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    General Equations

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    Pyae Sone Kyaw
    1. The document provides general equations for chemical reactions of sodium, magnesium, calcium, aluminium, and lead with oxygen, water, acids, bases, and other elements. 2. Key reactions include the reaction of metals like sodium and magnesium with oxygen and water to form metal oxides and hydroxides. 3. Metals also react with acids and bases to form salts, and react with non-metals to form metal carbides, nitrides, and sulfides.

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    General Equations

    Uploaded by

    Pyae Sone Kyaw
    44 views6 pages
    1. The document provides general equations for chemical reactions of sodium, magnesium, calcium, aluminium, and lead with oxygen, water, acids, bases, and other elements. 2. Key reactions include the reaction of metals like sodium and magnesium with oxygen and water to form metal oxides and hydroxides. 3. Metals also react with acids and bases to form salts, and react with non-metals to form metal carbides, nitrides, and sulfides.

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    1. The document provides general equations for chemical reactions of sodium, magnesium, calcium, aluminium, and lead with oxygen, water, acids, bases, and other elements. 2. Key reactions include the reaction of metals like sodium and magnesium with oxygen and water to form metal oxides and hydroxides. 3. Metals also react with acids and bases to form salts, and react with non-metals to form metal carbides, nitrides, and sulfides.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    44 views6 pages

    General Equations

    Uploaded by

    Pyae Sone Kyaw
    1. The document provides general equations for chemical reactions of sodium, magnesium, calcium, aluminium, and lead with oxygen, water, acids, bases, and other elements. 2. Key reactions include the reaction of metals like sodium and magnesium with oxygen and water to form metal oxides and hydroxides. 3. Metals also react with acids and bases to form salts, and react with non-metals to form metal carbides, nitrides, and sulfides.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    General Equations for chapter 8

    For Sodium, Magnesium, Calcium, Aluminium, Lead

    1. metal + air (O 2 / N 2 ) → metal oxide / metal nitride


    (for Mg and Ca)

    For Na + O2 (limited/ excess) → (Na 2 O/ Na 2 O 2 )

    2. Metal + H 2 O → metal hydroxide + hydrogen


    (For Na and Ca)
    Mg + H 2 O(steam) → oxide + hydrogen
    (Except Al and Pb)

    3. Metal + hydrogen → metal hydride


    Metal + chlorine → metal chloride
    Metal + carbon → metal carbide
    Metal + sulphur → metal sulphide
    Meat + nitrogen → metal nitride

    Generally, metal reacts with free element to give binary compound (metal …ide).

    5. Acid + base → salt + water

    4. Metal + dil acid → salt + Hydrogen


    (Except Pb and dil HNO 3 )

    6. Hydroxide + carbon dioxide → carbonate + water

    7. Metallic carbonate + dilute acid → salt + water + carbon dioxide

    8. Metallic hydrogencarbonate + dilute acid → salt + water + carbon dioxide

    ∆
    9. Metallic hydrogencarbonate → metallic carbonate + water + carbon dioxide

    10. Metallic carbonate + water + carbondioxide → metallic hydrogen carbonate

    11. Metallic sulphate + sodium hydroxide → salt + metallic hydroxide

    12. Metallic sulphide + dilute acid → salt + hydrogen sulphide

    13. Metallic sulphite + dilute acid → salt + water + sulphur dioxide

    14. Metal + con: sulphuric acid → salt + water + sulphur dioxide


    15. Metallic oxide + carbon + chlorine → metallic chloride + carbon monoxide
    2

    16. Metallic oxide + carbon metallic → carbide + carbon monoxide

    17. Mg + nitric acid (conc:) → salt + water + ammonia

    18. Pb + nitric acid (dil) salt + water + nitrogen oxide

    19. Pb + nitric acid (conc) salt + water + nitrogen dioxide


    ∆
    20. metallic hydroxide → metallic oxide + water
    3

    First Important Equations


    For sodium
    1. Sodium reacted with ammonia (330-400oC)
    2Na + 2NH 3 
    → 2NaNH 2 + H 2
    sodamide

    2. Aluminium with sodium hydroxide solution (Sodium aluminate)


    2Al + 2NaOH + 6H 2 O 
    → 2NaAl(OH) 4 + 3H 2

    3. Zinc with sodium hydroxide solution (Sodium zincate)


    Zn + 2NaOH + 2H 2 O 
    → Na 2 Zn(OH) 4 + H 2

    4. Heated with dilute sulphuric acid by leblance process


    ∆
    NaCl + H 2 SO 4 (dil) → NaHSO 4 + HCl

    5. Decomposition of sodium nitrate


    ∆
    2NaNO 3 → 2NaNO 2 + O 2

    6. Decomposition of sodium hydrogensulphate


    ∆
    2NaHSO 4 → Na 2 S 2 O 7 + H 2 O
    sodium pyrosulphate

    7. Decomposition of sodium pyrosulphate


    ∆
    Na 2 S 2 O 7 → Na 2 SO 4 + SO 3

    For Magnesium
    8. Magnesium reacted with concentrated nitric acid (Preparation of ammonia)
    Mg + 4HNO 3 (conc) 
    → 4Mg(NO 3 ) 2 + 3H 2 O + NH 3

    For Calcium
    9. Calcium oxide reacts with silica (Preparation calcium silicate)
    ∆
    CaO + SiO 2 → CaSiO 3

    10. Calcium hydroxide reacts with chlorine (Preparation of bleaching powder)


    Ca(OH) 2 + Cl 2 
    → CaOCl 2 + H 2 O

    11. Calcium hydroxide reacts with calcium hydrogen carbonate


    Ca(OH) 2 + Ca(HCO 3 ) 2  → CaCO 3 + 2H 2 O

    12. Calcium hydroxide reacts with ammonium chloride (Preparation of NH 3 )


    Ca(OH) 2 + 2NH 4 Cl  → CaCl 2 + 2H 2 O + 2NH 3
    4

    13. Calcium carbide reacted with nitrogen (preparation of Nitrolime)


    CaC 2 + N 2 → CaCN 2 + C

    14. Calcium chloride reacts with dilute sulphuric acid (Preparation of POP)
    CaCl 2 + H 2 SO 4 + 2H 2 O → CaSO 4 .2H 2 O + 2HCl

    15. Calcium cyanamide reacted with water


    CaCN 2 + 3H 2 O → CaCO 3 + 2NH 3

    16. Calcium carbide reacts with water (Preparation of ethyne)


    CaC 2 + 2H 2 O  → C 2 H 2 + Ca(OH) 2

    For Aluminium
    17. Reacts with alkali (hot aqueous solution sodium hydroxide)
    2Al + 2NaOH + 6H 2 O  → 2NaAl(OH) 4 + 3H 2

    18. Aluminium hydroxide reacts with alkali (NaOH) (Preparation of sodium aluminate)
    Al(OH) 3 + NaOH → NaAl(OH) 4

    For Lead
    19. Lead (II) oxide is heated at 450-450oC (Preparation of red lead)
    −
    6PbO + O 2 450 → 2Pb 3 O 4
    o
    500 C

    20. Lead (II) oxide reacts with alkali (Preparation of sodium plubite)
    PbO + 2NaOH  → Na 2 PbO 2 + H 2 O (sodium plumbite)

    21. Red lead reacts with hydrochloric acid


    Pb 3 O 4 + 8HCl  → 3PbCl 2 + Cl 2 + 4H 2 O

    22. Red lead reacts with nitric acid


    Pb 3 O 4 + 4HNO 3  → PbO 2 + 2Pb(NO 3 ) 2 + 2H 2 O

    23. Lead (IV) oxide reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid


    PbO 2 + 4HCl(conc)  → PbCl 2 + 2H 2 O + Cl 2

    24. Lead (IV) oxide eacts with concentrated sulphuric acid


    PbO 2 + 2H 2 SO 4 (conc) → 2PbSO 4 + 2H 2 O + O 2
    5

    Second Important Equations


    For sodium
    1. Decomposition of sodium nitrate
    ∆
    2NaNO 3 → 2NaNO 2 + O 2

    2. Decomposition of sodium hydrogensulphate


    ∆
    2NaHSO 4 → Na 2 S 2 O 7 + H 2 O
    sodium pyrosulphate

    3. Decomposition of sodium pyrosulphate


    ∆
    Na 2 S 2 O 7 → Na 2 SO 4 + SO 3

    4. Sodium peroxide reacted with cold water


    Na 2 O 2 + 2H 2 O 
    → 2NaOH + H 2 O 2

    5. Sodium peroxide reacted with not cold water


    Na 2 O 2 + 2H 2 O 
    → 4NaOH + O 2

    6. Sodium peroxide reacted with carbomonoxide


    Na 2 O 2 + CO 
    → Na 2 CO 3

    7. Sodium peroxide reacted with carbon dioxide


    Na 2 O 2 + 2CO 2 
    → 2NaCO 3 + O 2

    8. Sodium hydroxide reacts with phosphorus


    P 4 + 3NaOH + 3H 2 O 
    → PH 3 + 3NaH 2 PO 2

    9. Sodium hydroxide reacts with sulphur


    4S + 6NaOH 
    → 2Na 2 S + Na 2 S 2 O 3 + 3H 2 O

    10. Sodium hydroxide reacts with chlorine (in cold solution)


    Cl 2 + 2NaOH 
    → NaCl + NaOCl + H 2 O

    11. Sodium hydroxide reacts with chlorine (in hot solution)


    3Cl 2 + 6NaOH 
    → 5NaCl + NaClO 3 + 3H 2 O

    12. Sodium chloride is heated with dilute sulphuric acid by leblance process
    ∆
    NaCl + H 2 SO 4 (dil) → NaHSO 4 + HCl
    6

    For Calcium
    13. Calcium hydride reacts with water
    CaH 2 + 2H 2 O  → Ca(OH) 2 + H 2

    For Aluminium
    11. Aluminium sulphate reacts with ammonium hydroxide
    Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 + 6NH 4 OH 
    → 2Al(OH) 3 + 3(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4

    12. Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric hydroxide


    Al(OH) 3 + 3HCl 
    → AlCl 3 + H 2 O
    Ai(OH) 3 + NaOH → NaAl(OH) 4

    For lead
    13. Lead is heated in air
    ∆
    Pb + O 2 → PbO

    14. Lead reacts with dilute nitric acid


    3Pb + 8HNO 3 (dil)  → 3Pb(NO 3 ) 2 + 4H 2 O + 2NO

    15. Lead reacts with concentrated nitric acid


    Pb + 4HNO 3 (conc)  → Pb(NO 3 ) 2 + 2H 2 O + 2NO 2

    16. Lead oxide is amphoteric acid


    PbO + 2HCl  → PbCl 2 + H 2 O
    PbO + 2NaOH  → Na2PbO2 + H 2 O

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