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    Organic - 2 PDF

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    This document discusses common organic chemistry functional groups and concepts. It provides examples of functional groups including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, amines, aldehydes, ketones, acyl chlorides, carboxylic acids, and esters. It also discusses oxidation numbers of carbon for different functional groups and other terms like carbocations, transition states, reaction intermediates, SN1 and SN2 reactions. Practice problems with answers are provided to test understanding of functional group identification and reaction concepts.

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    Organic - 2 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Jowel Mercado
    59 views9 pages
    This document discusses common organic chemistry functional groups and concepts. It provides examples of functional groups including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, amines, aldehydes, ketones, acyl chlorides, carboxylic acids, and esters. It also discusses oxidation numbers of carbon for different functional groups and other terms like carbocations, transition states, reaction intermediates, SN1 and SN2 reactions. Practice problems with answers are provided to test understanding of functional group identification and reaction concepts.

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    This document discusses common organic chemistry functional groups and concepts. It provides examples of functional groups including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, amines, aldehydes, ketones, acyl chlorides, carboxylic acids, and esters. It also discusses oxidation numbers of carbon for different functional groups and other terms like carbocations, transition states, reaction intermediates, SN1 and SN2 reactions. Practice problems with answers are provided to test understanding of functional group identification and reaction concepts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    59 views9 pages

    Organic - 2 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Jowel Mercado
    This document discusses common organic chemistry functional groups and concepts. It provides examples of functional groups including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, amines, aldehydes, ketones, acyl chlorides, carboxylic acids, and esters. It also discusses oxidation numbers of carbon for different functional groups and other terms like carbocations, transition states, reaction intermediates, SN1 and SN2 reactions. Practice problems with answers are provided to test understanding of functional group identification and reaction concepts.

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    of 9

    Organic Chemistry I Concepts

    Common Functional Groups

    Functional Group Name Example

    Alkane CH3CH2CH3 (propane)

    Alkene CH3CH=CH2 (propene)

    Alkyne CH3C CH (propyne)

    F, Cl, Br, or I Alkyl halide CH3Br (methyl bromide)

    Alcohol CH3CH2OH (ethanol)

    Ether CH3OCH3 (dimethyl ether)

    Amine CH3NH2 (methyl amine)


    Functional Groups That Contain a Carbonyl

    Functional Group Name Example

    Aldehyde CH3CHO (acetaldehyde)

    Ketone CH3COCH3 (acetone)

    CH3COCl (acetyl
    Acyl chloride
    chloride)

    Carboxylic acid CH3CO2H (acetic acid)

    CH3CO2CH3 (methyl
    Ester
    acetate)

    Typical Oxidation Numbers of Carbon

    Oxidation Number of
    Functional Group Example
    Carbon in the Example

    Alkane CH4 -4

    Alkyllithium CH3Li -4

    Alkene H2C=CH2 -2

    Alcohol CH3OH -2

    Ether CH3OCH3 -2

    Alkyl halide CH3Cl -2

    Amine CH3NH2 -2

    Carboxylic acid HCO2H 2


    Other Terms:

    α-carbon - The carbon adjacent to the leaving group .

    Backside Attack - The SN2 mechanism in which the nucleophile attacks the α-carbon from a direction directly
    opposite to the C-LG bond. Results in inversion of stereochemical configuration.

    Bimolecular - Involving two molecules. In this SparkNote, the term bimolecular is used to refer to SN2 and E2
    reactions. The rate-limiting transition states of both reactions involve two molecules.

    Carbocation - A carbon that carries a positive charge. Carbocations are highly unstable and are prone to
    rearrangement. SN1 and E1 reactions proceed through a common carbocation intermediate.

    Frontside attack - A disproved SN2 mechanism in which the nucleophile attacks the α- carbon from the same side
    as the C-LG bond. If this mechanism was valid, it would result in retention of stereochemical configuration. See
    backside attack.

    Rate law - A mathematical equation that relates the rate of a reaction to the concentration of its reactants. For a
    generic reaction:

    X+Y→Z

    The rate law is expressed as:

    rate = k [X]a [Y]b

    Rate-limiting step - The slowest step in a reaction that determines the overall rate.

    Reaction order - In the rate law, the value of "a" and "b" for reactants "X" and "Y," respectively. The overall order of
    a reaction is the sum of "a" and "b" and tells how many molecules of reactant are involved in the transition state of the
    rate-limiting step.

    Reaction intermediate - An intermediary molecule that accumulates in negligible quantities during a reaction.

    SN2 - A SN2 reaction is a bimolecular (2 molecules) reaction involving the Substitution of a Nucleophile for a leaving
    group.

    SN1 - A reaction in which a Nucleophile Substitutes for a leaving group. SN1. It goes through a carbocation
    intermediate.

    Secondary - A secondary carbon has bonds to two other carbons.

    Tertiary - A tertiary carbon has bonds to three other carbons.

    Transition state - An extremely unstable molecule that forms between the reactants and their
    intermediates/products. A transition state exists at the peaks of an energy diagram, in contrast to intermediates and
    products, which form in the troughs.
    Practice Problems:

    #1.

    Identify the common functional groups in each compound.

    #2

    #3 Which compound is not a member of the alkene series? (1) benzene; (2) acetylene;
    (3) toluene; (4) ethane

    #4 Which is the correct molecular formula of pentene? (1) C5H8; (2) C5H10; (3) C5H12;
    (4) C5H14
    #5 C2H4 + H2 <======> C2H6 The above reaction is an example of (1) addition;
    (2) substitution; (3) saponification; (4) esterification.
    #6

    Answers:

    #1. All three compounds are aromatic. Aspirin is also a carboxylic acid ( CO2H) and an ester (
    CO2CH3). Tylenol is also an alcohol ( OH) and an amide ( CONH ). Ibuprofen
    contains alkane substituents and a carboxylic acid functional group.

    #2

    #3 ethane

    #4 C5 H10

    #5 addition

    #6

    1) Electron donatin major product: para, minor product: ortho


    2) Electron withdrawing Major product: meta
    3) –CH2CH3 Electron donating
    -NO2 Electron withdrawing
    Major product: ortho position to –CH2CH3

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