Elsa Pinkan Septivia 2201844622 Personal Assignment 4 (WEEK10 / SESSION15) (120 Minutes)
Elsa Pinkan Septivia 2201844622 Personal Assignment 4 (WEEK10 / SESSION15) (120 Minutes)
Elsa Pinkan Septivia 2201844622 Personal Assignment 4 (WEEK10 / SESSION15) (120 Minutes)
2201844622
PERSONAL ASSIGNMENT 4
(WEEK10 / SESSION15)
(120 minutes)
Resource: LN and PPT Week 9, 10 Session 13, 14, 15
Decisions
A third conceptual perspective emphasizes the internal dynamics of the decision unit and
the extent to which decisions are based on political forces within the organization. This
perspective demonstrates how bargaining among individuals who have different interests and
motives and varying levels of power in the decision unit leads to eventual compromise that is not
the preferred choice of any of the members of the decision unit.
Each of these three perspectives on the decision-making process demonstrates a different
point of view on decision making, a different lens through which teh decision-making process
can be observed. It is safe to say that decision making in the most organizations shows marked
influences from each perspective; i.e., an organization strives to get as close as possible to the
rational model in its decisions, yet the internal routines and dynamics of the organization come
into play in the decision.
Questions
1. It can be inferred from the information in paragraph 1 that the theoretical decision-making
process
A. Involves only the decision maker
B. Requires to contemplation of numerous options
C. Is made without the decision unit
D. Does not work in real situations
3. All of the following are listed in paragraph 1 as having an effect of decisions EXCEPT
A. Evaluation of the problem
B. Focus on objectives
C. Generation of options
D. Open-ended discussions
4. Look at the four squares [ ] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the
passage.
Additionally, when a decision must be made in a crisis situation, both stress and the
speed at which events are progressing can have an effect, often a negative one, one the
decision process.
Choose one of the squares [4A]/ [4B]/ [4C]/ [4D] to add the sentence to the passage.
Answer: [4D]
D. Organized
6. It can be infered from paragraph 3 that a rational actor would be least likely to
A. Deal with a specific threat
B. Work in a random fashion
C. Ponder various options
D. Consider disadvantages of options
8. Why does the author mention a satisfier, one who selects the first satisfactory option rather
than continuing the decision-making process until the optimal decision has been reached in
paragraph 3?
A. A satisfier shows contrasting behavior to a rational actor.
B. A satisfier exhibits more common behavior than a rational actor.
C. A satisfier is the predecessor of a rational actor.
D. A satisfier shares some characteristics with a rational actor.
10. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence
in paragraph 4? Incorrectchoices change the meaning in important ways or leave out
essential information.
A. Set routines within organizations tend to constrain decisions.
B. The restriction of information limits the number of options in a decision.
C. Organizations need to set up strict procedures to maximize the effectiveness of decisions.
D. Procedures are needed to ensure that decisions are implemented quickly and effectively.
12. According to paragraph 5, what is the end result of political bargaining within an
organization?
A. No decision is ever reached.
B. Differing interests and motives are changed.
C. No one is compleetely satisfied with the final outcome.
D. The members of the decision unit leave the unit.
13.
Directions An introductory sentence or a brief sumarrry of the passage is provided
: below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices
that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do
not belong in the summary because they express ideas taht are not
presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is
worth 2 points.
This passage presents different models for analyzing the process of decision making.
(2)
(3)
(4)
Answer Choices (choose 3 to complete the chart):
(1) One model looks at how satisfied all participants are after a given decision has been
made.
(2) One model looks at how organizational structure and procedures influence a decision and
how much a decision has been limited by these procedures.
(3) One model looks at how much a decision-making process has been manipulated and
limited by factions within the organization.
(4) One model looks at how rational actors are able to work within organizational structures
and routines to achieve optimal solutions.
(5) One model looks at how the decision-making process differs in diverse areas such as
psychology, sociology, business, government, history, mathematics, and statistics.
(6) One model looks at how well a decision maker has analyzed a problem and possible
solutions to achieve the optimal solution.
You should deliver a campaign to a group of people about what is a good life. Make 3-5
minutes individual presentation related to that topic.
1. Use your own idea to explain it.
2. Please video record your presentation then upload it in you tube.