Bridges Project Sara Fernández Díaz

BRIDGES
Project 2018/2019
Design of a road bridge

Sara Fernández Díaz

Student ID 250701

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Bridges Project Sara Fernández Díaz

Table of Contents
1. Initial calculations

1.1. Collection of loads

1.1.1. Dead loads

1.1.2. Live loads

1.1.3. Loads Summary

1.2 Design Internal forces for the section dimensioning

1.2.1 Maximum bending momento

1.2.2 Maximum shear force

1.2.3 Maximum shear force

1.2.4 Design Internal forces summaryç

2. Detailed Design

2.1 Model

2.2 Deflection Line

2.3 Load cases

2.3.1 Structural loads

2.3.2 Non-structural loads

2.3.3 Uniform distributed loads

2.3.4 Tandem system

3. Results

3.1 Total moments

3.2 Total shear forces

4. Reinforcement

4.1 Longitudinal reinforcement

4.1.2 Maximum bending momento

4.1.2 Minimum bending momento

4.1.3 Anchore and overlapping length

4.2 Transversal reinforcement

4.2.1 Stirrups resistance

4.2.2 Concrete resistance

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1. Initial Calculations

1.1. Collection of loads

1.1.1. Dead loads

The dead loads are composed by the self-weight of the main girders and all the elements that
accompany the bridge section, plus the self-weight of the cross-beams.

• Main girders

Considering the specific weight of the concrete as:

= 25 / 3

And taking the area of the section by Autocad:

2
= 5,04

The characteristic value of self-weight of the main girders is:

= ∙ = 126 /

And considering that the safety factors are:

= 1,35 ; = 1,00

The maximum and minimum design values are:

= ∙
= 170.1 !"/ ; #$ = 126 !"/

• Waterproofing

The waterproofing has a thickness of %&=0,01, and covers all the top surface of the main
girders, so its width is:
' = 11,396

Considering its specific weight as:

&= 14 /m3

Then, its characteristic value is:

&= '∙%&∙ &= 1,595 /

Therefore, the design values are:

= +,15 !"/ ; #$ = 1,595 !"

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• Sidewalks

Once again, taking the area of each sidewalk from Autocad :

2
, = 1,202

So, the characteristic value is:

, = ,∙ = 30,05 /

And the design values:

= -.,57 !"/ ; #$ = /.,05 !"/

• Pavement

Knowing that the pavement thickness is %0 = 0,09 , and the width of the road is:
'1 = 8,80

And considering a specific weight for the pavement:

3
0 = 23 /

Then, the characteristic values are:

0= '1 ∙ %0 ∙ 0 = 18,216 /

And the design values are:

= +-,59 !"/ ; #$ = 18,216 !"/

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• Balustrades and barriers

Considering that each balustrade has a linear weight of 0,3 ⁄, the characteristic
value is:
31 = 0,3 ∙ 2 = 0,60 /

And the design values:

= .,45 !"/ ; #$ = .,6. !"/

On the other hand, each barrier has a linear weight of 0,5 ⁄, the characteristic
value is:
32 = 0,5 ∙ 2 = 1,00 /

Having the design values:

= 5,/7 !"/ ; #$ = 5,.. !"/

In order to summarize, the following table presents all the previous values of the longitudinal
linear loads, and the design values are summed up to obtain just one linear deadload; and finally,
divided by the number of girds (n=4) to obtain the corresponding load for each girder, assuming
them equally distributed among the girders.
Characteristic value [kN/m] Safety factors Design values (gd) [kN/m]
Type of load
Formula Value max min max min
Main girders gk = Ak ∙ gC 126 1,35 1,00 170,1 126
Waterproofing gw = B ∙ tw ∙ gw 1,595 1,35 1,00 2,15 1,60
Sidewalks gs = As ∙ gc 30,05 1,35 1,00 40,57 30,05
Pavement gp = Br ∙ tp ∙ gp 18,216 1,35 1,00 24,59 18,22
Balustrade gB1 = 0,3 nB1 0,6 1,35 1,00 0,81 0,60
Barrier gB2 = 0,5 nB2 1,00 1,35 1,00 1,35 1,00
∑gd [kN/m] 239,57 177
∑gd/n [kN/m] 59,8925 44,36525

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Besides them, the bridge also presents the self-weight of the cross beams. The are going to be
evaluated as punctual loads. Nevertheless, as the cross-beams above the abutments and the
piers are directly charged to those elements, they won’t be considered; just the middle-span
cross beams are going to be taken into account:

The middle-span cross beams have a height of 0,716 m and a width of 2,315 m occupying three
spaces between girder and girder, then its area is:
, = 3 ∙ 0,716 ∙ 2,315 = 4,973 2

And with a thickness of % =0,50 , the characteristic value is:

= ∙ % ∙ = 62,158 /

And then, the design value:

= 83,91 / ; = 62,158 /

Value that is divided by the number of girders, to have the punctual load caused by the cross
beams for each girder, considering it equally distributed:

9: = 20,98 !"/ ; 9: #$ = 15,54 !"/

Characteristic value [kN/m] Safety factors Design values (gd) [kN/m]
Type of load
Formula Value max min max min
Cross-beams gc = Ac ∙ tc ∙ gC 62,158 1,35 1,00 83,91 62,158
G=gd/n [kN] 20,9775 15,5395

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1.1.2. Live loads

In order to determine the influence of each live load for the case of one of the girders, the way
that they will be considered, first the influence line for a transversal load distribution are going
to be defined:

• Influence lines for a transversal load distribution

Where : girder for which the influence line is considered, 0: location of the load P, and
;: transversal coordinate from the middle of the cross section to the right.

Evaluating for the extreme girder (girder A in the following figure) we have:

=0,25 + 0,103 · yp

So, the influence line for the girder A is:

0,3547
0,8547

Having this influence line, now we are able to transfer the corresponding live loads to the girder
A. Now each live load is defined and transferred:

• Traffic loads

The normative define the Notional lanes (NL) and the remaining area (RA), and knowing that
our roadway width:

'1 = 8,8 ≥ 6,0

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We will have a number of NL:

< = ('1/3) = (2.93) = 2 <

With a width of:

& <=3

And a RA with a width of:

&= = '1 − & < ∙ < = 8,8 − 3 ∙ 2 = 2,8

The NL will start from the A girder side to have the most unfavourable case.
The next table indicates the values of the axle load Q (punctual loads) and the uniform load q,
for each lane, and after they will be illustrated and transferred separately:

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- Axle load

Considering the formula for the influence line and the distances ;0, respectively for
each middle of the axle load, as shown in the previous figure, we have the influence
factors:

>?1 = 0,625 ; >?2 = 0,325

Then, the characteristic value of the Load transferred to the girder A is:

? = Σ? ∙ >? = 300 ∙ 0,625 + 200 ∙ 0,325 = 252,5

And the design value is:

@A = ? ∙ 1,35 = 340,875 !"

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-Uniform load

Considering the formula for the influence line and the distances ;0, as shown in the
previous figure, we have the influence factors indicated, in order to calculate the areas
&Lℎ:
&L1 = 1,875 ; &L2 = 1,13 ; &L− = −0,055

Then, the maximum design value of the uniform load transferred to the girder A is:

L = Σ Lℎ ∙ &Lℎ ∙ = 9,0 ∙ 1,875 ∙ 1,35+ 2,5 ∙ 1,13 ∙ 1,35

QA = 26,595 !"/

And the minimum design value is:

L = L2 ∙ &L− ∙ = 2,5 ∙ (−0,055) ∙ 1,35

QA #$ = −0,186 !"/

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• Crowd
It is considered as a surface uniform load situated on the sidewalks with a value of:
L = 5,0 / 2

Considering the formula for the influence line and the distances ;0, as shown in the
previous figure, we have the influence factors indicated, in order to calculate the
areas &Lℎ:

&L − = −0,331
Then, the minimum design value of the crowd load transferred to the girder A is:

L = L ∙ &L − ∙ = 5,0 ∙ (−0,331) ∙ 1,35

Q:A #$ = −2,234 !"/
1.1.3. 1.1.3 Load Summary
The following table summaries all the loads and their values, corresponding to the
transferring to the girder A:

Load Type Load Design value Max Min

Longitudinal DL gA [kN/m] 59,8925 44,3652
Dead Loads
Cross Beams DL GA [kN] 20,9775 15,5395
Axle load QA [kN] 340,875 -
Live Loads Traffic Uniform Load qA [kN/m] 26,595 -0,186
Crowd qca [kN/m] - -2,234

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1.2. Design Internal forces for the section dimensioning

At this point, according to the previous Load values, the design values of the bending
moments and the shear force will be obtained. For that, the longitudinal influence lines
will be determined by help of Robot (Introducing a unitary load going along the two
18,00 m spans length of the bridge) and taking the appropriate load combinations we
can determine the extremal values for the internal forces.
As the punctual load of the cross beams are in the middle of the span (9,00 m), the
advancing step of this unitary load is considered as 0,5 m, to have that precision and
take the exact influence factor for this location.

1.2.1. Maximum bending moment

Considering the most unfavourable point of one span for a positive bending moment
as:

T−T = 0,432 ∙ < = 0,432 ∙ 18 = 7,776 ≈ 8

We obtain the longitudinal influence line for the bending moment at that point from
Robot:

The x-axis represents the step number, and the y-axis does the influence factor
(considered as the value of the moment produced to the T−T point by a unitary load
ubicated in that respective position). The units of the influence factor are [m].

Each influence factor is taken from the table of values given by the robot. Moreover, as
the previous figure shows, we have the value of the areas above the curve:

&UT−T+ = 30,38 2 ; &UT−T− = -10,12 2

In order to obtain the maximum value of the bending moment, the loads are
combined as shown in the following figure:

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The influence areas for the linear loads are already known, and the influence factors
for the punctual ones are the following:

>V = 3,66 ; >V = −0,84

>? WX % = 3,11 ; >? 1 ℎ% = 3,66

So finally, the design value of the positive bending moment is:

U;T−T = (59,8925+26,595) ∙ 30,38 + (44,3652-0,186-2,234) ∙ (-10,12) +

(20,9775 ∙ 3,66 + 15,5395 ∙ (-0,84) + 340,875 ∙ (3,11 + 3,66))

U;T−T = 4574,453 kN
1.2.2. Minimum bending moment
The point which will suffer the smallest value of the bending moment, that is the biggest
negative bending moment, is the one above the pier, identified as the section [−[. Its
bending moment influence line is:

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As the previous figure shows, the value of the area above the curve is:

&U[−[− = −40,47 2

In order to obtain the minimum value of the bending moment, the loads are combined
as shown in the following figure, where the axle loads are ubicated in the way that one
of them is just in the point with the maximum influence factor.

The influence area for the linear loads is already known, and the influence factors for
the punctual ones are the following:

>V ,1 = >V ax,r = −1,69 (symmetric)

>? WX % = -1,702 ; >? 1 ℎ% = -1,73

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So finally, the design value of the negative bending moment is:

U;[−[ = (59,8925 + 26,595) · (-40,47) + (2 · 20,9775 ·(-1,73) +

340,875 · (-1,702-1,73))
U;[−[ = -4742,614 kNm
1.2.3. Maximum shear force
The section which will suffer the biggest value of the shear force is the one above the
pier, [−[. Its shear force influence line is:

In this case, the influence factors are dimensionless:

As the previous figure shows, the value of the area above the curve is:

&c[−[ = 11,50

In order to obtain the maximum value of the shear force, the loads are combined as
shown in the following figure, where the axle loads are ubicated in the way that one of
them is just in the point with the maximum influence factor.

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The influence area for the linear loads is already known, and the influence factors for
the punctual ones are the following:

>V ,1 = 0,59 ; >V ax,r = 0,09

>? WX % = 0,96 ; >? 1 ℎ% = 1,00

So finally, the design value of the negative bending moment is:

cd[−[ = (59,8925 + 26,8925) · 11,50 + (20,978 · (0,59 + 0,09) +

340,875 · (0,96 + 1,00)
cd[−[ = 1680,408 kNm
1.2.4. Design Internal forces summary

The table shows the three obtained values in order to summary them:

Internal Force Value

Maximum bending moment M;T−T [kNm] 4574,453
Minimum bending moment M;β−β [kNm] -4742,614
Maximum shear force Tzβ−β [kN] 1680,408

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2. Detailed desing

2.1. Model
Span length= 18 m
It was used the tool called “offset” to reproduce correctly the structure:

2.2 Deflection Line

Considering a unitary load as in the following figure, we obtain the transversal deflection:

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As seen, the deflection does not change to the positive direction of the Z axis, so we do not have
to divide transversally the zones for the loads. The division will be only longitudinal according
to:

For the bending moment, all the zone 1 (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6) is considered as an
entire one. For the shearing force, on the other hand, each subzone for the first span is
treated separately.
With this subdivisión, robot system can create combination and find the one that return
us the worst condition.
2.3 Load cases
We create 4 different files for each type of load:
1. Structural loads
2. Non-structural loads
3. Lile uniform distributed loads
4. Tandem system
In this way we can analyse separately all the factors, then we can sum all the result to obtain
the final result.

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2.3.1 Structural loads

Are composed by:

• Self weight of main girder

• Weight of the intermediate cross beam

Crossbeams in the
Surface Loads [kN/m2] Main girder [kN/m]
middle of the span [kN/m

Characteristic value 31,5 6,91

Safety coefficient 1,35 1 1,35 1

max min max min

Design value
42,525 31,5 9,3285 6,91

It return us this results

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2.3.2 Non-Structural loads

The loads are:

1. Sidewalk + Waterproofing layer

2. Asphalt + Waterproofing
3. Barrier

Pavement +
Surface Loads [kN/m2] Sidewalk + waterproofing Barrier [kN/m2]
waterproofing

Characteristic value 7,709269521 2,21 0,50

Safety coefficient 1,35 1 1,35 1 1,35 1

max min max min max min
Design value
10,40751385 7,709269521 2,9835 2,21 0,675 0,5

We apply it in the structure.

This example shows only in the 1st zone

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2.3.3 Uniform live load

Surface Loads [kN/m2] Crowd UDL NL1 UDL NL2/RA

Characteristic value 5 9 2,5

Safety coefficient 1,35 0 1,35 0 1,35 0

max min max min max min
Design value
6,75 0 12,15 0 3,375 0

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2.3.4 Tandem System

The tandem system it’s applied like a moving load using one girder as referent line.

Wheels of the axle loads on Wheels of the axle loads

Surface Loads [kN/m2]
NL1 on NL2

Characteristic value 150 100

Safety coefficient 1,35 1 1,35 1

max min max min
Design value
202,5 150 135 100

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In the software there is the possibility to move to forces along the bridge.

During the calculations, the software return us the position and the internal forces that create
the highest and the lowest momentum.

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3 -Summary of results

ULS + Total ULS - Total

x/L x [m] fz my fz my
0 0 843,8 0 262,51 0
0,1667 3 627,25 2267,81 148,4 610,13
0,3333 6 305,52 3418,25 -65,38 744,9
0,5 9 -43,25 3394,88 -399,38 381,84
0,6667 12 -265,25 2251,2 -704,12 -378,54
0,8333 15 -456,53 46,68 -1004,12 -1642,5
1 18 -593,51 -2478,8 -1251,68 -4428,07
Extreme values 843,8 3418,25 -1251,68 -4428,07

3.1 Total moments  My [kN/m]

x [m]
4000

3000

2000

1000
My [kN/m]

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-1000

-2000

-3000

-4000

-5000

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3.2 Total shear forces

x [m]
1000

500

0
Tz [kN]

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

-500

-1000

-1500

4. Reinforcement
Materials
The concrete is C35/45, so:
=35 Ue

ffh 35
ffg = = = 23,33Ue
i 1,5
ffj = 43 Ue
ffkh = 2,29 Ue
ffkj = 3,21 Ue
Efj = 34 Ve

And knowing that its reduction factor is:

On the other hand, the reinforcement steel is B500s, so:

; =500 Ue
,=1,15

; = ; ∙ ,=434,78 Ue

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4.1.2 Maximun bending moment

mn =/ -18,25 !"/

Considering only the girder A we have the following geometric values:

ℎ=1,2 ; 3=2,915 ; 30=0,6 ; %=0,25

Covering: 0=30 ; o,=12

Rebars diameter and spacing: o1=28 ; ,=30

Considering 2 layers, the distance from the bottom to the centre of gravity of the rebars of:

12W=85
So, the useful height is:

= ℎ − 12W = 1,2− 0,085 = 1,115

Applying moment equilibrium, we have:

U= p U,

U= = ∗3∗ X ∗ ( − 0.5 ∗ X )

U= = U,

3418,25 = 23,33 ∗ 10r e ∗ 2,951 ∗ stt ∗ (1,115 − 0.5 ∗ stt )

X = 0,0486 u % = 0.25 ok (rectangular section)

And applying force equilibrium

= ,

∗3∗ X = ; ∗ ,1

,1 = ( / ; )∙ X ∙ 3= (23,33 / 434,78 )∙ 46 ∙ 2915

As1 = 7195,18 mm2

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But one additional requirement, the minimum area must be:

= max { 5425,27 ; 4225,29 } mm

As,min = 5425,27 mm

So, the real area must be:

7195,18 mm2

wx ∗ 4 7195,18 ∗ 4
= = = 11,68
y ∗ ∅{ y ∗ 28{
$|=5+ |}~ |• €+4

,11X W=7 389,03 2

Situated in 2 layers of 6 rebars each

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4.1.2 Minimum bending moment

mn =−- 428,07 !"/
ℎ=1,2 ; 3=0,6

Covering:
0=30 ; o,=12

Rebars diameter and spacing:

o1=28 ; ,=30

Considering 3 layers of rebars, the distance from the bottom to the centre of gravity of
the rebars:

13W=107,2
So, the useful height is:
=ℎ−13W=1,2−0,1072=1,0928

Applying moment equilibrium, we have:

U= = U• −

U= = ∗ X ∗ 3 ∗ ( − 0.5 ∗ X )

4428,07 = 23,33 ∗ 10r e ∗ 0,6 ∗ stt ∗ (1,0928 − 0.5 ∗ stt )

X = 0,343

And applying force equilibrium:

= ,

∗3∗ X = ; ∗ ,1

,1 = ( / ; )∙ X ∙ 3= (23,33/434,78) * 343 *600

As1 = 11043,09 mm2

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But one additional requirement, the minimum area must be:

=max {1094,46 ; 852,38 } mm

As,min = 1094,46 mm

So, the real area must be:

wx ∗ 4 11043,09 ∗ 4
= = = 16,94
y ∗ ∅{ y ∗ 28{
$| = 5‚ |}~ |• € +4
,21X W = 10 467,79 2

The Same calculations are made for several sections (following table).

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Coordinate Bending moments Reinforcement required Reinforcement provided

M+ (Lower) M- (Upper) Lower Upper
x/L x [m] Mmax [kNm] Mmin [kNm] As1req As1prov As2prov
xeff [m] n As1 [cm2] xeff [m] As2req [cm2] n As2 [cm2] n xeff [m] MRd [kNm] n xeff [m] MRd [kNm]
[cm2] [cm2] [cm2]
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 36,9451 0,0236 1818,648 5 30,788 0,0956 -1467,346
0,0833 1,5 1133,905 305,065 0,01 22,9 4 24,6301 0 0 0 0 6 36,9451 0,0236 1818,648 5 30,788 0,0956 -1467,346
0,1667 3 2267,81 610,13 0,02 46 8 49,2602 0 0 0 0 10 61,5752 0,0394 2947,892 5 30,788 0,0956 -1467,346
0,3333 6 3418,25 744,9 0,03 69,68 12 73,8903 0 0 0 0 12 73,8903 0,0472 3506,190 5 30,788 0,0956 -1467,346
0,5 9 3394,88 381,84 0,031 71,01 12 73,8903 0 0 0 0 12 73,8903 0,0472 3506,190 5 30,788 0,0956 -1467,346
0,6667 12 2251,2 -378,54 0,02 46,21 8 49,2602 0,016 7,59 2 12,315 10 61,5752 0,0394 2947,892 5 30,788 0,0956 -1467,346
0,75 13,5 1148,94 -1010,52 0,01 23,17 4 24,6301 0,045 20,58 4 24,630 6 36,9451 0,0236 1818,648 5 30,788 0,0956 -1467,346
0,8333 15 46,68 -1642,5 0,0004 0,92 1 6,1575 0,074 33,91 6 36,945 6 36,9451 0,0236 1818,648 11 67,733 0,2104 -2997,082
0,9167 16,5 -1216,06 -3035,285 0 0 0 0 0,145 66,5 11 67,733 6 36,9451 0,0236 1818,648 17 104,678 0,3251 -4233,797
1 18 -2478,8 -4428,07 0 0 0 0 0,227 104,34 17 104,678 6 36,9451 0,0236 1818,648 17 104,678 0,3251 -4233,797

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4.1.3 Anchorage lenght

Previous parameters

ffkh = 2,29 Ue

ƒ=1,5
„, = 0,6 ∙ ƒ2 ∙ % = 0,6 · 1,52 · 2,29 = 3, 915 MPa

Then:

W ≥ 777,38  Š = 4..

4.2 Transversal reinforcement

‹n = 1251,68 !"

4.2.1 Stirrups resistance

Where:

d = 0,9 ∙ = 0,9 ∙ 1,0928 = 0,984

CotŒ = 2 ( ,,• 0% Ž )

;& = 434,78 Ue

Considering stirrups of 4 branches of diameter €5+ :

Then:

S ≤ 309,25

But as the maximum spacing must be 300 mm, then the provided spacing is:

•=/..

Spacing used for all the bridge, as it is the maximum possible.

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So, the steel resistance is:

4.2.2 Concrete Resistance

Where:
3& = 0,6 ; d = 0,984

v1 = 0,516
fcd = 23,33 MPa
cotŒ=2 ; tanŒ=0,5

’= , = (0,6 ) ∙(0,984) ∙ 0,516 ∙ (23 333 e ) / (2+0,5)

‹“ , =2843,32 !" ≥ ‹n = 5 +51,68 !" ”!

Therefore, the shear resistance is:

’= = {’= , ; ’= ,,}
‹“ =‹“ ,•=5 +—.,+— !"
˜€5+ − -™ / /..

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