Grade 10 Drafting Design

Technology (20G)
A Course for
Independent Study
 GRADE 10 DRAFTING
DESIGN TECHNOLOGY (20G)
A Course for
Independent Study

2009
Manitoba Education
Manitoba Education Cataloguing in Publication Data

604.24 Grade 10 drafting design technology (20G) : a course for

independent study.

ISBN-13: 978-0-7711-4460-8

1. Mechanical drawing—Programmed instruction.

2. Mechanical drawing—Study and teaching (Secondary).
3. Mechanical drawing—Study and teaching (Secondary)—
Manitoba. I. Manitoba. Manitoba Education.

Copyright © 2009, the Government of Manitoba, represented by the Minister of Education.

Manitoba Education
School Programs Division
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Every effort has been made to acknowledge original sources and to comply with copyright
law. If cases are identified where this has not been done, please notify Manitoba
Education. Errors or omissions will be corrected in a future edition. Sincere thanks to the
authors and publishers who allowed their original material to be used.
Grade 10 Drafting
Acknowledgements iii

Acknowledgements
Manitoba Education gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the following
individuals in the development of Grade 10 Drafting Design Technology (20G): A
Course for Independent Study.

Course Writer
Ron Turek Maples Collegiate Seven Oaks S.D.

Members of the Development Team

Crystal Lachance Sisler High Winnipeg S.D.
Brad Stelmach Miles Macdonell Collegiate River East S.D.
Felix Lesiuk Teulon Collegiate Interlake S.D.
Miro Gawinski Crocus Plains Regional
Secondary School Brandon S.D.

Manitoba Education Staff

School Programs Division
Lee-Ila Bothe Coordinator Document Production
Services Unit
Educational Resources Branch
Lynn Harrison Desktop Publisher Document Production
Services Unit
Educational Resources Branch
Gilles Landry Project Manager Development Unit
Instruction, Curriculum and
Assessment Branch
Grant Moore Publications Editor Document Production
Services Unit
Educational Resources Branch
Ken Nimchuk Project Leader Learning Support and
Technology Unit
Instruction, Curriculum and
Assessment Branch
Grade 10 Drafting
Contents v

Contents

Acknowledgements
Introduction
Introduction 1
Course Organization 1
Review Material 2
Measurements 2
Design/Redesign 2
Coursework 3
Course Supervisor 3
Tutor/Marker Address 3
Equipment List 4
New Equipment Required 4
Modules 5
Evaluation 6
Supervisor Declaration Form 7
Module 1: Design
Module 2: Reference Tools and Constructions
Module 3: Mechanical Drafting
Part 1: Auxiliary Views
Part 2: Single-View/Orthographic/Isometric Drawings
Module 4: Architectural Design
Part 1: The Architect Scale
Part 2: Architectural Drafting
Conclusion
Glossary
Grade 10 Drafting
Introduction 1

Introduction

Welcome to Grade 10 Drafting Design Technology: A Course for

Independent Study. You are about to begin a course that will enhance
your knowledge about the world of design drafting. This course is
designed around the assumption that you have either completed
Grade 9 Drafting (10G) or have a good understanding of basic drafting
concepts and practices.
As in Grade 9 Drafting, you have a dual role—that of a student and a
teacher. As a student, you are responsible for reading each module,
working through each practice assignment, and completing all
assignments to be sent in to your tutor/maker. As a teacher, you are
responsible for checking your work carefully and correcting any errors
that you find.
Part of your responsibility as a student means that when you work
through each practice assignment, you must record your progress on
the log sheet provided with each module. The log sheets give you the
opportunity to explain any difficulties you encounter and to document
your learning outcomes per module.
Note: It is important to complete each log sheet. These sheets will be
used by your tutor/marker to calculate part of your final grade.

Course Organization
This course is divided into four modules. Each module contains
information that will assist you in working through the course
successfully. It is important that you read each module carefully and
make sure you understand the information in each module. The
knowledge that you gain in the first module is expanded and built
upon in the next module, until you have completed the four modules.
Each module contains projects, pull-out sheets, and/or drawings
that are to be sent in to your tutor/marker for grading.
Finally, each module contains a mail-in cover sheet or sheets, a log
sheet or sheets, and mark sheets. When you have completed a module,
these forms must be completed and sent in to your tutor/marker, along
with any assignments, projects, or pull-out sheets from that module
identified for grading.
 Grade 10 Drafting
2 Introduction

Review Material
As you read and work through the course, you will notice that some
sections are more of a review while others contain new information.
The review material (covered in the Grade 9 course) is meant for you
to reacquaint yourself with the basic concepts of drafting technology.
All new material should be read carefully, paying close attention to the
information that allows you to build on your existing knowledge.
The course is written using technical language and technical writing is
not the most exciting text to read. It is much more difficult to read a
technical manual than a work of fiction. With this in mind, the
amount of text in this course is limited and illustrations are provided
to help you understand the concepts.
Note: You may have to read the text in each module more than once to
understand the concepts completely.

Measurements
The measurements in this course will be expressed in both metric and
imperial units. The metric system is based on the millimetre,
centimetre, and metre. Module 2: Reference Tools and Constructions
(review material) and Module 3: Mechanical Drafting use this system
of measurement.
The imperial system is based on feet, inches, and parts of inches or
fractions. Since this unit of measure may be new to you, there are
measuring assignments associated with this system. Module 4:
Architectural Drafting is based on this measuring system.

Design/Redesign
The theme of this course is design and redesign. Since you either have
completed the Grade 9 Drafting course or have some basic drafting
knowledge, the assumption is that you have a good understanding of
how to lay out and draw in the various forms of drafting. With that in
mind, this course concentrates on how to “design or redesign.” The
assignments and projects reflect this concept. Being able to draw
technically is one thing, but being able to design something new or
improve on something already manufactured (redesign) is quite
different. You know the basics on how to sketch, measure, lay out, and
complete some of the required drawing principles or how to draw in a
technical form. Now, you are going to learn how to build on that
knowledge and start to design.
Grade 10 Drafting
Introduction 3

Coursework
Since drafting is a visual form of communication, all the assignments
in this course are sketches, drawings, or both. An outline of each
module detailing your responsibilities is provided later in this
introduction.
It is recommended that you follow the log sheets and complete the
assignments in the order they are assigned. Your log sheet for each
module indicates which assignments are to be sent in to your tutor/
marker for grading. These assignments are marked on the log sheet as
“SI” for “send in.”

Course Supervisor
To help you stay on track and overcome difficulties, you must find
someone to act as a “supervisor” for the course. The supervisor’s role is
to verify that the required work has been completed and to indicate
this by signing all the log sheets. Remember, it is your responsibility
to do all the assignments in the course. The role of the supervisor is to
witness and confirm that you have completed the required work. Your
supervisor should be a responsible adult from your community or
school.
Ask your supervisor to complete the “Supervisor Declaration” form
found at the end of this introduction, and send it to the address on the
form before you begin the coursework.

Tutor/Marker Address
At the end of each module, you will send in your cover sheet, log
sheet(s), mark sheet(s), and all relevant module work (assignments
and projects) to your tutor/marker. Send your packages to the
following address:
ISO Tutor/Marker
555 Main Street
Winkler, MB R6W 1C4
 Grade 10 Drafting
4 Introduction

Equipment List
If you did not complete the Grade 9 Drafting course, you need to
purchase a drafting kit (MTBB #8978), or obtain the following
equipment (or its equivalent), before you begin this course:
24” Wooden Centre: T-Square
Staedtler #964-12-60° Set Square
Staedtler #964-10-45° Set Square
Staedtler #987-19-SI Metric Scale
Staedtler #120-2H Pencils (2)
Staedtler #100-6H Pencils
Staedtler #259-50 Erasing Shield
Selectum White Vinyl Eraser
Berol #R-2140 Circle Template
Berol #R-2123 Isometric Template
Pico #B20/00-6" Master Bow Compass
New Equipment Required
Mechanical Pencils (2) (Pentel P205, 5 mm, with 2H + 6H lead)
(You could also use the pencils listed above.)
20’ measuring tape
Architect’s scale (Staedtler #987 18-31 or equivalent)
Bond paper stock, 8½” x 11” (white photocopier paper)
Bond paper stock, 11” x 17” (white photocopier paper)
You will also need access to the following:
a pencil sharpener
a roll of masking tape
a glue stick
a pair of scissors
Grade 10 Drafting
Introduction 5

Modules
The modules and the work they encompass are set out below along
with the total marks for each shown in brackets.
Module 1: Design
• Log Sheet ( /15)
• Assignment Questions ( /25)
• Projects 1–4 ( /158)
Module 2: Reference Tools and Construction
• Log Sheet (/15)
• Assignment 1: Sheets 1–6 (/66)
• Assignment 2: Orthographic Sketch (/16) and Drawing (/20)
for a total of (/36)
Module 3: Mechanical Drafting
Part 1: Auxiliary Views
• Log Sheet (/15)
• Assignment 1: Auxiliary Views (/12)
• Assignment 2: Auxiliary Drawings (/82)
Part 2: Single View/Orthographic/Isometric Drawings
• Log Sheet (/15)
• Project 1: Cell Phone Design (/30)
• Project 2: Classic Radio Design (/30)
• Project 3: Futuristic Music Player (/60)
• Project 4: Orthographic (/105)/Isometric (/42) Drawing/Sketches
for a total of (/147)
Module 4: Architectural Design
Part 1: The Architect Scale
• Log Sheet (/15)
• Assignment 1: Measuring Sheets 1–7 (/72)
• Assignment 2: Reading Sheets 7–10 (/100)

DPS-01-2010
 Grade 10 Drafting
6 Introduction

Part 2: Architectural Drafting

• Log Sheet (/15)
• Project 1: Isometric House (/35)
• Project 2: Wall Cross Section (/30)
• Project 3: House Cross Section (/20)
• Project 4: House Plans (/60)
• Assignment 1: Home Discovery (3 sheets) (15 + 45 + 28)
for a total of (/88)
• Assignment 2: Cottage Redesign Sketches (/30) and Drawing (/20)
for a total of (/150)

Evaluation
Your final mark in this course will be based on the results of your
assignments, projects, and drawings, along with your log sheets. The
breakdown is shown below:
Log Sheets 10%
Assignments and Projects 90%
Total 100%

Note: Your tutor/marker may request that you send in additional

assignments, so please keep all your work in a safe place. A binder,
notebook, or portfolio-type folder is ideal for storing your work.
Now is a good time to determine who your course supervisor will be
and to ask him or her to complete the “Supervisor Declaration” form.
Good luck and good learning! Enjoy the course!

DPS-01-2010
Grade 10 Drafting
Introduction 7

Supervisor Declaration

Students: Please ask your course supervisor to complete this form and
return it to:
ISO Grade 10 Drafting Design Technology
555 Main Street
Winkler, MB R6W 1C4

Surname __________________________________ Given Name __________________________

Address ____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________
(City) (Province) (Postal Code)

Telephone _________________________________ ____________________________________

(Home) (Work)

Occupation ________________________________________________________________________

I hereby declare that:

1. I meet the stipulations in accordance with the Independent
Study Option supervision policies, in that I am a teacher,
retired teacher, instructor, university professor, priest, minister,
or commissioner of oaths, or other (please circle one). If other,
please indicate ___________________________________ .
2. I agree to supervise the student noted below and will maintain
strict and adequate supervision throughout the student’s course
term.
3. I will maintain adequate supervision to ensure that the work is
completed by the student noted below.

Name of Student____________________________________________________________________

Course ______________________________________________________ Level ______________

_________________________________________________ Date __________________________

(Signature of Supervisor)

Approval ________________________________________ Date __________________________

(Independent Study Option Advisor)
 Grade 10 Drafting
Design Technology (20G)

Module 1
Design
Grade 10 Drafting
Module 1: Design 3

Module 1

Design

Learning Outcomes
After working through this module, you should be able to
• understand the basic principles of design
• understand how products are developed and manufactured
• understand the importance of research and development
• understand that a design may have several solutions
• identify the qualities of a good design

Terms To Remember
function models
design appearance
R&D industrial designers
reliability product design
solution prototypes
refinements

Module Objectives
This module explains the principles and steps in the design process.
You will learn the various elements that make up a good design.
Understanding the importance of the many variables of each element
is crucial to a good design. A successful designer will have experience
and knowledge in manufacturing and in the various materials used.

What Is Designing?
Designing is an activity that uses a wide range of experiences,
knowledge, and skills to find the best solution to a problem. Designing
involves identifying a problem, coming up with a variety of solutions to
the problem, and creating and testing the solutions to see which one
solves the problem with the best results. It is this testing and
evaluating the solutions that
results in the process starting
over again (redesign). The
important thing to remember is
that there is no such thing as a
wrong design. Some designs
may be more successful than
 Grade 10 Drafting
4 Module 1: Design

others, but they should all have the ability to solve the problem at
hand. An example of this can be seen in almost all manufacturing
industries—from watches, dishes, and running shoes, all the way to
bridges, planes, and automobiles.

The ability to design is a more creative skill than a technical one.

Designing is more than solving a problem; it involves the entire
process of producing a solution for the initial idea all the way to
creating final product, and finally the constant enhancement of the
product. The product never ceases to evolve; it is always in the
redesign phase.
Designers work in every area of life, including clothing design, graphic
design, interior design, jewellery design,
all the way to product engineering and
environmental design. It is important to
understand that although each of the
these areas has its own unique type of
knowledge, they all follow the same
design process.

Why Designs Change

There are a number of reasons why designs change, from different
needs of society, more modern products, to new materials and
technologies. If you take the automobile industry, you can see the
many unique designs that have evolved over the years. There is not
just one type of car. There are cars that serve hundreds of different
applications, from two seaters all the way to multi-passenger vehicles.
There are also a variety of sizes, shapes,
and engine designs.
Grade 10 Drafting
Module 1: Design 5

The whole idea is to improve the quality of life for people through new
and improved products. Besides the automobile, other everyday items
that have changed noticeably over time include the telephone,
television, kitchen appliances, and home electronics. The basic
function of most products does not change dramatically, but every
changing technology allows for designs to evolve constantly.
 Grade 10 Drafting
6 Module 1: Design

What Makes A Good Design

A good design is usually a simple and direct solution to a technical
problem. A well-designed product needs to be functional, efficient, and
dependable. The new product generally replaces a more expensive
item that either does not function properly or is not durable.
People who do this type of planning are called industrial designers.
These men and women must have a creative imagination and a strong
knowledge of engineering principles, production techniques, tools,
machines, and materials, in order to design a new product for
manufacture.
Research and development companies are the backbone of design.
These companies spend a large amount of time and money on research
and development in order to produce new products. Design concepts
need to be studied, tried, refined, retired, then either produced or
discarded. When a design fails in the trying or testing phase, you hear
the familiar quote “back to the drawing board.” This means that the
initial problem was not solved efficiently. The problem needs to be
reworked or redesigned.
Remember the design process is not an exact science and there is no
special formula to follow. However, if designers follow the process of
tried, tested, refined, and retried, there is a strong likelihood of
producing a well-designed product.
Grade 10 Drafting
Module 1: Design 7

The Evolution of a Product

The pictures above and below are examples of how two products have
been redesigned over the years. This redesign or evolution was a result
of a number of factors, including new technologies, new materials, new
trends, new styles, plus a more efficient and practical approach or
look. All these factors had an effect on these products. It should be
noted, however, that the main function of these items did not change
one bit. The toasters all made toast and the phones all allowed you to
communicate. It was the appearance, style, and efficiency that
evolved.
 Grade 10 Drafting
8 Module 1: Design

Design Elements
1 Function
A well-designed product “works” or functions when it does what it was
designed to do and does it efficiently. A problem may have several
solutions but each solution may not work or “function” in the same
manner.

2 Honesty
Honesty applies to the quality of the materials used. In a well-
designed product, one material should not be made to look like another
material. (Plastic should not be made to look like wood.) When
designing, materials play an important role in the finished product.
Good and well thought-out designs call for quality materials.

3 Appearance
Another important element when it comes to designing is the final
appearance. The product could be completely functional and honest in
its use of material, but if its appearance is poor nobody will want it.

4 Reliability
This can be considered one of the most important elements. A well-
designed product that performs its function, but is always breaking
down or is in need of a lot of maintenance will not be successful. It
must be reliable, easy to service, and economical to maintain.

5 Safety
The product when properly designed must be completely safe. Safety
features that protect the user from injury must be part of the basic
design.

6 Quality
This element of design is often confused with “reliability.” Quality,
however, is what brings a well-designed product together in
combination with all the other elements. It is something that cannot
be added, it is a by-product of everything that goes into a design and
assembly of the product. Quality is not something that you can see or
feel.
Grade 10 Drafting
Module 1: Design 9

Steps In The Design Process

When you go about solving a problem, which is the same as designing
a solution, you should always follow the same basic steps used by most
professional designers.

1 The Idea
By identifying a problem, you develop various design solutions. Try to
keep the ideas simple to begin with. An example here could be how to
keep a door from swinging shut. The simple solution would be some
type of door stop.
Simple—a rock in front of the door; a floor wedge
Complex—a mechanical latch

2 Develop Your Ideas

This can be thought of as the testing and rethinking stage. Here your
solutions can be put to the test and evaluated. Pros and cons of each
solution need to be considered. This stage may require simple sketches
to illustrate your solutions. Have people critique your ideas.

3 Make Models
This is where prototypes are constructed. A prototype is generally a
full-scale model of the product to be made. It is often handcrafted and,
in most cases, fully functional. This allows testing that results in a
more accurate evaluation of the design. With today’s sophisticated 3D
computer software, more and more prototype models are being
constructed in virtual space, at a fraction of the cost of a life-like
model. Virtual space is the space inside a computer’s software files.
The product only exists in the software. A problem with virtual space
is that it cannot be touched or handled, and does not allow the
designer to have a real “feel” for the product.

4 Production Drawings
Once the design is seen to be the best solution to the problem, working
drawings are prepared. These are the drawings that the interested
industry require in order to manufacture the product. These drawings
range from simple single view drawings to detailed assembly of
exploded view drawings.
 Grade 10 Drafting
10 Module 1: Design

5 Product Production
Production is where the product is produced in numbers that allow it
to be cost efficient. As more units are manufactured, the cost per unit
comes down. The cost of designing the product from the initial idea to
the research and development, as well as the material and labour
costs, are spread out over the number of units produced.

Example Of Production Costs

If the total cost of running a factory is $1000 a day and it produces one
item, that one item would cost $1000. If two items are produced, then
they would cost $500 each. If the factory produces 1000 items, then
each item would cost $1.
Module 1: Design
Assignment
 Module 1: Design
Pull-out Assignment
Total Marks: 25
(pull out and send in to your tutor/marker when you have completed Module 1)

1. Briefly explain what design, test, and redesign means.

Design: ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Test: ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Redesign: ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______ / 3

2. List the six elements of design. (Give two examples for each element.)
1. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

5. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

6. ______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

______ / 6
Module 1: Design
Pull-out Assignment
(page 2)

3. What is the difference between a well-designed item versus a poorly designed

item.

______ / 2

4. Why is it important to have knowledge of the different manufacturing processes

if you are a designer?

______ / 3
Module 1: Design
Pull-out Assignment
(page 3)

5. List the steps that you would follow to solve a design problem. Use an example
of a household product. Briefly describe each step.

______ / 8

6. Explain the statement: “Most designers sketch more than they actually draw.”

______ / 3
Module 1: Design
Module Projects
 Module 1: Design
Project 1
Total Marks: 75 (See mark sheet in Cover/Log/Mark Sheets section.)

On three separate sheets of 11” x 17” paper, place a collection of pictures (5–6)
that shows the evolution of a product over time. Pick three products and identify
the production years for the product (for example, 1920, 1950, and 1970 cars versus
a modern car).
Sources of pictures include magazine and newspaper clippings, photographs,
drawings, or pictures downloaded from the Internet (<www.google.ca> search
images).
Sample Layout

Product #1: _____________________________ Name: ______________________________

Photo 2
Photo 1 Photo 3

brief description
brief description

brief description

Photo 4 Photo 5

Photo 6

brief description brief description

brief description

In this box explain why you chose this item and how it has evolved.

Instructions
The schematic above is an example of how to lay out the assignment. Paste or tape
your pictures in the order of evolution. Under each image give a brief description
about the item you picked and try to attach a date to each image. At the top of the
sheet, list the product and your name. At the bottom or on the back of the sheet,
explain why you chose this item and how the design has changed or evolved.
Note: This assignment requires that you do layouts for three different products
on three separate sheets.
 Module 1: Design
Project 2
Total Marks: 35 (See mark sheet in Cover/Log/Mark Sheets section.)

On a sheet of 11” x 17” paper place a collection of pictures that show products made
by the following industries:
aerospace
building construction
structural
manufacturing
map-making
electrical and electronics
Sources of pictures include magazine and newspaper clippings, photographs,
drawings, or pictures downloaded from the Internet (<www.google.ca> search
images).
Sample Layout

Name: ______________________________

aerospace building structural

construction

brief description brief description brief description

manufacturing map-making electrical

and electronics

brief description brief description brief description

Instructions
The schematic above is an example of how to lay out the assignment. Paste or tape
your pictures for each industry onto the sheet of paper. Under each image give a
brief description about the industry. Write your name at the top of the sheet. Use a
11” x 17” sheet of paper for this project.
 Module 1: Design
Project 3
Total Marks: 20 (See mark sheet in Cover/Log/Mark Sheets section.)

On a sheet of 11” x 17” paper place an example of a poorly designed item and an
item that needs to be redesigned. Explain why you chose your examples and what
needs to be done to make them more effective.
Sources of pictures include magazine and newspaper clippings, photographs,
drawings, or pictures downloaded from the Internet (<www.google.ca> search
images).
Sample Layout

Name: ______________________________

product that needs a poorly

to be redesigned designed product

brief description brief description

Instructions
The schematic above is an example of how to lay out the assignment. Paste or tape
your pictures for each item onto the sheet of paper. Under each image give a brief
description about the item you chose and why the design requires a change. Write
your name at the top of the sheet. Use a 11” x 17” sheet of paper for this
project.
 Module 1: Design
Project 4
Total Marks: 28 (See mark sheet in Cover/Log/Mark Sheets section.)

On a sheet of 11” x 17” paper place four pairs of items that go or could go together
to form a new or improved product (examples include pencil and eraser, mop and
spray bottle, tent and car).
Sources of pictures include magazine and newspaper clippings, photographs,
drawings, or pictures downloaded from the Internet (<www.google.ca> search
images).
Sample Layout

Name: ______________________________

two products that two products that

could go together could go together
#1 #2

brief description brief description

two products that two products that

could go together could go together
#3 #4

brief description brief description

Instructions
The schematic above is an example of how to lay out the assignment. Paste or tape
your pictures for each combination product onto the sheet of paper. Under each
image give a brief description about the items you chose and why the think they
should go together. Write your name at the top of the sheet. Use a 11” x 17” sheet
of paper for this project.