Chem-1 Exp
Chem-1 Exp
Chem-1 Exp
Aim:
Determine the surface tension of a given liquid at room temp using
stalgmometer by drop number method
Requirements:
Stalgmometer, specific gravity bottle, a small rubber tube with a screw pinch
cork, distilled water, experimental liquid.
Theory:
In the drop number method, the number of drops formed by equal volumes
of two liquid is counted. If m1 and m2 is the mass of one drop of each of the
liquid having densities d1 and d2 respectively. If n1 and n2 is the number of
drops formed by volume v of the two liquids, then their surface tensions are
related as
¥1/¥2= (d1/d2)*(n2/n1)
One of the liquid is water its surface tension and density are known.Then te
surface tension of the given liquid can be calculated.
Procedure:
1. Clean the stalgmometer with chromic acid mix, wash with water and dry
it
2. Attach a small piece of rubber tube having a screw pinch cock at the
upper end of the stalgmometer.
3. Immerse the lower end of the stalgmometer in distilled water and suck the
water 1-2cm above mark A. adjust the pinch cork so that 10-15 drops fall per
minute
4.Clamp the stalgmometer allow the water drops to fall and start counting
the number of drops when the meniscus crosses the upper mark A and stop
counting when the meniscus passes mark B
5. Repeat the exercise to take three to four readings
6. Rinse the stalgmometer with alcohol and dry it
7. Suck the given liquid in the stalgmometer and count the drops as in case
of water
8. Take a clean dry weighing bottle weighs it with water as well as with
liquid.
9. Note the temp of water taken in a beaker.
Observations:
Room temp=t0C
Density of water=dw
Surface tension of water=¥ dynes/cm
Calculations:
Density of the liquid
Dl= (w3-w1)/(w2 –w1) *dw
Surface tension of liquid=
¥l/¥w = (dl/dw)*(nw/nl)* ¥w
Result
The surface tension of liquid is ………dynes/cm.
Experiment-2
Weight of weighing bottle+ 10 drops of water=w2 gram Weight of bottle+ 10 drops of liquid=w3gram
Weight of water= (w2-w1)gram Weight of liquid= (w3-w1)gram Calculations-
¥l/¥w= (w3-w1)/(w2- w1)
Result-
The surface tension of the given liquid isDynes/cm
EXPERIMENT 3
Theory: The force of friction which one part of the liquid offers to another
part of the liquid is called viscosity. For measuring the viscosity coefficient,
Ostwald viscometer method is used which is based on Poiseuille’s law.
According to this law, the rate of flow of liquid through a capillary tube
having viscosity coefficient, , can be expressed as
r tP
4
8vl
where, v= vol. of liquid (in ml)
t= flow time (in sec.) through
capillary r= radius of the
capillary (in cm)
l= length of the capillary (in cm)
P= hydrostatic pressure (in dyne/sq.cm)
= viscosity coefficient (in poise).
Since, the hydrostatic pressure (the driving force) of the liquid is given by P
= dg h (where h is the height of the column and d is the density of the
liquid);
Pt; or, dght
If, 1 and 2 are the viscosity coefficients of the liquids under study, d1, d2
, are their densities and t1 and t2 are their times of flow of equal volume of
liquids through the same capillary respectively, then
1 d1 g h t1 and 2
d2 g h t2
1 d1t1
Hence,
2 d 2t2
respect to water whose viscosity is known very accurately at different temperatures. The SI physical unit of v
viscosity of one Pa·s is placed between two plates, and one plate is pushed
sideways with a shear stress of one pascal, it moves a distance equal to the
thickness of the layer between the plates in one second. The cgs unit for the
same is the poise (P), (named after J. L. Marie Poiseuille). It is more
commonly expressed, as centipoise (cP). [1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s]. Water at 20
°C has a viscosity of 1.0020 cP.
Procedure:
Observations:
1. Laboratory temperature=…. C
2. Density measurement:
Weight of empty R.D.bottle (w1) =…g.
Weight of R.D.bottle with water (w2) =…g.
Weight of R.D. bottle with liquid (w3) =…g.
So, weight of water (ww) = (w2-w1) =…g.
Flow times
Sl no. (sec)
t1 t2 t3 mean
1
2
3
4
Calculations:
1. Determination of the density of the liquid (dl):
Density of liquid= Weight of liquid
REQUIREMENTS
Colorimeter cuvette
five 20 × 150 mm test tubes
two 10 mL pipets or graduated cylinders two 100 mL beakers
1. 01M K2 Cr2 O7 solution
distilled water test tube rack stirring rod
tissues (preferably lint-free)
PROCEDURE
1 2 8 0.002
2 4 6 0.004
3 6 4 0.006
4 8 2 0.008
5 ~10 0 0.0100
4. Prepare a blank by filling a cuvette 3/4 full with distilled water. To correctly
use cuvettes, remember:
Wipe the outside of each cuvette with a lint-free tissue.
Handle cuvettes only by the top edge of the ribbed sides.
Dislodge any bubbles by gently tapping the cuvette on a hard surface.
Always position the cuvette so the light passes through the clear sides.
You are now ready to collect absorbance-concentration data for the five standard
solutions.
a. Using the solution in Test Tube 1, rinse the cuvette twice with ~1 mL
amounts and then fill it 3/4 full. Wipe the outside with a tissue and place it
in the device (Colorimeter or Spectrometer). Close the lid on the
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d. Repeat the procedure for Test Tubes 3 and 4. Trial 5 is the original
0.01M K2 Cr2 O7 solution. Note: Do not test the unknown solution
e. uWnhtiel nStyeopu9h.ave finished testing the
standard solutions f.
10. Determine the absorbance value of the unknown K2 Cr2 O7 solution.
a. Obtain about 5 mL of the unknown K2 Cr2 O7 in another clean, dry, test
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c. Read the absorbance value displayed in the meter. When the displayed
absorbance value stabilizes, record its value as Trial 6 in your data table.
d. Select Interpolate from the Analyze menu. Find the absorbance value that
is closest to the absorbance reading you obtained in Step c above.
Determine the concentration of your unknown K2 Cr2 O7 solution and
record the concentration in your data table.
e. Dispose of any of the remaining solutions as directed.
DATA TABLE
Trial Concentration (mol/L) Absorbance
1 0.002
2 0.004
3 0.006
4 0.008
5 0.010
Unknown number
6 ____