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    Lecture15 18022020

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    Parekh Prashil Bhaveshbhai
    The document discusses various topics related to analog electronics including: 1. Root mean square measurement and amplitude modulation. Circuit diagrams and equations are provided to explain amplitude modulation implementation and demodulation. 2. Different types of oscillators are described including linear oscillators like Wien bridge, RC phase-shift, and LC oscillators. Non-linear oscillators like multivibrators are also mentioned. 3. The concepts of positive feedback, Barkhausen criterion, and how basic linear oscillators work using selective feedback networks and amplification are explained. The Wien bridge oscillator circuit is presented as an example of a linear oscillator.

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    Lecture15 18022020

    Uploaded by

    Parekh Prashil Bhaveshbhai
    34 views16 pages
    The document discusses various topics related to analog electronics including: 1. Root mean square measurement and amplitude modulation. Circuit diagrams and equations are provided to explain amplitude modulation implementation and demodulation. 2. Different types of oscillators are described including linear oscillators like Wien bridge, RC phase-shift, and LC oscillators. Non-linear oscillators like multivibrators are also mentioned. 3. The concepts of positive feedback, Barkhausen criterion, and how basic linear oscillators work using selective feedback networks and amplification are explained. The Wien bridge oscillator circuit is presented as an example of a linear oscillator.

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    Lecture15_18022020 (2)

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    The document discusses various topics related to analog electronics including: 1. Root mean square measurement and amplitude modulation. Circuit diagrams and equations are provided to explain amplitude modulation implementation and demodulation. 2. Different types of oscillators are described including linear oscillators like Wien bridge, RC phase-shift, and LC oscillators. Non-linear oscillators like multivibrators are also mentioned. 3. The concepts of positive feedback, Barkhausen criterion, and how basic linear oscillators work using selective feedback networks and amplification are explained. The Wien bridge oscillator circuit is presented as an example of a linear oscillator.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    34 views16 pages

    Lecture15 18022020

    Uploaded by

    Parekh Prashil Bhaveshbhai
    The document discusses various topics related to analog electronics including: 1. Root mean square measurement and amplitude modulation. Circuit diagrams and equations are provided to explain amplitude modulation implementation and demodulation. 2. Different types of oscillators are described including linear oscillators like Wien bridge, RC phase-shift, and LC oscillators. Non-linear oscillators like multivibrators are also mentioned. 3. The concepts of positive feedback, Barkhausen criterion, and how basic linear oscillators work using selective feedback networks and amplification are explained. The Wien bridge oscillator circuit is presented as an example of a linear oscillator.

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    Analog Electronics

    Lecture -15
    18-02-2020

    BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


    5. Root Mean Square Measurement

    BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


    6. Amplitude Modulation

    BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


    5. Amplitude Modulation

    BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


    Circuit for AM implementation

    Writing KCL equation at Node A we get


     Vm E c cos c t 
      Vx mK  Vx - E c cos c t
     K 
    (1  mK)Vx  mVm E c cos c t  E c cos c t
    Also V0  (1  mK)Vx
    Thus V0  mVm E c cos c t  E c cos c t
     (1  mVm )E c cos c t
    Substituting Vm  E m cosm t
    V0  (1  mE m cosm t) E c cos c t
    BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
    Circuit for AM Demodulation

    SupposeV0 (t)  E0 cos(c  m )t  upper sideband component


    Vy (t)  E y cosct - local oscillatorsignal
    Then V0 (t) Vy (t)  0.5 E 0 E y cos m t  0.5 E 0 E y cos (2c  m )t

    BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


    BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
    Oscillators
    Oscillation: an effect that repeatedly and
    regularly fluctuates about the mean value

    Oscillator: circuit that produces oscillation

    Characteristics: wave-shape, frequency,


    amplitude, distortion, stability
    Application of Oscillators

    • Oscillators are used to generate signals:


    – Used as a local oscillator to transform the RF
    signals to IF signals in a receiver;

    – Used to generate RF carrier in a transmitter

    – Used to generate clocks in digital systems;

    – Used as sweep circuits in TV sets and CRO.

    BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


    Linear Oscillators

    1. Wien Bridge Oscillators


    2. RC Phase-Shift Oscillators
    3. LC Oscillators

    Non-linear Oscillators
    Multivibrators or Relaxation oscillators
    1. Astable 2. Bistable 3. Monostable

    BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


    Positive feedback

    BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


    How to generate a signal.

    Amplifier

     v Av  1

    Oscillator Regenerative
    feedback
    BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
    Effects of Av on oscillator operation.

    Barkhausen criterion:
    Av=1

    Av<1

    Av>1

    Av=1
    13
    BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
    Properties of Linear Oscillators

    + V
    Vs  Amplifier (A) Vo
    +
    Positive Vf Frequency-Selective
    Feedback Network ()
    Feedback

    For sinusoidal input is connected


    “Linear” because the output is approximately sinusoidal
    A linear oscillator contains:
    - a frequency selection feedback network
    - an amplifier to maintain the loop gain at unity

    BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


    Basic Linear Oscillator

    + V
    Vs  A(f) Vo
    +

    Vf SelectiveNetwork
    (f)
    Vo  AV  A(Vs  V f ) and V f   Vo
    V A
     o 
    Vs 1  A
    If Vs = 0, the only way that Vo can be nonzero
    is that loop gain A=1 which implies that

    | A | 1 (Barkhausen Criterion)
    A  0

    BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


    Wien Bridge Oscillator

    No input signal is needed. Noise at the desired oscillation frequency


    will likely be present at the input and when picked up by the
    oscillator when the DC power is turned on, it will start the oscillator
    and the output will quickly buildup to an acceptable level.

    BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

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