Fluid Mechanics - Forces On Panel Surfaces

Emirate International University Gas & oil Engineering department
Forces on Plane
Surfaces (Panels)
Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi Fluid Mechanics

Uniform Pressure Distribution

• A description of the pressure at all points along a surface is called a
pressure distribution.
• When pressure is the same at every point, as shown in Fig. a the
pressure distribution is called a uniform pressure distribution.
• The pressure distribution in Fig. a can be represented by a resultant
force as shown in Fig. b.
• Resultant force
• Centre of pressure

What about
the areas
where the
pressure is
non-uniformly
distributed ??
FIND THE
AVERAGE
PRESSURE AND
WHERE IT ACTS

Uniform Pressure Distribution
Uniformly varying Pressure

Distribution

Magnitude of Resultant Hydrostatic Force

Line AB is the edge view of a panel
submerged in a liquid. The plane of this panel
intersects the horizontal liquid surface at axis
0-0 with an angle ∝ . The distance from the
axis 0-0 to the horizontal axis through the
centroid of the area is given by 𝑦 .The distance
from 0-0 to the differential area dA is y. The
pressure on the differential area is
𝑝 = 𝛾 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝
The differential force is

Fig. Distribution of hydrostatic pressure
𝑑𝐹 = 𝑝𝑑𝐴 = 𝛾 𝑦 sin ∝ 𝑑𝐴
on a plane surface
The total force on the area is
𝑦 𝑑𝐴
𝐹= 𝑝𝑑𝐴 = 𝛾 𝑦 sin ∝ 𝑑𝐴 𝐹 = 𝛾 sin ∝ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 𝐹 = 𝛾 sin ∝ 𝐴
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝐴 𝐴

𝑦 𝑑𝐴
=𝑦
𝐴 𝐴
Now the integral in Eq. is the first moment of the area. Consequently, this is replaced by
its equivalent
For incline surface 𝐹 = 𝛾 𝑦𝐴 sin ∝ 𝐹 = (𝛾 𝑦 sin ∝)𝐴 𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴
Line of Action of the Resultant Force

How to find the centre of
pressure

The torque due to the resultant force F will balance the torque due to the pressure
distribution.
The integral on the right-hand side of Eq. (3.25) is the second moment of the area (often
called the area moment of inertia). This shall be identified as Io. However, for engineering
applications it is convenient to express the second moment with respect to the horizontal
centroidal axis of the area. Hence by the parallel-axis theorem,

the area moment of inertia 𝐼 is taken about a horizontal axis that passes through the
centroid of area. Formulas for are presented in Fig. A.1. The slant distance
measures the length from the surface of the liquid to the centroid of the panel along an
axis that is aligned with the “slant of the panel” as shown in

For a uniform pressure distribution, the magnitude of the resultant force

is F
𝑃 is the average pressure. The resultant force F passes through a point

called the center of pressure (CP).
Notice that the CP is represented using a circle with a “plus” inside..


For a horizontal plane surface the forces are same at all

points and acts downward (normal to surface)
If A is an area of surface then
Resultant Force F = 𝑝𝐴 = 𝛾𝑦𝐴
act straight downward and center of pressure is equal to
centroid of the surface..
F
For a uniform pressure distribution, the CP is located at the

centroid of area of the panel
A- For a vertical plane surface ( rectangular)

Resultant Force
𝑏
F = 𝑝𝐴 = 𝛾𝑦𝐴 𝑦=
2
b
Centre of pressure 𝐼
𝑦𝑐𝑝 =𝑦+
𝑦𝐴
B- For a submerged vertical plane surface
( rectangular)
F = 𝑝𝐴 = 𝛾𝑦𝐴 𝑦=𝑠+
𝑏
2
Centre of pressure
𝐼
𝑦𝑐𝑝 =𝑦+
𝑦𝐴

3.57 As shown, water (15°C) is in contact with a square panel; d= 1m and h =2 m.

a. Calculate the depth of the centroid
b. Calculate the resultant force on the panel
c. Calculate the distance from the centroid to the CP.
3.63 Determine P necessary to just start opening the 2 m–

wide gate.

Forces on Curved Surfaces
The vertical component of the

equivalent force is
(a) Pressure distribution and equivalent force.
(b) Free-body diagram and action-reaction
force pair.

Surface AB is a circular arc with a radius of 2 m and a width

of 1 m into the paper. The distance EB is 4 m. The fluid
above surface AB is water, and atmospheric pressure prevails
on the free surface of the water and on the bottom side of
surface AB. Find the magnitude and line of action of the
hydrostatic force acting on surface AB.

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Emirate International University Gas & oil Engineering department

Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi Fluid Mechanics

Uniform Pressure Distribution

Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi Fluid Mechanics

Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi Fluid Mechanics

Uniform Pressure Distribution

Uniformly varying Pressure

Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi Fluid Mechanics

Magnitude of Resultant Hydrostatic Force

The differential force is

Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi Fluid Mechanics

For incline surface 𝐹 = 𝛾 𝑦𝐴 sin ∝ 𝐹 = (𝛾 𝑦 sin ∝)𝐴 𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴

Line of Action of the Resultant Force

Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi Fluid Mechanics

Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi Fluid Mechanics

Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi Fluid Mechanics

For a uniform pressure distribution, the magnitude of the resultant force

𝑃 is the average pressure. The resultant force F passes through a point

Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi Fluid Mechanics

Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi Fluid Mechanics

For a horizontal plane surface the forces are same at all

For a uniform pressure distribution, the CP is located at the

A- For a vertical plane surface ( rectangular)

Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi Fluid Mechanics

3.57 As shown, water (15°C) is in contact with a square panel; d= 1m and h =2 m.

3.63 Determine P necessary to just start opening the 2 m–

Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi Fluid Mechanics

Forces on Curved Surfaces

The vertical component of the

Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi Fluid Mechanics

Surface AB is a circular arc with a radius of 2 m and a width

Dr. Abduljalil Al-Abidi Fluid Mechanics

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