EXERCISES FOR GRADE 10 STUDENTS

UNIT 10. ECOTOURISM

I. Fill in each blank with one of the provided words
acclimatize ● alien ● all-inclusive ● business class ● check in (to a hotel or for a flight) ● check out (of a hotel) ● coach
class ● consulate ● cruise ● culture shock ● customs ● deport ● disembark ● displaced ● economic migrants ●
ecotourism ● embark ● embassy ● emigrate ● emigration ● excursion ● expatriate ● first class flight ● gate ● green
card ● illegal alien ● immigrant ● immigration ● independent traveler ● internally displaced ● journey ● long-haul ●
luggage ● mass tourism ● migrant ● migrate ● package tour ● package tourist ● passport ● persona non grata ●
refugee ● repatriate ● safari ● short-haul ● tour operator ● trafficking ● travel agency ● travel agent ● trip ● UNHCR ●
visa ● voyage ● work permit
Most of us have, at some point in our lives, experienced the joys of travel. We go to a (1) ______________ to pick up
some brochures, or look on the Internet for a cheap holiday deal. We book a two-week (2) _____________ with flights
and accommodation included, (or if we are (3) ___________, we make our own way to the country and travel around
from place to place with a rucksack on our back). We make sure we have all the right currency, our passport and any
(4) ____________ that are necessary to get us into the country. We go to the airport and (5) ______________. We
strap ourselves into our tiny (6) _____________ aircraft seats and a few hours later we (7) _____________ from the
aircraft, strange new sights, smells and sounds greeting us. Nowadays, it seems, the whole world goes on holiday at
once: the age of (8) ______________ is in full swing!
But for the great majority of people around the world, travel for them is done in the face of great adversity and
hardship. They never get to indulge in an (9) _________________ holiday in a luxury hotel with all meals and drinks
included. They never get to explore the lush Amazon rainforest or the frozen wastes of the Arctic on an (10)
_______________ holiday. For them, travel is a matter of life and death. I refer, of course, to all the (11)
__________________ escaping from danger in their own countries, or the (12) ______________ moved from one part
of their country to another by an uncaring government, or (13) ____________ forced to find a job and seek a living
wherever they can.
Can you imagine anything worse than the misery these people must face? Let us not confuse them with those (14)
_____________ who choose to live in another country and often have nice houses and high salaries. These people
are simply desperate to survive. As well as losing their homes because of war or natural disasters, they must come to
terms with their new environment: for many, the (15) ____________ can be too great. And while many countries with
an open policy on (16) ______________ will welcome them in with open arms, others will simply turn them away.
These people become (17) _____________ unwanted and unwelcome. Even if they manage to get into a country, they
will often be (18) ___________ or repatriated. Their future is uncertain. Perhaps this is something we should all think
about the next time we are (19) _____________ to our five-star hotel by a palm-fringed beach or sitting in a bus on an
(20) _____________ to castle or other historical site in the countryside.
II. Complete the sentences using the compound nouns below.
check-in ● getaway ● outset ● let-up ● touchdown ● mix-up ● letdown ● pile-up ● stopover ● washout
1. The camping trip was a complete ______________ - it poured down the whole weekend.
2. There was a __________________ with our tickets - we were charged for one-way tickets and not a round trip.
3. We didn’t fly directly to Australia - we had a one-night __________________ in Singapore.
4. The motorway was blocked because there had been a __________________.
5. There was no __________________ in the noise outside our hotel and we couldn’t get to sleep.
6. I wish I had known at the __________________ that the climb would be so difficult.
7. The celebrity couple spent their honeymoon at their island __________________ to avoid the press.
8. Your luggage may be inspected at __________________ for security reasons.
9. After __________________, please remain seated until the aircraft comes to a standstill outside the terminal
building.
10. In comparison with the exotic pictures in the brochure, the resort was a real __________________.
III. Give the correct forms of provided words to complete the sentences
1. Astronomers at the _______________ have announced that they have discovered a new comet. OBSERVE
2. The man was later charged with _____________ a police officer. PERSON
3. I think that having a baby is an ______________ responsibility. AWE
4. We were all absolutely ________________ when we heard the gunshot. TERROR
5. The model was wearing a blue dress with _______________ shoes. MATCH
6. Passengers are requested to _______________ themselves with the safety features of the aircraft. FAMILIAR
7. I don’t wish to appear _______________ but you are at least partly to blame for the situation, you know.
SYMPATHY
8. Your concern for animals is very ________________, but are you sure you aren’t accidentally making the problem
worse? ADMIRE
9. Brendan’s ___________________ rudeness is really just insecurity. APPEAR
10. Many people are rather __________________ when they first get involved in politics, but they often change.
IDEAL
11. The writer spent his _______________ in a quiet seaside village. BOY
12. We were so busy at work that there was no time to suffer from ________________. BORE
13. We had four good applicants for the job so it was hard to decide who would make the best __________________.
APPOINT
14. It was very __________________ of you not to give Sue a call on her birthday. THOUGHT
15. The presidential car will, of course, be completely __________________. BULLET
16. The morning trains to the city are always packed with __________________. COMMUTE
17. We are looking for staff who will offer total ___________________ to the company. COMMIT
18. We had an unusually cold winter with _________________ temperatures for two months. ZERO
19. We all ____________________ his story - it just didn’t seem at all plausible. BELIEVE
20. Teachers sometimes complain of being ________________ and overworked. PAY
21. Students often tend to be a bit __________________ but they usually become less radical with age. ESTABLISH
22. I'm sorry to be so __________________ - I'd like to think things over for another day or two. DECIDE
23. George means well but his contributions to our meetings are often rather ________________. HELP
IV. Give the correct forms of provided words to complete the passage
The art of travel
Journeys are the midwives of thought. Few places are more conducive to internal (1. CONVERSE)
__________________ than a moving plane, ship or train. There is an almost quaint correlation between what is in front
of our eyes and the (2. THINK) ____________ that we are able to have in our heads: large thoughts at times requiring
large views, new thoughts, new places. (3. INTROSPECTION) ________________ reflections which are liable to stall
are helped along by the flow of the landscape. The mind may be (4. RELUCTANCE) _______________ to think
properly when thinking is all it is supposed to do. The task can be as paralyzing as having to tell a joke or mimic an
accent on demand. (5. THINK) _______________ improves when parts of the mind are given other tasks, are charged
with listening to music or following a line of trees.
Of all modes of transport, the train is perhaps the best aid to thought: the views have none of the potential (6.
MONOTONOUS) __________________ of those on ship or plane, they move fast enough for us not to get
exasperated but slowly enough to (7. INDENTITY) ______________ objects. They offer us brief, (8. INSPIRE)
_______________ glimpses into private domains, letting us see a woman at the precise moment when she takes a
cup from a shelf in her kitchen, then carrying us on to a patio where a man is sleeping and then to a park where a child
is catching a ball thrown by a figure we cannot see.
V. Choose A, B, C or D that best fits each blank in the passage
Tourism is now one of the largest industries in the world, and is the main source of income in many countries.
Unfortunately, (1) ___ development has come at a price. The construction of facilities to cater to the needs of (2) ___
of visitors has led to the (3) ___ of natural habitats, thus endangering wildlife and (4) ___ some of the world’s most
beautiful regions. Air travel to (5) ___ places results in huge amounts of carbon emissions which contribute to global
warming. Although tourism may bring in earnings for local people, by and (6) ___, the profits are being made by
foreign-owned tour (7) ___ .
The majority of holidaymakers are (8) ___ of or unconcerned about such issues, but fortunately there are (9) ___ who
would rather travel with a clear (10) ___. For (11) ___ travelers, there is now an alternative to (12) ___ tourism, known
as ecotourism or sustainable travel. They choose their (13) ___ carefully, and try to make sure that their visit will have
only a minimal (14) ___ on the environment. They avoid (15) ___ in large resorts and support locally owned
businesses and services so that the local people benefit (16) ___ their visit. Ecotourists also prefer carbon-neutral
activities, for example walking or cycling, instead of (17) ___ jet-skis or anything that uses gasoline. (18) ___,
ecotourism encourages locals to protect the natural world because (19) ___ is what attracts visitors in the first place.
Eco-sensitive travel can have across-the- (20) ___ benefits for the environment.
1. A. a C. this B. more D. their
2. A. hordes C. plenty B. herds D. bookings
3. A. washout C. interference B. destruction D. dejection
4. A. spoiling C. especially B. wounding D. delaying
5. A. roundabout C. far-flung B. long-term D. high-flying
6. A. main C. wide B. large D. right
7. A. operators C. chances B. guests D. trips
8. A. alarmed C. unaware B. dissimilar D. uncaring
9. A. them C. however B. also D. those
10. A. conscience C. permission B. attitude D. posture
11. A. other C. rough B. these D. the
12. A. hospitable C. peak B. conventional D. such
13. A. deadlines C. traveling B. destinations D. terrain
14. A. infection C. effect B. affect D. object
15. A. getaway C. staying B. it D. them
16. A. in C. from B. of D. to
17. A. renting C. by B. those D. use
18. A. Therefore C. In addition B. In conjunction D. For example
19. A. its C. having B. that D. these
20. A. pack C. area B. board D. land

Holidays in South Carolina

Roaring across the bay in a motorised rubber boat, we were told by the captain to (0) ___ our eyes open. With the
engine turned off, it wasn’t long before half a dozen dolphins came swimming around us. Eventually, two came up (1)
___ beside the boat and popped their heads out of the water to give us a wide grin. Dolphin watching is just one of the
many unexpected attractions of a holiday in South Carolina, in the USA. The state has long been popular with golfers
and, with dozens of (2) ___ in the area, it is (3) ___ a golfer’s paradise. But even the keenest golfer needs other
diversions and we soon found the resorts had plenty to (4) ___.
In fact, Charleston, which is midway along the (5) ___ is one of the most interesting cities in the USA. and is where the
first shots in the Civil War were (6) ___. Taking a guided horse and carriage tour through the quiet back streets you get
a real (7) ___ of the city’s past. Strict regulations (8) ___ to buildings so that original (9) ___ are preserved. South of
Charleston lies Hilton Head, an island resort about 18 km long and (10) ___ like a foot. It has a fantastic sandy beach
(11) ___ the length of the island and this is perfect for all manner of water sports. Alternatively, if you feel like doing
nothing, (12) ___ a chair and umbrella, head for an open space and just sit back and watch the pelicans diving for fish.
0. A. stand B. keep C. hold D. fix
1. A. direct B. right C. precise D. exact
2. A. courses B. pitches C. grounds D. courts
3. A. fully B. truly C. honestly D. purely
4. A. show B. provide C. offer D. supply
5. A. beach B. coast C. sea D. shore
6. A. thrown B. aimed C. pulled D. fired
7. A. significance B. meaning C. sense D. comprehension
8. A. apply B. happen C. agree D. occur
9. A. points B. characters C. factors D. features
10. A. formed B. shaped C. made D. moulded
11. A. lying B. running C. going D. following
12. A. charge B. lend C. hire D. loan
VI. Fill in each blank with a suitable word to complete the passage
SPACE TRAVEL: GOING WHERE NO MAN HAS GONE BEFORE
Scientists and businesspeople alike are waking up (0) _____ the idea that the next development in tourism is probably
(1) _______ to be mass participation in space travel. Up (2) ______ now, space exploration and research have been
the domain of governmental organisations, (3) _____ private enterprises are getting (4) __________ because they
recognise that there is a huge (5) _______ for this new experience. Analysts predict that spacecraft will be making as
many as five million trips a year by 2030. In fact, the technology (6) ________ exists to transport and accommodate
people but it has not yet been developed for commercial (7) ___________, despite the large numbers of people who
are willing to pay whatever it (8) _______ for the experience of seeing earth from orbit. It is simply a matter of (9)
________ before the first few passengers get their chance, and once it becomes more common, prices will fall and an
increased range of activities will be made available.
In space, gravity has no effect; as (10) ______ as they are in orbit, travellers will feel weightless. Does the idea of a
few days floating around a supermodern hotel, with a view of the stars and the earth outside the window, (11) ______
to you?
If (12) _______, you may be interested to learn that the first fully commercial spacecraft is going to blast (13) _____ in
the very near future. Bookings are already being (14) ______, so what are you waiting for?
Travelling through Norway
The final part of our journey started at Gudbrandsdalen, said by many to be the most beautiful (1) ____ all the valleys
in Norway. It was a wonderful landscape, the more so (2) ____ being dotted with centuries-old wooden farmhouses,
scrupulously maintained in their original condition.
At Ringebu the view broadened (3) _____ and the first high peaks and glaciers came (4) _____ view. This view
continued to dominate the trip as the train passed through the little village of Dovre, at the foot of the mountains, which
give this railway (5) _____ name - the Dovre Line. The village lies (6) _____ to the pretty village of Dombas, where the
track divides. We were heading north, travelling through a pass and descending into country (7) ______ was now more
tundra-like, (8) ______ only occasional birch trees and mountain huts. (9) ______ time to time we saw (10) ______
lone skier, and once we (9) ______ across a man fishing through a hole drilled in the ice. That made us think of food
and we (10) _____ our way to the restaurant car. We continued through the tundra, the snow sometimes broken (11)
______ tracks of elk or reindeer. Although we were not lucky enough to see (12) _____, we (13) _____ see a pair of
Arctic hares later on. In (14) ______ time at all we found we (15) _______ arrived in Trondheim.
VII. Each line in the following paragraph has a mistake. Find and correct it
ECOTOURISM
Ecotourism is a boom business that many tour operators cite as being helpful to nature. Every year, millions of people
descend on protected natural areas to observe rare species. However, a new report shows doubt on the value of this
form of tourism. In fact, it suggests that ecotourism is more damaged than helpful to nature. Details are in a report
published in the journal 'Trends in Ecology and Evolution'. Researcher believe tourists are disrupting animals in their
natural habitats. They pointed to a recently event where sea turtles in Costa Rica had problems laying their eggs
because of the crowds of tourists who had congregated to see the turtles' nesting habits.
The report says that ecotourism is helping animals bolder and that this could endanger the animals. A regular human
presence might make animals tamer and less cautious about the other animals around them, and this could put them
at risk of being attacked by their natural threats. "Then they will suffer higher mortal when they encounter real
predators," the report says. It added: "When animals interact to humans in 'benign' ways, they may let down their
guard." The report said it was essential, "to develop a more comprehensive understanding of which different species in
different situations respond to human visitation and under what precise conditions human exposure might put it at risk."
VIII. You are going to read a magazine article about a woman who looks after orphaned gorillas and monkeys.
Choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
A day in the life of a wildlife conservationist
At half five, bang! I'm awake. I hear the chimps calling outside. If I'm hand-rearing an infant gorilla or chimpanzee then
it's the first thing I see, sprawled across my chest or in the crook of my arm. I splash water on my face, scrape my hair
back and get dressed - though putting jeans on with a gorilla holding on to your leg is difficult. I make milk for the baby
monkeys and walk to the village where the rest of the staff live. The gorillas in the trees look down at me and beat their
chests; that gives me such a buzz in the morning.
I was about five when my mum first took me to the zoo, and there was a huge silverback gorilla behind a glass pane,
just sitting there, staring. Even as a child, my heart stopped, I was so sad. Flying into Cameroon for the first time, I had
this unbelievable feeling: I'm in the same country as wild gorillas. I was overwhelmed. It felt like coming home.
In Cameroon, gorilla and chimpanzee meat sells for anything from £15 a piece. The infants are too small to sell for
meat, so, if they survive, the hunters tie them up and drag them through the forest and sell them into the pet trade. In
town they get more than £100 each. In Cameroon you see chimpanzees on chains everywhere. In captivity they can
live up to 50 years. But infant gorillas usually don't survive seeing their family slaughtered. They die of a broken heart.
When I get to the village, I'll have a cup of tea and half a stick of bread and Marmite and join the staff meeting. Around
11,1 check with the head keeper that trees aren't overhanging the fences and the electric current is on. It's a constant
battle between us and the chimps to keep them in. I look at the chimpanzee groups: how they work together, how they
start an argument - they're exactly the same as us. The first time I heard a gorilla laugh I couldn't believe it. Lots of
people believe that if you eat gorilla it gives you strength, and the meat is very sweet. But there is a 0.6% difference in
DNA between us and them: we're eating our kin. As far as I'm concerned, it's cannibalism. More countries need to take
Spain's example and propose human rights for primates.
Sometimes I'll come back to my room and have a cup of tea and a plate of rice and beans for lunch. Food is really
basic - we haven't the money to buy luxuries. I've eaten just about every type of leaf in this forest, just to show infants
how to survive.
Often infants come in with fractured legs and arms from gunshot wounds. When the mother's shot, they get the bullet
too. We haven't got a vet in camp: we need one. If we're lucky we'll find a hospital willing for us to bring a chimp in to
be x-rayed, but sometimes it's days before they are seen.
Years ago, locals would hunt gorillas and chimpanzees to feed their family. Now the bushmeat trade has gone
commercial. It's huge. The timber companies have opened up the forest, putting roads in areas hunters could never
have reached. We're just a plaster over the problem. The only way to stop this slaughter is to stop the people at the
top. It's no good telling Cameroonians to stop killing chimpanzees and gorillas when you've got huge western
companies raping the whole forest.
As the sun goes down at about six, I like to go outside and sit on my chair and think about my family, I miss them. I
don't even consider having a relationship: this is 24 hours a day, seven days a week. But I'll make that sacrifice: I
made a promise when I arrived that I wasn't going to let my babies down. But don't think of them as child substitutes,
this is serious conservation. I've had malaria eight or nine times. It's horrendous but you carry on. Our director is a
huge support. I never cry in front of the infants. Once I did, and this seven-month- old-gorilla looked into my face and
wiped the tears away. You have to be the one to give them support so they get strong. It's humbling that humans have
done this to them and they’ll turn around and put trust in us again.
Normally at half seven I'll grab a packet of crackers and a banana and talk the head keeper through tomorrow's
meeting. Sometimes I'm too tired to shower and just fall on my bed. I do the accounts and write my list of things to be
done. I'll hear the chimps calling, or one of the monkeys having a shout at something. My eyes just close and that's it.
1. From the opening paragraph we can deduce that the writer
A. is slightly nervous of the wild gorillas.
B. often finds that baby gorillas or chimpanzees manage to break into her hut.
C. tends to keep infant gorillas or chimpanzees as pets.
D. has a natural empathy with the animals.
2. Why did the writer feel like she was ‘coming home’ in paragraph two?
A. Because it had been such a long time since she had last been there.
B. Because she was fulfilling a dream to live in the gorilla’s natural habitat.
C. Because she had so many relatives there.
D. Because she’d never felt at home anywhere else.
3. According to the writer
A. eating gorilla meat can only be justified if the person needs it for medical reasons.
B. there is no difference between a gorilla and a human.
C. the Spanish are the only nation that have researched primate genetics properly.
D. it is as bad to eat gorilla meat as it is to eat human meat.
4. The writer’s diet seems to be
A. the same as the diet of the infant gorillas and chimpanzees.
B. deliberately modest in order to stay fit and healthy.
C. dictated by what limited means are available to her at any time.
D. very unhealthy and making her ill.
5. What does the writer mean when she says they are ‘just a plaster over the problem’
A. What they are doing is pointless.
B. In the future they will be able to do a lot more than they can now.
C. They can’t dramatically improve the situation.
D. They are eliminating the worst problems but they could do more.
6. The story of the infant gorilla that wiped away her tears reflects the writer’s
A. determination not to get too involved with the animals.
B. belief that the animals have human-like feelings.
C. desire for revenge on the people who kill the animals.
D. depression that has been brought on by doing such a difficult job.
IX. Read the text and complete the tasks
IT’S ECO-LOGICAL
Planning an eco-friendly holiday can be a minefield for the well- meaning traveller, says Steve Watkins. But help is now
at hand.
If there were awards for tourism phrases that have been hijacked, diluted and misused then ‘ecotourism’ would earn
top prize. The term first surfaced in the early 1980s reflecting a surge in environmental awareness and a realisation by
tour operators that many travellers wanted to believe their presence abroad would not have a negative impact. It
rapidly became the hottest marketing tag a holiday could carry.
These days the ecotourism label is used to cover anything from a two-week tour living with remote Indonesian tribes,
to a one-hour motorboat trip through an Australian gorge. In fact, any tour that involves cultural interaction, natural
beauty spots, wildlife or a dash of soft adventure is likely to be included in the overflowing ecotourism folder. There is
no doubt the original motives behind the movement were honourable attempts to provide a way for those who cared to
make informed choices, but the lack of regulations and a standard industry definition left many travellers lost in an
ecotourism jungle.
It is easier to understand why the ecotourism market has become so overcrowded when we look at its wider role in the
world economy. According to World Tourism Organisation figures, ecotourism is worth US$20 billion a year and makes
up one-fifth of all international tourism. Add to this an annual growth rate of around five per cent and the pressure for
many operators, both in developed and developing countries, to jump on the accelerating bandwagon is compelling.
Without any widely recognised accreditation system, the consumer has been left to investigate the credentials of an
operator themselves. This is a time-consuming process and many travellers usually take an operator’s claims at face
value, only adding to the proliferation of fake ecotours.
However, there are several simple questions that will provide qualifying evidence of a company’s commitment to
minimise its impact on the environment and maximise the benefits to the tourism area’s local community. For example,
does the company use recycled or sustainable, locally harvested materials to build its tourist properties? Do they pay
fair wages to all employees? Do they offer training to employees? It is common for city entrepreneurs to own tour
companies in country areas, which can mean the money you pay ends up in the city rather than in the community
being visited. By taking a little extra time to investigate the ecotourism options, it is not only possible to guide your
custom to worthy operators but you will often find that the experience they offer is far more rewarding.
The ecotourism business is still very much in need of a shake-up and a standardised approach. There are a few
organisations that have sprung up in the last ten years or so that endeavour to educate travellers and operators about
the benefits of responsible ecotourism. Founded in 1990, the Ecotourism Society (TES) is a non-profit organisation of
travel industry, conservation and ecological professionals, which aims to make ecotourism a genuine tool for
conservation and sustainable development. Helping to create inherent economic value in wilderness environments and
threatened cultures has undoubtedly been one of the ecotourism movement’s most notable achievements. TES
organises an annual initiative to further aid development of the ecotourism industry. This year it is launching ‘Your
Travel Choice Makes a Difference’, an educational campaign aimed at helping consumers understand the potential
positive and negative impacts of their travel decisions. TES also offers guidance on the choice of ecotour and has
established a register of approved ecotourism operators around the world.
A leading ecotourism operator in the United Kingdom is Tribes, which won the 1999 Tourism Concern and
Independent Traveller’s World ‘Award for Most Responsible Tour Operator’. Amanda Marks, owner and director of
Tribes, believes that the ecotourism industry still has some way to go to get its house in order. Until now, no
ecotourism accreditation scheme has really worked, principally because there has been no systematic way of checking
that accredited companies actually comply with the code of practice. Amanda believes that the most promising system
is the recently re-launched Green Globe 21 scheme. The Green Globe 21 award is based on the sustainable
development standards contained in Agenda 21 from the 1992 Earth Summit and was originally coordinated by the
World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC). The scheme is now an independent concern, though the WTTC still supports
it. Until recently, tour companies became affiliates and could use the Green Globe logo merely on payment of an
annual fee, hardly a suitable qualifying standard. However, in November 1999 Green Globe 21 introduced an annual,
independent check on operators wishing to use the logo.
Miriam Cain, from the Green Globe 21 marketing development, explains that current and new affiliates will now have
one year to ensure that their operations comply with Agenda 21 standards. If they fail the first inspection, they can only
reapply once. The inspection process is not a cheap option, especially for large companies, but the benefits of having
Green Globe status and the potential operational cost savings that complying with the standards can bring should be
significant. ‘We have joint ventures with organisations around the world, including Australia and the Caribbean, that will
allow us to effectively check all affiliate operators,’ says Miriam. The scheme also allows destination communities to
become Green Globe 21 approved.
For a relatively new industry it is not surprising that ecotourism has undergone teething pains. However, there are
signs that things are changing for the better. With a committed and unified approach by the travel industry, local
communities, travellers and environmental experts could make ecotourism a tag to be proud of and trusted.
Questions 1-6: YES/NO/NOT GIVEN
1. The term ‘ecotourism’ has become an advertising gimmick.
2. The intentions of those who coined the term ‘ecotourism’ were sincere.
3. Ecotourism is growing at a faster rate than any other type of travel.
4. It is surprising that so many tour organisations decided to become involved in ecotourism.
5. Tourists have learnt to make investigations about tour operators before using them.
6. Tourists have had bad experiences on ecotour holidays.
Questions 7-9
According to the information given in the reading passage, which THREE of the following are true of the Ecotourism
Society (TES)?
A. It has monitored the growth in ecotourism.
B. It involves a range of specialists in the field.
C. It has received public recognition for the role it performs.
D. It sets up regular ecotour promotions.
E. It offers information on ecotours at an international level.
F. It consults with people working in tourist destinations
Questions 10-11
According to the information given in the reading passage, which TWO of the following are true of the Green Globe 21
award?
A. The scheme is self-regulating.
B. Amanda Marks was recruited to develop the award.
C. Prior to 1999 companies were not required to pay for membership.
D. Both tour operators and tour sites can apply for affiliation.
E. It intends to reduce the number of ecotour operators.
Questions 12-14: Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS, answer the following questions.
12. Which body provides information on global tourist numbers?
13. Who often gains financially from tourism in rural environments?
14. Which meeting provided the principles behind the Green Globe 21 regulations?
X. Read the text and complete the tasks
Choose the correct heading for each section
List of headings
i. Considering ecological costs vi. Applications beyond the ski slopes
ii. Modifications to the design of the snow gun vii. Converting wet snow to dry snow
iii. The need for different varieties of snow viii. New method for calculating modifications
iv. Local concern over environmental issues ix. Artificial process, natural product
v. A problem and a solution x. Snow formation in nature
Snow-makers
Skiing is big business nowadays. But what can ski resort owners do if the snow doesn't come?
A. ___
In the early to mid-twentieth century, with the growing popularity of skiing, ski slopes became extremely profitable
businesses. But ski resort owners were completely dependent on the weather: if it didn't snow, or didn’t snow enough,
they had to close everything down. Fortunately, a device called the snow gun can now provide snow whenever it is
needed. These days such machines are standard equipment in the vast majority of ski resorts around the world,
making it possible for many resorts to stay open for months or more a year.
B. ___
Snow formed by natural weather systems comes from water vapour in the atmosphere. The water vapour condenses
into droplets, forming clouds. If the temperature is sufficiently low, the water droplets freeze into tiny ice crystals. More
water particles then condense onto the crystal and join with it to form a snowflake. As the snow flake grows heavier, it
falls towards the Earth.
C. ___
The snow gun works very differently from a natural weather system, but it accomplishes exactly the same thing. The
device basically works by combining water and air. Two different hoses are attached to the gun. one leading from a
water pumping station which pumps water up from a lake or reservoir, and the other leading from an air compressor.
When the compressed air passes through the hose into the gun. it atomises the water - that is, it disrupts the stream so
that the water splits up into tiny droplets. The droplets are then blown out of the gun and if the outside temperature is
below 0°C, ice crystals will form, and will then make snowflakes in the same way as natural snow.

D. ___
Snow-makers often talk about dry snow and wet snow. Dry snow has a relatively low amount of water, so it is very light
and powdery. This type of snow is excellent for skiing because skis glide over it easily without getting stuck in wet
slush. One of the advantages of using a snow-maker is that this powdery snow can be produced to give the ski slopes
a level surface. However, on slopes which receive heavy use, resort owners also use denser, wet snow underneath
the dry snow. Many resorts build up the snow depth this way once or twice a year, and then regularly coat the trails
with a layer of dry snow throughout the winter.
E. ___
The wetness of snow is dependent on the temperature and humidity outside, as well as the size of the water droplets
launched by the gun. Snow-makers have to adjust the proportions of water and air in their snow guns to get the perfect
snow consistency for the outdoor weather conditions. Many ski slopes now do this with a central computer system that
is connected to weather-reading stations all over the slope.
F. ___
But man-made snow makes heavy demands on the environment. It takes about 275,000 litres of water to create a
blanket of snow covering a 60x60 metre area. Most resorts pump water from one or more reservoirs located in low-
lying areas. The run-off water from the slopes feeds back into these reservoirs, so the resort can actually use the same
water over and over again. However, considerable amounts of energy are needed to run the large air-compressing
pumps, and the diesel engines which run them also cause air pollution.
G. ___
Because of the expense of making snow, ski resorts have to balance the cost of running the machines with the
benefits of extending the ski season, making sure they only make snow when it is really needed and when it will bring
the maximum amount of profit in return for the investment. But man-made snow has a number of other uses as well. A
layer of snow keeps a lot of the Earth’s heat from escaping into the atmosphere, so farmers often use man-made snow
to provide insulation for winter crops. Snow-making machines have played a big part in many movie productions.
Movie producers often take several months to shoot scenes that cover just a few days. If the movie takes place in a
snowy setting, the set decorators have to get the right amount of snow for each day of shooting either by adding man-
made snow or melting natural snow. And another important application of man-made snow is its use in the tests that
aircraft must undergo in order to ensure that they can function safely in extreme conditions.
Label the diagram below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
9. Dry snow is used to give slopes a level surface, while wet snow is used to increase the ____________ on busy
slopes.
10. To calculate the required snow consistency, the of the _______________________ atmosphere must first be
measured.
11. The machinery used in the process of making the snow consumes a lot of _____________ which is damaging to
the environment.
12. Artificial snow is used in agriculture as a type of _______________ for plants in cold conditions.
13. Artificial snow may also be used in carrying out safety checks on __________________.
XI. You are going to read a magazine article about five people who were interviewed about going on holiday.
For questions 1-15, choose from the people (A-E). The people may be chosen more than once.
Which person
1. went away with a relative?
2. learnt how to deal with a local custom?
3. found the atmosphere reduced their usual anxieties?
4+5. found the places rather mysterious?
6. got most pleasure from another person?
7. felt as if they were interfering in people’s lives?
8. was surprised by the comfortable conditions?
9. found other people spoilt their holiday?
10+11. found their holiday experiences disturbing?
12. thought they had seldom had a better holiday?
13. appears interested in the history of the place?
14. hadn’t planned their holiday?
15. chose a holiday to find out more about themselves?
Holidays
Many people go away on holiday and discover as much about themselves as they do about the places they
visit.
A. HUGO
When my eldest daughter, Alice, was ten, she asked for a holiday with me - just the two of us. I have four children so it
can be difficult for Alice to get a word in, and I understood what she wanted. I decided to show her Venice, because it
has such warm associations for me. I first went there with my wife shortly after we were married, and Alice was curious
to see it.
We arrived at night, which was completely magical. The water gives the city a sense of mystery. Even if you’ve been
down a street before, the next time you find it you see something different and that stops you recognising it. So you
constantly get lost. Alice loved Venice. We laughed a lot, and the best thing for me was seeing her excited face.
B. MARIA
I love deserts. I usually travel on my own and with more camera equipment than clothes. I’ve been to deserts all over
the world but my favourite is the Sahara. During my last trip I went to Timbuctoo, which is an amazing place. Centuries
ago it was at the centre of the trans-Saharan caravan routes, routes used by travellers and traders who rode their
camels for weeks on end across the Sahara, north to south and east to west. There was even a university there. Today
it’s a strange place, rather like a ghost town.
There are tribesmen called Tuaregs who ride through the town on camels, very proud-looking men wearing blue robes,
but although the local inhabitants are very friendly, I felt curiously out of place. It might have been to do with the fact
that there were no other travellers or tourists there. I felt almost as if I should not be there, as if I was an intruder, and
the last thing I felt able to do was to take photographs. People’s lives seemed so private.
C. KRYSTYNA
I thought I would try an activity holiday last year as I enjoy the outdoor life. I usually end up lying on a beach
somewhere but I reckoned an activity holiday would help me discover hidden talents, skills that I never knew I
possessed. Perhaps I would turn out to be a brilliant canoeist, mountain climber or skydiver.
The trouble with holidays like this is that you may not like what you discover. I had forgotten that I would be with a
group of people each day. It had never occurred to me how competitive some people would be. Whatever we did, they
had to be first. First to put up their tent, first to reach the top of the mountain, fastest cyclist, and so on. They will also
have the loudest voices and make the most irritating remarks. Such daily companions can come as a bit of a shock if
you are more used to quiet conversations with your best friend.
D. ROBIN
We arranged to go on safari, staying in one of those extraordinary hotels in the middle of nowhere in Africa. Our room
was luxurious, with hot and cold running water and a fridge. At night we went out on a lake and when we got back to
shore, a row of lantern lights led back to the main lodge. Then you sat in front of a huge fire and the guides told stories.
Part of the holiday included a canoe safari on the Zambezi river. In our canoe there was just my friend and myself and
the guide. I’m not terribly athletic and when I got into the canoe I managed to tip it over and we all ended up in the
water. I was quite frightened because of the crocodiles there. We couldn’t turn the canoe upright but the guide was
very calm. He pointed to a rock in the middle of the river and told us to swim to it as fast as we could, while he went to
get help. Then he came back with another canoe, but after that I refused to go back on the water. I was quite surprised
by my reaction. Not that I’d thought of myself as a particularly brave person, but the shock of what happened left me
feeling very nervous.
E. DANIEL
I made a decision at the last minute to go to Jamaica. I booked a package holiday with a friend which included
accommodation in a cottage and all our meals. We had so much fun - it was one of the best holidays I’ve ever had.
There are amazing sunsets in Jamaica and you can sit on the rocks and watch the sun go down. Everyone and
everything is very relaxed. The thing you hear most often is ‘No problem, man’. At first I thought they were just saying
it, but then you realise nothing is a problem because the whole place is so relaxed. And that attitude makes you relax
and forget about all the things you usually worry about.
We spent one day at a port watching a cruise ship come in. When that happens, all the shops double their prices and
you have to bargain for anything you want to buy. You look at something and shake your head and they lower the price
and you still shake your head, but you eventually find out at what stage you should agree a price. I bought some really
great wooden statues for half the original price!
XII. You are going to read some extracts from a travel magazine about places to visit. Choose from the
extracts (A-F). The extracts may be chosen more than once.
In which extract is the following mentioned?
1. People of different social classes are working together to improve the community.
2. There are no buildings to spoil this area.
3. There are specific things that you must take with you on this trip.
4. There is a slight risk of serious injury or even death on this trip.
5. Different eras can be compared in this place.
6. A political change had an unexpectedly good outcome.
7. A place used by several monarchs.
8. A remarkable form of transport.
9. The near total destruction of a population in one area.
10. A trip for artistic people.
Places to visit around the world
A. Preah Vihear, Cambodia
This enigmatic temple/fortress near the Thai/Cambodian border welcomed tourists until, in 1993, the Khmer Rouge
settled here. Though they soon left, it was ten years before Preah Vihear was completely reopened - Cambodia finally
finished the access road in 2003. The original temple was started in the 9th century, although it was subsequently
maintained and enlarged by many different kings. For the makers, the cracking views were incidental: building the
temple on a mountain was designed to encourage religious meditation.
The best way to reach Preah Vihear is to hire a driver or join a coach party from Siem Reap. If you go under your own
steam you might want to stay overnight in the basic accommodation at the foot of the mountain or the even more
primitive accommodation atop the 550m peak. The area has been largely cleared of land mines but it's probably best
to stick to the main paths.
B. Gorgongosa National Park
Ten years ago, this magnificent wildlife park in central Mozambique was an environmental disaster area. In 1971,
12,000 visitors came here, attracted by the greatest lion population in Africa. From 1983 to 1992, the park was the
stage for many battles in Mozambique's civil war. By 1992, when peace arrived, the park's stock of large mammals had
fallen by 95%.
The park, a day's drive from the capital Maputo, was partially reopened in 1998. Gorgongosa's recovery has gathered
momentum this year. Buffalo have been reintroduced and the park has received donations from internet mogul Greg
Carr and rock star Ronnie Wood. It may be a while before the cheetah and rhino return but 1,862m- high Mount
Gorgongosa is still an unforgettable hike.
C. Johannesburg
Johannesburg is a bustling modern city set against the grandeur of African horizons. It was here Nelson Mandela
began the revolution that destroyed apartheid, and today the same spirit lives on in the diverse population - they are
now living the new South African dream.
After the end of Apartheid in 1994, many felt the change to democratic government would spell decline. That simply
hasn't happened - instead, the negative image of the city has taken a turn for the better. Johannesburg has an edge,
no-one can deny that, but recently it has shaken off its reputation for grime and crime. The centre of town is beginning
a hesitant renaissance - restaurants are multiplying, the theatre is booming - while its outer suburbs are flourishing.
This is a city where, against all odds, people from all walks of life are coming together and forging something new.
D. Northern India
Palanquin Traveller has a new programme of cultural studies on location, designed to satisfy the seriously inquisitive
traveller. Origins of the Buddha is a journey across northern India travelling in the Buddha's footsteps. Visiting
important sites in Buddha's life is not just for pilgrims - this expedition stays in rural villages and homes to get a better
understanding of how modern and traditional India strive to co-exist. The tour is led by scholar Shantum Seth, who is
not only a charismatic companion and fascinating guide, but also an adviser to the UN and Unesco.
This thirteen-day trip involves some challenging trekking and basic mountain climbing so appropriate clothing and
footwear is essential. Accommodation and all food included in holiday price.
E. Estonia
Would you like to spend your next holiday in an Eastern European bog? This may seem like a daft idea, until you
realise 50% of Estonia is made up of virgin forest, including some of the most glorious and pristine bogs in Europe.
The landscape is unmarred by human construction, save the boardwalks that penetrate this soggy countryside as
shown on 'Light and Land's' new photography trip to Estonia. Mineral islands amongst the murky pools provide a
haven for wildlife - bears, lynx, flying squirrels and elk - and denning sites for Estonia's thriving wolf population.
Point your lens upwards to the peaks of the ancient pines and you'll find an array of birdlife from golden eagles to
white-backed woodpeckers. On the ground, there's a host of curious flora and wild flowers including orchids,
bittercress and lady's slipper. Led by wildlife enthusiast and photographer Niall Benvie, this is an unusual and
rewarding trip to a wilderness in Europe.
F. Sail the Galapagos
This really is the trip of a lifetime. This seven-day expedition is in association with the Galapagos Conservation Trust.
Sailing on the Sagitta is an experience in itself - three masts tower above this handsome tall ship and sails ripple into
action as she sets off around the archipelago to mingle with the world's friendliest wildlife. This trip is led by Galapagos
naturalist, author and photographer David Horwell. Pick his brains on the local fauna and flora over the scrumptious
Ecuadorian food on board.
Help collect data for the Trust and be part of a team of select scientists for a fortnight. Contribute to the effort to
conserve this magical part of the world. This truly is a 'green holiday' where tourist becomes conservationist rather than
destroyer of the planet.
XIII. Read the following passage and complete the tasks
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-E from the list of headings below.
List of Headings
i. Economic and social significance of tourism
ii. The development of mass tourism
iii. Travel for the wealthy
iv. Earning foreign exchange through tourism
v. Difficulty in recognising the economic effects of tourism
vi. The contribution of air travel to tourism
vii. The world impact of tourism
viii. The history of travel
The Context, Meaning and Scope of Tourism
A. ____
Travel has existed since the beginning of time, when primitive man set out, often traversing great distances in search
of game, which provided the food and clothing necessary for his survival. Throughout the course of history, people
have travelled for purposes of trade, religious conviction, economic gain, war, migration and other equally compelling
motivations. In the Roman era, wealthy aristocrats and high government officials also travelled for pleasure. Seaside
resorts located at Pompeii and Herculaneum afforded citizens the opportunity to escape to their vacation villas in order
to avoid the summer heat of Rome. Travel, except during the Dark Ages, has continued to grow and, throughout
recorded history, has played a vital role in the development of civilisations and their economies.
B. ____
Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon. Historians suggest that
the advent of mass tourism began in England during the industrial revolution with the rise of the middle class and the
availability of relatively inexpensive transportation. The creation of the commercial airline industry following the Second
World War and the subsequent development of the jet aircraft in the 1950s signalled the rapid growth and expansion of
international travel. This growth led to the development of a major new industry: tourism. In turn, international tourism
became the concern of a number of world governments since it not only provided new employment opportunities but
also produced a means of earning foreign exchange.
C. ____
Tourism today has grown significantly in both economic and social importance. In most industrialised countries over
the past few years the fastest growth has been seen in the area of services. One of the largest segments of the service
industry, although largely unrecognised as an entity in some of these countries, is travel and tourism. According to the
World Travel and Tourism Council (1992), ‘Travel and tourism is the largest industry in the world on virtually any
economic measure including value-added capital investment, employment and tax contributions’. In 1992, the
industry’s gross output was estimated to be $3.5 trillion, over 12 per cent of all consumer spending. The travel and
tourism industry is the world’s largest employer with almost 130 million jobs, or almost 7 per cent of all employees. This
industry is the world’s leading industrial contributor, producing over 6 per cent of the world’s gross national product and
accounting for capital investment in excess of $422 billion in direct, indirect and personal taxes each year. Thus,
tourism has a profound impact both on the world economy and, because of the educative effect of travel and the
effects on employment, on society itself.
D. ____
However, the major problems of the travel and tourism industry that have hidden, or obscured, its economic impact are
the diversity and fragmentation of the industry itself. The travel industry includes: hotels, motels and other types of
accommodation; restaurants and other food services; transportation services and facilities; amusements, attractions
and other leisure facilities; gift shops and a large number of other enterprises. Since many of these businesses also
serve local residents, the impact of spending by visitors can easily be overlooked or underestimated. In addition, Meis
(1992) points out that the tourism industry involves concepts that have remained amorphous to both analysts and
decision makers. Moreover, in all nations this problem has made it difficult for the industry to develop any type of
reliable or credible tourism information base in order to estimate the contribution it makes to regional, national and
global economies. However, the nature of this very diversity makes travel and tourism ideal vehicles for economic
development in a wide variety of countries, regions or communities.
E. ____
Once the exclusive province of the wealthy, travel and tourism have become an institutionalized way of life for most of
the population. In fact, McIntosh and Goeldner (1990) suggest that tourism has become the largest commodity in
international trade for many nations and, for a significant number of other countries, it ranks second or third. For
example, tourism is the major source of income in Bermuda, Greece, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and most Caribbean
countries. In addition, Hawkins and Ritchie, quoting from data published by the American Express Company, suggest
that the travel and tourism industry is the number one ranked employer in the Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, France, (the
former) West Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States.
However, because of problems of definition, which directly affect statistical measurement, it is not possible with any
degree of certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data about the extent of world-wide tourism participation or its
economic impact. In many cases, similar difficulties arise when attempts are made to measure domestic tourism.
TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN
1. The largest employment figures in the world are found in the travel and tourism industry.
2. Tourism contributes over six per cent of the Australian gross national product.
3. Tourism has a social impact because it promotes recreation.
4. Two main features of the travel and tourism industry make its economic significance difficult to ascertain.
5. Visitor spending is always greater than the spending of residents in tourist areas.
6. It is easy to show statistically how tourism affects individual economies.
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
7. In Greece, tourism is the most important __________________.
8. The travel and tourism industry in Jamaica is the major _______________.
9. The problems associated with measuring international tourism are often reflected in the measurement of
______________.
XIV. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the expressions below.
go on and on ● go cheap ● all go ● have a go ● go with ● get going ● make a go of ● going strong ● goes to
show ● to go
1. The opening night party was still _______________ at 3 am.
2. The curtain fabric __________________ the sofa at all - they are different shades of red.
3. We’ve got to _______________ on the display - the exhibition is next week.
4. Those ornaments were _________________ at the fair.
5. They ________________ about the design until we were tired of hearing about it.
6. It just ______________ that talent isn’t everything.
7. There are three weeks _________________ before the exhibition opens.
8. I’d like to ________________ at pottery but I don’t know where they have classes.
9. It’s been _______________ at the gallery this week - I’m exhausted!
10. Apparently Helen and Greg are _________________ their ceramics business, becoming successful.

takings ● take my time ● take out a loan ● take account of ● take it lying down ● take (one’s) custom elsewhere
● make a fortune ● make do ● make ends meet ● make the most of
1. I like to __________________ browsing around the shops before I decide.
2. Although I shop here regularly, I shall ________________ if you refuse to exchange this item.
3. When calculating the amount you may borrow, both partners’ earnings are ________________.
4. It is the shop manager’s job to count up the day’s ________________.
5. Hugh ____________________ to cover the cost of renovating his house.
6. Fiona claims to have ________________ on the stock market.
7. They are well off for the first time in their lives, so they’re __________________ it.
8. Inflation is high these days so it’s getting harder to ____________________.
9. We can’t afford new cases, so we’ll just have to ___________________ with the luggage we have.
10. A rival company has been spreading untrue rumors, but we’re not going to _________________.
XV. Fill in each blank with one of the provided phrasal verbs. Make any necessary changes
suck up to ● drop out of ● pick up ● drag on ● dumb down ● count towards ● swot up ● kick out ● clamp
down on ● mess around
1. I’ve got tests all next week - I’ve really got to _______________ hard.
2. Todd _______________ school at 16 because he considered schoolwork a waste of time
3. Does this term’s test _________________ our final grade?
4. Apparently, the headmaster is going to ___________________ for truancy
5. Just because Jilly cleaned the blackboard, it doesn’t mean she’s trying to _________________ the teacher.
6. If you make too much noise in Mrs Skinner’s class, she’ll ________ you ______.
7. I can’t wait for the summer holidays - this term has ___________________.
8. So many of the students lacked basic numeracy skills that the course has been __________________.
9. I couldn’t hear the teacher because the other kids were _____________________.
10. Surely if Hannah were dyslexic, it would have been ________________ before now.
XVI. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs. What does each phrasal verb mean?
filter ● give ● try ● phase ● take ● figure ● single ● sort
1. The telecommunications company plans to _____________ out use of all non-digital lines.
2. I can’t _____________ out how to install this software.
3. I’ve _____________ out a year's subscription to Science Monthly magazine.
4. A light bulb _____________ out a small amount of heat as well as light.
5. This paperwork is in a mess - we’ll have to _____________ it out.
6. Mrs Jones _____________ out my project as one of the best and showed it to the whole school.
7. George couldn’t wait to get home and _____________ out his new laptop.
8. New technology enables factories to _____________ out harmful substances from their emissions.