_________ up with the idea that he submit to publishers plot summaries and the opening chapters of some Austen’s
novels under different titles and with only minor changes to the text. Lassman was anxious to discover (4)_________
these adaptations would be accepted for publication or not. In all but one case, the manuscripts were (5)_________ to
him with a polite letter of (6)_________ in which there was no reference to any similarity between the work submitted
(7)_________ Austen’s novels.
When (8)_________ why Austen’s work had not recognized, a spokesperson for one top publishing house claimed that
in fact it had. Yet no mention of this fact was (9)_________ in the letter of rejection sent to Lassman. One publishing
house, however, did realize they had received the opening lines of Austen’s Pride and Prejudice in a slightly altered
form. In their rejection (10)_________, the publishers pointed (11)_________ this similarity and (12)_________ that
Lassman check his copy of Austen’s novel to (13)_________ sure his own opening pages did not mimic it too closely.
This was the (14)_________ anyone came to accusing him of (15)_________ someone else’s work.

EXERCISE 13: Choose the options that best complete the passage.
Over 1,700 years ago, Ptolemy I Soler, Alexander the Great’s successor in Egypt, founded a library at Alexandria that
became the centre for learning for the (1)________ world. A new library stands on the site today – the Bibliotheca
Alexandria. Opened in 2002, the institution is equipped with (2)________ technology. Its digital archive library stores
a great number of (3)________, which are easily accessible, and make it a library for the digital age. The collection
includes both (4)________ and historic writings, and the staff is assembling a special collection of materials about the
library and the area. The library is an (5)________ step for Egypt as it is the first in the country to offer the general
(6)________ access to such a large collection. The design of the building is meant to (7)________ a sunrise – a new
beginning for an old tradition. With nearly 40% of the population still (8)________, the library is set to play an important
role in Egypt’s future.
1. a. primitive b.ancient c. archaic d. antique
2. a. state-of-the-art b. novice c. recent d. novel
3. a. manuals b. volumes c. paperbacks d. subscriptions
4. a. juvenile b. outmoded c. contemporary d. latest
5. a. up-to-date b. innovative c. obsolete d. out-of-date
6. a. public b. audience c. crowd d. people
7. a. symbolise b. advocate c. quote d. swear
8. a. illegible b. unreadable c. literary d. illiterate

EXERCISE 14: Choose the words/phrases that best complete the passage.
THE WORLD OF COSMOPOLITAN
One magazine, more than any other, symbolizes the global dominance of Western youth culture and fashion.
Cosmopolitan, the lifestyle and fashion guide for women in the 18-34 age group, is now (1)______ in 28 languages.
From Latvia to India, women turn to Cosmo for advice and a taste of adult (2)______ in a lighthearted, upbeat style.
Each local (3)______ follows the same formula, which is strictly (4)______ in a secret 50-page instruction (5)______.

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The cover, for example, of every (6)______ must depict a woman who (7)______ the spirit of Cosmo, which is summed
up in its (8)______: fun, fearless, female. But each local editor (9)______ that Cosmo reflects local tastes and is
(10)______ of local culture. Photographs are mostly of local celebrities who are easily recognized, and relationship
advice is geared to the values of the local copulation. In China, for example, any mention of sex would be unacceptable,
although the magazine still offers beauty advice amongst articles (11)______ patriotism and good citizenship. With an
international readership of 8.2 million, Cosmopolitan can be said to have succeeded in (12)______ for the needs and
interests of women worldwide. But to others, Cosmopolitan is just another American product successfully marketed to
the rest of the world.
1. a. published b. circulated c. subscribed d. quoted
2. a. contract b. consent c. context d. content
3. a. manuscript b. edition c. résumé d. volume
4. a. boiled down b. run down c. narrowed down d. laid down
5. a. manual b. outline c. blurb d. draft
6. a. issue b. agenda c. complement d. editor
7. a. airs b. speaks c. reminds d. conveys
8. a. slogan b. slang c. slander d. supplement
9. a. enacts b. endorses c. ensures d. strengthens
10. a. explicit b. dutiful c. respectful d. colloquial
11. a. advocating b. enabling c. flourishing d. approving
12. a. singling b. catering c. observing d. sensing

EXERCISE 15: Choose the words/phrases that best complete the passage.
All cultures, ancient or modern, have legends which are passed on from generation to generation. Most legends are
based (1)__________ true events but they have been (2)__________ with the addition of less (3)__________
elements, such as miracles or superhuman achievements. In (4)__________ of St. George, for example, he saves a
princess from (5)__________ sacrificed to a dragon then helps her lead the (6)__________ into the city, terrifying its
inhabitants. He insists that they (7)__________ baptized as Christians and when they agree, he kills the dragon.
Historians, (8) __________, know little about the real St. George, who probably lived in the fourth century. The episode
with the dragon was not part of the legend until the 12th century.
Additions of (9)__________ type are easily explained. Before the invention of the printing press, storytellers
(10)__________ recite their stories from memory, which gave (11)__________ the freedom to make the stories more
exciting or relevant. In this way, legends change (12)__________ time, and although they may no longer be believable,
they remain (13) __________ in history.
Urban legends, on the other hand, are described as (14)__________ taken place recently and are usually
(15)__________ as if the narrator is personally connected to someone in the story – (16) __________ a friend of a
friend. These typically contain elements of horror or mystery, such as the story of vanishing hitchhiker or the
(17)__________ about alligators living under the streets of New York. Experts who have studied the (18)__________
believe that they (19) __________ as warnings by exaggerating the danger of certain situations or places in an
(20)__________ and humorous way.
1. a. on b. in c. for d. towards
2. a. enclosed b. deadened c. spelled d. enriched
3. a. vintage b. alleged c. impossible d. credible
4. a. the b. case c. legend d. that
5. a. her b. being c. its d. death
6. a. creature b. direction c. heroine d. footsteps
7. a. must b. getting c. be d. were
8. a. also b. however c. then d. justifiably
9. a. the b. this c. another d. no
10. a. had b. always c. would d. can
11. a. it b. stories c. in d. them
12. a. over b. in c. without d. beyond
13. a. hardened b. rooted c. booked d. conserved
14. a. though b. having c. they d. for
15. a. said b. told c. cracked d. given
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16. a. usually b. never c. and d. also

17. a. compliment b. extent c. rumour d. acronym
18. a. city b. phenomenon c. history d. place
19. a. enact b. act c. imply d. rule
20. a. imaginative b. official c. ignorant d. upright

SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

EXERCISE 16: Rewrite the sentences, using the given words/beginning.

1. Students rumour that Rob’s teacher is very happy with him at the moment. (BOOKS)

à Rob ____________________________________________________________ at the moment.

2. The press criticized the minister’s sudden change of policy. (CAME)

à Hardly _______________________________________________________________________

3. The government spokesperson confidently said that there was no way the government would send financial aid to

the region. (RULED)

à It was___________________________________________________ sending aid to the region.

4. Could you speak to Olga about her punctuality? (WORD)

à Would you mind ______________________________________________________________ ?

5. After the scandal, they asked the minister to resign from his post. (DOWN)

à After the scandal, the minister ____________________________________________________

6. Strangely enough, she speaks Spanish very well. (COMMAND)

à Strange _______________________________________________________________ Spanish.

7. Robert was offended when he was left out of the team. (EXCEPTION)

à Robert ______________________________________________________ left out of the team.

8. So that he would be able to leave the room quickly, Matthew stood by the door. (POSITIONED)

à Matthew ____________________________________ as to be able to leave the room quickly.

9. I haven’t been told clearly what I’ll have to do in my next project at work. (REQUIRED)

à It hasn’t been made __________________________________ me in my next project at work.

10. In my opinion, it was an absolute miracle that they survived the accident. (SHORT)

à The fact that they survived the accident was ___________________________ , in my opinion.

11. What gave you the impression that Sue and Jack were going to split up? (LED)

à What was __________________________________ that Sue and Jack were going to split up?

12. I don’t think it was reasonable of you to complain so much about the service. (JUSTIFIED)

à I don’t think you ____________________________________________ fuss about the service.

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13. Laura was faced by a lot of problems during her childhood. (CONTEND)

à Laura had a ________________________________________________ during her childhood.

14. I think you should have some consideration for those who don’t have lives as privileged as yours. (SPARE)

à I think you should _________________________________ lives aren’t as privileged as yours.

15. David played the main role when the proposal was drafted. (INSTRUMENTAL)

à David __________________________________________________________ of the proposal.

16. Competitors were amazed by how shrewdly he conducted his business affairs. (MARVELLED)

à Competitors _________________________________ which he conducted his business affairs.

17. I didn’t want to give up while some hope of success remained. (DEFEAT)

à I was loath ________________________________________________ some hope of success.

18. Your attitude to life would be greatly improved by regular exercise. (WONDERS)

à Regular exercise would ___________________________________________________ at life.

19. If Tony hadn’t interfered, there would have been no problems yesterday, I’m sure. (SMOOTHLY)

à Without Tony’s ________________________________________________ yesterday, I’m sure.

20. I said that I thought he was wrong about the best way for us to proceed. (ISSUE)

à I _______________________________________________________ best we should proceed.

21. He didn’t want to get into a position where he might lose all his money. (POSSIBILITY)

à He didn’t want to expose ____________________________________________ all his money.

22. The manager said that he had paid attention to my complaints and would take the appropriate action. (NOTE)

à The manager said that he had __________________________________________ accordingly.

23. We’ll have to make sure that costs are as low as possible or we’ll have no money left. (MINIMUM)

à we’ll have to keep ____________________________________ ourselves with no money left.

24. His behaviour at the conference gave him the bad reputation he now has. (CONDUCTED)

à The way _________________________________________ in the bad reputation he now has.

25. The film was so controversial that it was banned in several parts of the world. (CAUSED)

à Such was ______________________ the film that it was banned in several parts of the world.

26. He had no idea what was going to happen to him when he walked into that room. (STORE)

à Little __________________________________________ him when he walked into that room.

27. He became famous but it cost him his privacy. (EXPENSE)

à His rise __________________________________________________________ of his privacy.

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28. You shouldn’t let trivial matters worry you so much. (PREY)

à You shouldn’t let trivial matters _____________________________________________ extent.

29. I helped Ray, with the result that his business became successful. (FAVOUR)

à I ___________________________________________ which his business became successful.

30. I’ll have to consider working abroad if an opportunity doesn’t arise here soon. (NEAR)

à Unless an opportunity presents _______________ future, I’ll have to consider working abroad.

If too much effort is wasted on promises, too little is left for their fulfillment.

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