Electricity Generation With The Use of Wind Energy

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Electricity Generation

With the Use of Wind Energy

A research paper submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the subject

BES 124(ENGINEERING RESEARCH)

To

Engr. Alvin P. Miguel

Instructor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

College of Engineering and Technology

Western Mindanao State University

By

Dan Arvin S. Dumaguin

PAGE i
October 29, 2013

Engr. Alvin P. Miguel

Department Head of Electrical Engineering

Western Mindanao State University

Normal road. Baliwasan

Zamboanga City

Dear Engr. Miguel

In compliance to my academic requirements in the subject BES124 (Engineering Research),

I am submitting the attached report entitled “Electricity Generation with the use of Wind

Energy”, this report has been complete by the knowledge that I have gathered from the

course Electrical engineering, I would be happy if you read this report carefully and I will be

trying to answer all the questions that you have about the report.

I hope you find this report Satisfactory.

Sincerely yours,

Dan Arvin S. Dumaguin

(Student)

PAGE ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research project would not have been possible without the support and help of

many people. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all those who offered me the

possibility and opportunity to complete this report.

Firstly. To God for the wisdom and knowledge he had given me.

Secondly. To my parents for the financial and moral support throughout the whole

process of the report and by keeping me pleasant and helping me to have the report done.

I will be forever thankful for your unending love.

Lastly. To Engr. Alvin P. Miguel for the valuable guidance and advice.

PAGE iii
PREFACE

Given the endeavours to protect the environment and a constantly growing need for

energy, the supply of energy is one of the biggest challenges that will have to face in the

near future – politically, economically, but also scientifically. With depleting fossil fuel

reserves, calls for renewable energies continue to grow louder.

Experts agree that energy from the wind will considerably contribute to the energy

mix of the future. Sustainably produced chemical fuels for aviation and heavy transport will

join the main energy carrier, electricity. In order to harness the wind’s full potential,

researchers are studying into scientific and technological basis of it.

The study will cover up the following objectives:

 To be able to know more about Wind Energy.

 To be able to see its advantages.

 To be able to discuss its importance.

 To be able to know how wind is converted to electricity.

PAGE iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE - - - - - - i

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL - - - - - - ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT - - - - - - iii

PREFACE - - - - - - iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS - - - - - - v

SUMMARY - - - - - - vi

I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . 1

II. BRIEF HISTORY . . . . . . . . 2

III. DISCUSSION

A. Wind Generation for Developing Countries . . . 4

B. The Power in the Wind . . . . . . 4

C. Wind into Watts . . . . . . . 6

D. Principles of Wind Energy Conversion . . . . 7

E. Types and Characteristics of Rotor . . . . 7

F. Anatomy and Characteristics of the Wind Generator . . 9

G. Grid Connected or Battery Charging . . . . 10

H. Other Issues . . . . . . . 12

I. Pros and Cons . . . . . . . 13

IV. CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . 14

V. RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . 15

VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . 16

VII. DEFINITION OF TERMS . . . . . . . 17

PAGE v
SUMMARY

Generation of electricity by wind energy has the potential to reduce environmental

impacts caused by use of fossil fuels to generate electricity because, unlike fossil fuels, wind

energy does not generate atmospheric contaminants or thermal pollution, thus being

attractive to many governments, organizations, and individuals. Others have focused on

adverse environmental impacts of wind-energy facilities, which include aesthetic and other

impacts on humans and effects on ecosystems, including the killing of wildlife, especially

birds and bats. Some environmental effects of wind-energy facilities, especially those from

transportation (roads to and from the plant site) and transmission (roads or clearings for

transmission lines), are common to all electricity-generating plants; other effects, such as

their aesthetic impacts, are specific to wind-energy facilities.

This report provides analyses to help to understand and evaluate positive and

negative environmental effects of wind-energy facilities. Wind energy has a long history,

having been used for sailing vessels at least since 3100 BC. Traditionally, windmills were

used to lift water and grind grain as early as the 10th century AD. However, significant

electricity generation from wind in the United States began only in the 1980s, in California;

today, electricity is generated from wind in 36 states, including Alaska and Hawaii.

Wind energy is the fastest growing energy technology in the world. Wind energy is

here to stay, we cannot afford to wait to do the right thing anymore, we need solutions to

global warming problems now, and without doubt wind energy is one of these solutions.

PAGE vi
Introduction

Energy from the wind has been harnessed for thousands of years, making wind

power one of the oldest forms of renewable energy. Early windmills were used for pumping

water or grinding grain. With the onset of industrialization, people began adapting windmills

into wind turbines used for generating electricity.

Wind farms are built in geographical areas that are conducive to consistent prevailing

winds. For utility-sized applications, many wind turbines are built in close proximity to one

another to form a “wind farm”. On these wind farms, giant wind turbines harness the kinetic

energy in wind to create electricity.

The process of wind-produced electricity generation begins when the force of the

wind pushes against the turbines’ blades, causing them to rotate, creating mechanical

energy. The spinning blades, attached to a hub and a low speed shaft, turn along with the

blades. The rotating low speed shaft is connected to a gearbox that connects to a high

speed shaft on the opposite side of the gearbox. This high speed shaft connects to an

electrical generator that converts mechanical energy from the rotation of the blades into

electric energy. Spinning between 11 and 20 times per minute, each turbine can generate a

maximum of 1.5 megawatts of electricity-enough to power, on average, more than 500

residential homes

Wind power, as an alternative to fossil fuels, is plentiful, renewable, widely

distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emission during operation and uses little

land. The effects on the environment are generally less problematic than those from other

sources.

PAGE 1
Brief History

Wind power technology dates back many centuries. There are historical claims that

wind machines which harness the power of the wind date back beyond the time of the

ancient Egyptians. Hero of Alexandria used a simple windmill to power an organ whilst the

Babylonian emperor, Hammurabi, used windmills for an ambitious irrigation project as early

as the 17th century BC. The Persians built windmills in the 7th century AD for milling and

irrigation and rustic mills similar to these early vertical axis designs can still be found in the

region today. In Europe the first windmills were seen much later, probably having been

introduced by the English on their return from the crusades in the Middle East or possibly

transferred to Southern Europe by the Muslims after their conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.

It was in Europe that much of the subsequent technical development took place. By the late

part of the 13th century the typical ‘European windmill’ had been developed and this

became the norm until further developments were introduced during the 18th century. At

the end of the 19th century there were more than 30,000 windmills in Europe, used

primarily for the milling of grain and water pumping.

The first wind powered electricity was produced by a machine built by Charles F.

Brush in Cleveland, Ohio in 1888. It had a rated power of 12 kW (direct current - dc). Direct

current electricity production continued in the form of small scale, stand-alone systems until

the 1930's when the first large scale AC turbine was constructed in the USA. There was then

a general lull in interest until the 1970's when the fuel crises sparked a revival in research

and development work in North America (USA and Canada) and Europe (Denmark,

Germany, The Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the UK). Modern wind turbine generators

are highly sophisticated machines, taking full advantage of state-of-the-art technology, led

by improvements in aerodynamic and structural design, materials technology and

mechanical, electrical and control engineering and capable of producing several megawatts .

PAGE 2
During the 1980's installed capacity costs dropped considerably and wind power has

become an economically attractive option for commercial electricity generation. Large wind

farms or wind power stations have become a common sight in many western countries. In

2001 Denmark alone had 2000 Megawatts of electricity generating capacity from more than

5,700 wind turbines, representing 14% of their national electricity consumption. Wind is a

clean, safe, renewable form of energy.

PAGE 3
Wind Generation for Developing Countries

Unlike the trend toward large-scale grid connected wind turbines seen in the West,

the more immediate demand for rural energy supply in developing countries is for smaller

machines in the 5 - 100 kW range. These can be connected to small, localised micro-grid

systems and used in conjunction with diesel generating sets and/or solar photovoltaic

systems. Currently, the use of wind power for electricity production in developing countries

is limited, the main area of growth being for very small battery charging wind turbines (50 -

150 Watts). In Inner Mongolia there are over 30,000 such machines used by herders for

providing power for lighting, televisions, radios, etc. Other applications for small wind

machines include water pumping, telecommunications power supply and irrigation.

To a lesser degree, there has been a parallel development in small-scale wind

generators for supplying electricity for battery charging, for stand-alone applications and for

connection to small grids.

Table shows the classification system for wind turbines.

Scale Rotor diameter Power rating


Micro Less than 3m 50W to 2kW
Small 3m to 12m 2kW to 40kW
Medium 12m to 45m 40kWto 999kW
Large 46m and Larger More than 1MW
Table

The Power in the Wind

PAGE 4
The power in the wind is proportional to:

• The area of windmill being swept by the wind

• The cube of the wind speed

• The air density - which varies with altitude

PAGE 4
The wind systems that exist over the earth’s surface are a result of variations in air

pressure. These are in turn due to the variations in solar heating. Warm air rises and cooler

air rushes in to take its place. Wind is merely the movement of air from one place to

another. There are global wind patterns related to large scale solar heating of different

regions of the earth’s surface and seasonal variations in solar incidence. There are also

localised wind patterns due the effects of temperature differences between land and seas, or

mountains and valleys. Wind speed generally increases with height above ground. This is

because the roughness of ground features such as vegetation and houses cause the wind to

be slowed. Wind speed data can be obtained from wind maps or from the meteorology

office. Unfortunately the general availability and reliability of wind speed data is extremely

poor in many regions of the world. However, significant areas of the world have mean

annual wind speeds of above 4-5 m/s (metres per second) which makes small-scale wind

powered electricity generation an attractive option.

The formula used for calculating the power in the wind is shown below:

( density of air ) ( swept area )( velocity ) 3 ( ρ) ( A ) (v ) 3


Power= ¿ P=
2 2

Where:

P = power in watts (W)

p = air density in kilograms per cubic metre (kg/m3)

A = swept rotor area in square metres (m2)

V = wind speed in metres per second (m/s)

The fact that the power is proportional to the cube of the wind speed is very

significant. This can be demonstrated by pointing out that if the wind speed doubles then

the power in the wind increases by a factor of eight. It is therefore worthwhile finding a site

which has a relatively high mean wind speed.

PAGE 5
Wind into Watts

Although the power equation above gives us the power in the wind, the actual power

that we can extract from the wind is significantly less than this figure suggests. The actual

power will depend on several factors, such as the type of machine and rotor used, the

sophistication of blade design, friction losses, and the losses in the pump or other

equipment connected to the wind machine. There are also physical limits to the amount of

power that can be extracted realistically from the wind. It can been shown theoretically that

any windmill can only possibly extract a maximum of 59.3% of the power from the wind

(this is known as the Betz limit). In reality, this figure is usually around 45% (maximum) for

a large electricity producing turbine and around 30% to 40% for a wind pump. So,

modifying the formula for ‘Power in the wind’ we can say that the power which is produced

by the wind machine can be given by:

PM = ½.Cp.ρ.A.V3

Where:

PM = power (in watts) available from the machine

CP = coefficient of performance of the wind machine

It is also worth bearing in mind that a wind machine will only operate at its maximum

efficiency for a fraction of the time it is running, due to variations in wind speed. A rough

estimate of the output from a wind machine can be obtained using the following equation:

PA = 0.2 A V3

Where:

PA = average power output in watts over the year

V = mean annual wind speed in m/s

PAGE 6
Principles of Wind Energy Conversion

There are two primary physical principles by which energy can be extracted from the

wind; these are through the creation of either lift or drag force (or through a combination of

the two). The difference between drag and lift is illustrated by the difference between using

a spinnaker sail, which fills like a parachute and pulls a sailing boat with the wind, and a

Bermuda rig, the familiar triangular sail which deflects with wind and allows a sailing boat to

travel across the wind or slightly into the wind. Drag forces provide the most obvious means

of propulsion, these being the forces felt by a person (or object) exposed to the wind. Lift

forces are the most efficient means of propulsion but being more subtle than drag forces are

not so well understood.

The basic features that characterise lift and drag are:

• Drag is in the direction of air flow

• Lift is perpendicular to the direction of air flow

• Generation of lift always causes a certain amount of drag to be developed

• With a good aerofoil, the lift produced can be more than thirty times greater than the drag

• Lift devices are generally more efficient than drag devices

Types and Characteristics of Rotors

There are two main families of wind machines: vertical axis machines and horizontal

axis machines. These can in turn use either lift or drag forces to harness the wind. The

horizontal axis lift device is the type most commonly used. In fact other than a few

experimental machines virtually all windmills come under this category. There are several

technical parameters that are used to characterise windmill rotors. The tip speed ratio is

defined as the ratio of the speed of the extremities of a windmill rotor to the speed of the

PAGE 7
free wind. Drag devices always have tip-speed ratios less than one and hence turn slowly,

whereas lift devices can have high tip-speed ratios (up to 13:1) and hence turn quickly

relative to the wind.

The proportion of the power in the wind that the rotor can extract is termed the

coefficient of performance (or power coefficient or efficiency; symbol Cp) and its variation

as a function of tip-speed ratio is commonly used to characterise different types of rotor. As

mentioned earlier there is an upper limit of Cp = 59.3%, although in practice real wind

rotors have maximum Cp values in the range of 25%-45%.

Solidity is usually defined as the percentage of the area of the rotor, which contains

material rather than air. Low-solidity machines run at higher speed and tend to be used for

electricity generation. High-solidity machines carry a lot of material and have coarse blade

angles. They generate much higher starting torque (torque is the twisting or rotary force

produced by the rotor) than low-solidity machines but are inherently less efficient than low-

solidity machines. The wind pump is generally of this type. High solidity machines will have

a low tip-speed ratio and vice versa.

There are various important wind speeds to consider:

 Start-up wind speed - the wind speed that will turn an unloaded rotor

 Cut-in wind speed – the wind speed at which the rotor can be loaded

 Rated wind speed – the wind speed at which the machine is designed to run (this is

an optimum tip-speed ratio

 Furling wind speed – the wind speed at which the machine will be turned out of the

wind to prevent damage

 Maximum design wind speed – the wind speed above which damage could occur to

the machine

PAGE 8
The choice of rotor is dictated largely by the characteristic of the load and hence of the

end use. Some common rotor types and their characteristics are shown in Table below.

TYPE SPEED TORQUE Cp SOLIDITY% USE

Horizontal
Axis

Multi-Blade Low High 0.25-0.4 50-80 Mechanical


Power

Three-Bladed High Low Up to 0.45 Less than 5 Electricity


Aerofoil Production

Vertical
Axis

Panemone Low Medium Less than 0.1 50 Mechanical


Power

Darrieus Moderate Very Low 0.25-0.35 10-20 Electricity


Production

Comparison of Rotor Types

Anatomy and Characteristics of the Wind Generator

A typical small wind generator has rotor that is directly coupled to the generator

which produces electricity either at 120/240 volt alternating current for direct domestic use

or at 12/24 volt direct current for battery charging. Larger machines generate 3 phase

electricity. There is often a tail vane which keeps the rotor orientated into the wind. Some

wind machines have a tail vane which is designed for automatic furling (turning the machine

out of the wind) at high wind speeds to prevent damage. Larger machines have pitch

PAGE 9
controlled blades (the angle at which the blades meet the wind is controlled) which achieve

the same function. The tower is of low solidity to prevent wind interference and are often

guyed to give support to the tower.

PAGE 9
Grid Connected or Battery Charging

Depending on the circumstances, the distribution of electricity from a wind machine

can be carried out in one of various ways. Commonly, larger machines are connected to a

grid distribution network. This can be the main national network, in which case electricity

can be sold to the electricity utility (providing an agreement can be made between the

producer and the grid) when an excess is produced and purchased when the wind is low.

Using the national grid helps provide flexibility to the system and does away with the need

for a back-up system when wind speeds are low.

Micro-grids distribute electricity to smaller areas, typically a village or town. When

wind is used for supplying electricity to such a grid, a diesel generator set is often used as a

backup for the periods when wind speeds are low. Alternatively, electricity storage can be

used but this is an expensive option. Hybrid systems use a combination of two or more

energy sources to provide electricity in all weather conditions. The capital cost for such a

system is high but subsequent running costs will be low compared with a pure diesel

system.

In areas where households are widely dispersed or where grid costs are prohibitively

expensive, battery charging is an option. For people in rural areas a few tens of watts of

power are sufficient for providing lighting and a source of power for a radio or television.

Batteries can be returned to the charging station occasionally for recharging. This reduces

the inconvenience of an intermittent supply due to fluctuating wind speeds. 12 and 24 volt

direct current wind generators are commercially available which are suitable for battery

charging applications. Smaller turbines (50 -150 watt) are available for individual household

connection.

PAGE 10
Other Issues

Environmental concerns

Wind power is a clean renewable energy source. There are, however some

environmental considerations to keep in mind when planning a wind power scheme. They

include the following:

• Electromagnetic interference - some television frequency bands are susceptible to

interference from wind generators.

• Noise - wind rotors, gearboxes and generators create acoustic noise when functioning;

this needs to be considered when siting a machine.

• Visual impact - modern wind machines are large objects and have a significant visual

impact on their surroundings. Some argue that it is a positive visual impact, others to the

contrary.

Cost - economics

The cost of producing electricity form the wind is heavily dependent on the local wind

regime. As mentioned earlier the power output from the wind machine is proportional to

cube of the wind speed and so a slight increase in wind speed will mean a significant

increase in power and a subsequent reduction in unit costs. Capital costs for wind power are

high, but running costs are low and so access to initial funds, subsidies or low interest loans

are an obvious advantage when considering a wind-electric system. If a hybrid system is

used a careful cost-benefit analysis needs to be carried out. A careful matching of the load

and energy supply options should be made to maximise the use of the power from the wind

- a load which accepts a variable input is ideally matched to the intermittent nature of wind

power.

PAGE 11
Pros and Cons

Based on a study produced at the State University of NY (SUNY) at Albany, the

ground around the turbines can warm up at night. This is due to the mixing, by the

turbines, of the cool night air at ground level with the warmer air above. While the effect is

real, the concern is not, since this phenomenon does not introduce new heat into the

planet’s atmosphere, as the carbon dioxide layer does by trapping heat that would

otherwise escape into space. Rather, this small, localized effect is simply mixing heat that is

already there, with cooler air below it. If you think of it as a pot of soup on a stove, the sun

provides the heat, the greenhouse gases form the lid, and the action of the windmills would

be like you stirring the soup, albeit with a very small spoon. Life on Earth, as we know it

today, evolved at temperatures that were present before the lid was on.

It is true that this mixing of air could impact local weather in the vicinity of the

windmills, but experts believe that this effect can be reduced with enhanced turbine blade

designs that minimize mixing and by siting the turbines in areas that are naturally more

turbulent.

Here then are the wind power pros and cons.

Pros

 Clean energy, no fuel to drill, frack, mine, transport or burn

 Renewable and sustainable

 Costs are relatively low and continue to decrease

 Abundant domestic supply (16X current electric demand!)

 The power is essentially free once the infrastructure is paid for.

 Low life cycle carbon footprint. Breakeven in eight months.

 Can be used almost anywhere.

PAGE 12
Cons

 As mentioned earlier, the wind is inconsistent, unsteady and unpredictable

 Wind power is not cheap and like many energy sources, rely on government

subsidies to remain competitive.

 Wind farms are generally located in rural areas that might be otherwise picturesque.

They are considered by some people to be an eyesore.

 Some people complain of noise from the turbines.

 Wildlife impact. Not only birds, but bats have experienced fatalities.

 Localized impact on night-time temperatures and weather

PAGE 13
CONCLUSION

It is imperative that we take precautions when distributing and consuming the

earth’s resources. The current use of natural gas and fossil fuels combined with increasing

global population has caused the earth’s resources to be abused and depleted. The effects

on the environment are exhausting and threatening to the sustainability of the earth. In

2009, the world consumed approximately 76 million barrels of oil per day, and this number

continues to increase (Nation Master 2010). Our oil reserves are diminishing, and energy

production currently depends too highly on oil and fuels, which contribute to greenhouse

gas emissions. Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere have dire consequences, including

global warming. The first step to protecting our world is to take action in renewable, eco-

friendly energy sources. One way to do this is to invest in and expand the wind power

industry, which is one of the most promising renewable energy sources. Wind power helps

to maintain low energy costs comparable to cheap fossil fuels and natural gas, while

minimizing negative impacts on the environment.

In summary, wind power, is not a perfect solution, but it is far better than just about

anything else we have available at the moment. I would consider it a good long term

transitional energy source over the next fifty to a hundred years.

The other good thing about wind: unlike nuclear power, or tar sands oil, which will each

leave a long term toxic legacy, when we are finally done with wind, we can simply take

down the towers and allow nature to grow back in.

PAGE 14
RECOMMENDATIONS

Like other renewable energy sources, wind energy has many advantages. It reduces

greenhouse gas emissions by using turbines, which produce energy and electricity when

moved by the wind, and can reduce electricity costs (Energy Informative 2012). All the

turbines need to be able to function is wind, which is just air in natural motion, and air is

everywhere. People could not escape air even if they wanted to. It is a component of life,

and will be present in our lives for as long as we live. On almost any day, a step outdoors

constitutes an encounter with wind. That wind signifies a promise, a free, abundant, and

sustainable promise that will not depreciate if we take advantage of it. We are encouraged

to maximize the benefits of this resource because it can only help make our world a better,

cleaner place. It will also foster domestic growth for multiple reasons. First, the native

materials used to construct the turbines promote the domestic economy. Second, the

turbines are a profitable investment; growth and development in the technology predict a

high potential return, and increases in investment augment the country’s GDP. Lastly, wind

energy opens new markets and new prospects. Right now, mechanics are working to

increase capacity factors so that energy can be stored for times when there isn’t much wind.

Based from these facts, Electricity generation through the use of wind is very

economical and nature friendly it will be helpful for the Filipino people especially us which

are suffering crisis from power shortage, but a further must be done since Wind Power

plants need to build in windy areas.

PAGE 15
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Websites:

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power

 http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter16.html

 http://www.canwea.ca/wind-energy/index_e.php

 http://www.builditsolar.com/Projects/Wind/wind.htm

 http://energybible.com/wind_energy/glossary.html

PDFs:

 [PDF] Wind for Electricity Generation – Practical Action

 [PDF] Wind Energy Systems for Electric Power Generation

 [PDF] Wind Turbines

 [PDF] Wind Power Wind Power Fundamentals - MIT

PAGE 16
DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Anemometer — an instrument used to measure the velocity, or speed, of the wind.

 Armature — the moving part of an alternator, generator or motor. In many

alternator designs, it carries the magnets and is attached to the blades and hub. Also

called a Rotor.

 Balancing — with wind turbine blades, adjusting their weight and weight distribution

through 2 axes so that all blades are the same. Unbalanced blades create damaging

vibration.

 Blades— the flat panels on a wind turbine that are connected to a center shaft that

converts the push of the wind into a circular motion in a wind turbine.

 Cut-in speed — the wind speed at which the turbine blades begin to rotate and

produce electricity, typically around 10 miles per hour.

 Cut-out speed — the wind speed at which the turbine automatically stops the blades

from turning and rotates out of the wind to avoid damage to the turbine, usually

around 55 to 65 miles per hour.

 Inverter — a device that converts direct current electricity to alternating current

either for stand-alone systems or to supply power to an electricity grid.

 Power curve — the instantaneous power output of a specific turbine design at various

wind speeds. Used with wind resource data to determine the potential for electricity

generation at a project site.

 Rotor — comprises the spinning parts of a wind turbine, including the turbine blades

and the hub.

 Thrust bearing — A bearing that is designed to handle axial forces along the centre

line of the shaft--in a wind generator, this is the force of the wind pushing back

against the blades.

PAGE 17
 Tower — the base structure that supports and elevates a wind turbine rotor and

nacelle.

 Turbine — A device for converting the flow of a fluid (air, steam, water, or hot gases)

into mechanical motion that can be utilized to produce electricity.

 Watt — the rate of energy transfer equivalent to one ampere under an electrical

pressure of one volt. One watt equals 1/746 horsepower, or one joule per second. It

is the product of voltage and current (amperage).

 Waveform — the shape of the phase power at a certain frequency and amplitude.

 Wind speed — the rate at which air particles move through the atmosphere,

commonly measured with an anemometer.

 Wind vane — a device used to measure wind direction.

 Windmill — A device that uses wind power to mill grain into flour. But informally used

as a synonym for wind generator or wind turbine, and to describe machines that

pump water with wind power.

PAGE 18

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