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    Nitric Acid

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    uniquestar
    Nitric acid is prepared through two main methods. In the laboratory, it is made by heating sodium or potassium nitrate with sulfuric acid. Industrially, it is made through the Ostwald process which uses catalytic oxidation of ammonia by air. Nitric acid is a colorless, corrosive liquid that is both an acid and a strong oxidizing agent. It is commonly used for metal extraction and purification due to its ability to oxidize and dissolve many metals to form metal nitrates.

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    Nitric Acid

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    uniquestar
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    Nitric acid is prepared through two main methods. In the laboratory, it is made by heating sodium or potassium nitrate with sulfuric acid. Industrially, it is made through the Ostwald process which uses catalytic oxidation of ammonia by air. Nitric acid is a colorless, corrosive liquid that is both an acid and a strong oxidizing agent. It is commonly used for metal extraction and purification due to its ability to oxidize and dissolve many metals to form metal nitrates.

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    Nitric acid is prepared through two main methods. In the laboratory, it is made by heating sodium or potassium nitrate with sulfuric acid. Industrially, it is made through the Ostwald process which uses catalytic oxidation of ammonia by air. Nitric acid is a colorless, corrosive liquid that is both an acid and a strong oxidizing agent. It is commonly used for metal extraction and purification due to its ability to oxidize and dissolve many metals to form metal nitrates.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    69 views3 pages

    Nitric Acid

    Uploaded by

    uniquestar
    Nitric acid is prepared through two main methods. In the laboratory, it is made by heating sodium or potassium nitrate with sulfuric acid. Industrially, it is made through the Ostwald process which uses catalytic oxidation of ammonia by air. Nitric acid is a colorless, corrosive liquid that is both an acid and a strong oxidizing agent. It is commonly used for metal extraction and purification due to its ability to oxidize and dissolve many metals to form metal nitrates.

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    Nitric Acid Preparation In the laboratory, nitric acid is prepared by heating KNO3 or NaNO3 and concentrated H2SO4 in a glass

    retort. NaNO3 + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HNO3 On a large scale it is prepared mainly by Ostwalds process. This method is based upon catalytic oxidation of NH3 by atmospheric oxygen.

    Nitric oxide thus formed combines with oxygen giving NO2. 2NO ( g ) + O2 ( g )2NO2 ( g ) Nitrogen dioxide so formed, dissolves in water to give HNO3. 3NO2 ( g ) + H2O ( l ) 2HNO3 ( aq ) + NO ( g ) NO thus formed is recycled and the aqueous HNO3 can be concentrated by distillation upto ~ 68% by mass. Further concentration to 98% can be achieved by dehydration with concentrated H2SO4.

    Properties

    HNO3(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) 3Cu + 8 HNO3(dilute) 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O Cu + 4HNO3(conc.) Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O Zinc reacts with dilute nitric acid to give N2O and with concentrated acid to give NO2. 4Zn + 10HNO3(dilute) 4 Zn (NO3)2 + 5H2O + N2O Zn + 4HNO3(conc.) Zn (NO3)2 + 2H2O + 2NO2 Some metals (e.g., Cr, Al) do not dissolve in concentrated nitric acid because of the formation of a passive film of oxide on the surface.

    Action on Metals Concentration of nitric acid Very Dilute HNO3 Metal Mg, Mn Fe, Zn, Sn Pb, Cu, Ag, Hg Fe, Zn Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu,Ag Sn Main proudcts H2 + metal nitrate NH4NO3 + metal nitrate NO + metal nitrate N2O + metal nitrate Sn NH4NO3 + Sn(NO3)2 NO2 + metal nitrate NO2 + H2SnO3 (Meta Stannic acid)

    Dilute HNO3

    Conc. HNO3 GOLD

    [HNO3 + 3HCl NOCl + 2H2O + 2Cl] 3 [Au + 3Cl AuCl3] 2 [AuCl3 + HCl HAuCl4] 2 2Au + 3HNO3 + 11HCl 2HAuCl4 + 3NOCl + 6H2O Chloro auric acid

    PLATINUM

    [HNO3 + 3HCl Pt + 4Cl PtCl4 + 2HCl Pt + 2HNO3 + 8HCl Chloroplatinic acid

    NOCl + 2H2O + 2Cl] 2 PtCl4 H2PtCl6 H2PtCl6 + 2NOCl + 4H2O

    Concentrated nitric acid also oxidises nonmetals and their compounds. Iodine is oxidised to iodic acid, carbon to carbon dioxide, sulphur to H2SO4, and phosphorus to phosphoric acid. I2 + 10HNO3 2HIO3 + 10NO2 + 4H2O C + 4HNO3 CO2 + 2H2O + 4NO2 S8 + 48HNO3 8H2SO4 + 48NO2 + 16H2O P4 + 20HNO3 4H3PO4 + 20NO2 + 4H2O
    Oxidising Nature (Con.) HNO3 H2O + NO2 + O (Dil.) HNO3 H2O + NO + O P4 H3PO4 S H2SO4

    (i) Oxidisation of Non Metal C CO2 As H3AsO4 I2 HIO3 Arsenic is oxidised to arsenic acid.

    (ii) Oxidation of metalloids : Metalloids like non-metals also form highest oxyacids.
    [2HNO3 H2O + 2NO2 + O] 5 2As + 5O + 3H2O 2H3AsO4 or 2As + 10HNO3 2H3AsO4 + 10NO2 + 2H2O As + 5HNO3 H3AsO4 + 5NO2 + H2O

    Brown Ring Test: NO3- + 3Fe2+ + 4H+ NO + 3Fe3+ + 2H2O [Fe (H2O)6 ]2+ + NO [Fe (H2O)5 (NO)]2++ H2O (brown)

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