Spillways: Lecture #2 (Con'd)

Lecture #2 (con’d)
Spillways
1.4 Types of Spillways
Main/Service
operation
time Auxiliary
Emergency
Flow Gated
through
Types of Spillways spillway Un-gated
Based on Free over-fall
Ogee
Control
structures/ Side channel
discharge Chute
channel
Shaft
Siphon … etc
Cont’d…
• Components of the spillway
• The various components of a spillway are:
– Control structure,
– Discharge channel
– Terminal structures – energy dissipaters
Cont’d…
• Causes of failure of spillways

• Generally spillways fail due to structural,
geotechnical, hydraulic or operational inadequacy to
accommodate the flow carried by them.
1.6 Design principles of spillways
• Essential requirements:
– The spillway must have sufficient capacity.
– It must be structurally adequate.
– It must provide safe disposal of water i.e., spillway
discharge will not erode d/s toe of the dam and the
bounding surface of spillway must be erosion
resistant.
Cont’d…
• Spillway Capacity
• The maximum capacity of spillway i.e., outflow rate through
spillway must be determined by reservoir routing, knowing:
– Inflow rate v/s time (inflow hydrograph)
– Reservoir capacity curve (reservoir elevation v/s storage)
– Discharge curve (out flow v/s reservoir water elevation).
• However the required capacity of a spillway depends on:
– Inflow flood, I and storage, S
– Discharge capacity of outlet works, O
– Whether gated or un-gated spillway
– Possible damage if a spillway capacity is inadequate.
Cont’d…
• Based on the continuity equation,
I – O = dV/dt
• In a finite difference form, the above equation can
be written as
• By rewriting
Over flow or Ogee spillway
• Ogee is guided smoothly over the crest of the spillway

and is made to glide over the downstream face of the
spillway.
• The shape of such a profile depends upon the:
– Head
– The inclination of U/S face of the overflow section and
– The height of the overflow section above the floor of the
entrance channel.
• The ogee profile should provide maximum possible
hydraulic efficiency, structural stability and economy .
ok!
Cont’d…
• The ogee profile may be categorized into two

groups:
1. Overflow dams with vertical U/S face
• The following equation of USCE is used for finding
coordinates (X, Y) for the D/S profile
x1.85 = 2 (He) 0.85 y
• Where X & Y are coordinates as shown in the figure
and Hd is the design head.
• For U/S profile following coordinates with origin at
crest are recommended
Cont’d…
• The u/s profile should be tangential to the vertical face and should
conform to the following equation:
y = {0.724 (x+ 0.270 He)1.85/(He )0.85 }+ 0.126 He - 0.4315(He)0.375(x
+ 0.270 He)0.625
Cont’d…
• Alternatively the u/s slope may be considered to consist of
compound circular curve with R1= 0.50 He and R2 = 0.20 He
• The chord length up to R1 and R2 is given as:
a = 0.175 He and b = 0.282 He

2. Over flow dams with sloping upstream face
• The D/S profile for U/S sloping face conforms to the
following equation:
xn = K (He)n-1 y
• Where: n & K are variable parameters which depends on the
inclination of U/S face of the dam. He is the design head.
Cont’d…
• Values of constant K, n , R1, R2, a and b
• The curved profile of the crest section is continued till it meets

tangentially the straight sloping portion of the overflow dam section,
where the value of dy/dx for the curved profile and the straight
segment must be equal.
• The slope of the d/s face of the overflow dam varies from 0.7(H):1(V)
to 0.8:1 and is decided on the basis of stability requirements.
Cont’d…
•Computation of discharge over ogee crest
•The discharge over ogee spillway is computed from the basic equation of weir given below:
Q = Cd Le He3/2
Where, He = Head of over flow in meters including velocity of approach head.
He = Hd + Ha
•The discharge coefficient is influenced by a number of factors:
– Height of spillway above stream bed or depth of approach
– Relation of the actual crest shape to the ideal nappe shape
– Upstream face slope
– Downstream apron interference, and
– Downstream submergence
– Ratio of actual total head (p) to the design head
– Effect of head due to velocity of approach
Cont’d…
• The height of spillway above stream bed or approach channel affects the
velocity of approach which in turn affects the Cd.
• With increase in height of spillway the velocity of approach decreases and the
coefficient of discharge increases.
• Model tests indicate that the Cd becomes fairly constant when height of
spillway > 3.0 He, Various texts give a plot of Cd versus He:
• Where P is the height of spillway. When u/s face is inclined the above Cd values
gets multiplied by a factor from 0.995 to 1.04 for (P/ He = 1.5) to (P/ He = 0.2).
Cont’…
•Effective length
Le = L -2(N*kp+ka)*Hd
EXAMPLE
•Design ogee spillway for the following data:
– Height of the spillway crest = 100.0 m
– Number of spans = 10
– Length of each span (clear) = 12.5m
– Thickness of each pier = 3 m
– D/s slope of spillway = 0.8(H): 1(V)
– Rock condition = good
– Design discharge = 8500 m3/s
– 90o nosed piers are supposed with rounded abutments. Kp = 0.01 and Ka = 0.1
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Lecture #2 (con’d)

• Causes of failure of spillways

• Ogee is guided smoothly over the crest of the spillway

• The ogee profile may be categorized into two

a = 0.175 He and b = 0.282 He

• The curved profile of the crest section is continued till it meets

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