Rakočević, S.: Bouncing as a Distinguishable Structural Feature of Srpsko kolo...

STUDIES

Article received on September 23rd 2019

Article accepted on November 28th 2019
UDC 793.31(497.11)
781.7(497.11)

Selena Rakočević*
University of Arts in Belgrade
Faculty of Music
Department of Ethnomusicology

BOUNCING AS A DISTINGUISHABLE

STRUCTURAL FEATURE OF SRPSKO KOLO:
ASPECTS OF IDENTIFICATION AND NOTATION1

Abstract: Kolo or kolo u tri, as it is termed by scholars, is the most widespread dance
genre in Serbia since World War II, which has been considered as a vital symbol of
Serbian national identity in recent decades and, consequently, got the adjective srpsko
(Serbian). The movement pattern of kolo has been notated in Rudolf Laban’s kinetog-
raphy many times by various researchers since the 1980s and its microstructural and
formal shaping has been the subject of ethnochoreological analysis in Serbia. However,

* Author contact information: [email protected]

1 This article is realized within the project Music and Dance Tradition of Multiethnic and

Multicultural Serbia (No. 177024) supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and
Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia.

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the performing and notational particularities of the stretching and bending leg move-
ments, which affect the vertical motion of the center of gravity of the body – the so-
called bouncing, that is its distinguishable characteristic, has not been discussed
previously. This article, therefore, explores some aspects of the performance and no-
tation of bouncing in srpsko kolo.
Keywords: srpsko kolo, movement pattern, bouncing, identification, kinetography

Introduction
Kolo or kolo u tri (lit. kolo in three), as it is termed by scholars, is the most
widespread dance genre in Serbia since World War II. It is a collective chain
dance performed by dancers who, hold hands with arms low next to the body
and move along a circular line. Since it is performed at various private and
public gatherings, family and collective festivities both in rural and urban ar-
eas regardless of the social, religious, professional or generational affiliation
of dancers, it is considered as a vital symbol of Serbian national identity and
consequently has been termed as srpsko (Serbian) in recent years, especially
in multi-ethnic environments and situations where it is necessary to differ-
entiate it from other dances with an ethnic or national connotation. For ex-
ample, in order to differentiate it from vlaško kolo (Vlach kolo), a dance with
a different structure, the metro-rhythmic pattern and performance qualities
that also represents one of the popular dances in contemporary Serbian cul-
ture, dancers and especially musicians, specify kolo dances with the adjective
srpsko. The same phenomenon is common in multi-ethnic communities es-
pecially in the territory of present-day Vojvodina, who ethnically signify their
traditional dances as Slovakian or Romanian. In the case of kolo, the adjective
srpsko, therefore, becomes the determinant for the whole dance genre, whose
structural and performing qualities are labeled as ethnically distinctive in
comparison with those of other dances and dance genres. That is the reason
why this adjective will also be used in this article. The prevalence and vitality
of kolo, with a strong cohesive and integrative social function in contempo-
rary Serbian culture, was the reason why it was chosen to be inscribed on the
UNESCO’s representative list of intangible cultural heritage of the world in
2017 (https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kolo-traditional-folk-dance-01270).
Apart from the widely known generative term kolo which signifies this
dance genre in general, more than two hundred local names for this dance
were recorded during the 20th century. However, the earliest versions of the
kolo – moravac and kukunješ – were recorded in the narrow territory of cen-

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 Rakočević, S.: Bouncing as a Distinguishable Structural Feature of Srpsko kolo...

tral Serbia in the second half of the 19th century (Vasić 2011: 97; Vasić 2012:
326; Ranisavljević 2012: 559−561). This area may be designated as the center
of the development of various versions of kolo from where it spread and be-
came the most widespread dance genre throughout Serbia but also among
Serbian populations in the other countries in the region, as well as among the
numerous immigrant Serbian communities in the diaspora. A similar type
of circle dance, based on the same pattern of steps, has also spread in other
countries in Southeast Europe after World War II, especially in Bosnia and
Herzegovina (Mladenović 1968: 108; Dopuđa 1971: 163; Bajić 2005: 99).
The reasons for the wide diffusion of kolo genre are complex. Thanks to
the simple basic structure of the step pattern that is performed in a chain of
linked dancers, individuals can join the dance equally and freely, overcoming
all social differences between them regardless whether they know each other
or not. While dancing kolo, skilled individuals can vary the basic steps spon-
taneously expressing their dancing creativity and physical aptitude whilst,
not influencing the less gifted dancers next to them. On the other hand, the
development of instrumental forms of traditional music especially of the so-
called kolos for accordion (harmonikaška kola) during the 20th century also
contributed to the spread of this step pattern. It influenced the production of
numerous melodies (mostly in 2/4 meter called dvojka (lit. in two) and rarely
triple meter 3/8 or 7/16), where this step pattern could be subject to diverse
variations and it could be assigned various local names.2 Along with many
more or less famous kolos such are kukunješ, moravac, Žikino kolo, Gocino
kolo, mercedes kolo, and many others, one of the most widespread and fre-
quently performed kolo melodies, which prevails in traditional dance prac-
tice in the last few decades is užičko kolo (kolo of Užice). This tune was com-
posed by the accordionist Milija Spasojević in 1962 (Ranisavljević 2013: 265).
The prevalence of the melody of užičko kolo has contributed to the fact that
this term is often used as a general name for the whole kolo genre.
The paradigmatic features of kolo music, irrespective of the particular
tunes and possibilities of their versatile variations, are reflected in the tem-
po of its performance (most commonly it is allegro, between 126 and 158

2 More than two hundred local names for this dance were recorded in the 20th cen-
tury: starinski kukunješ, kukunješ, moravac, šestica, u šest, džambasko kolo, Žikino kolo,
mačvanka, šapčanka, krivo kuče, prekid kolo, sec kolo, narodno kolo, svinjarac, bosančica,
divčibarka, vranjanka, krnjevčevo kolo, Radojkino kolo, užičko kolo, mercedes kolo, etc.
(Ranisavljević 2012: 560).

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MM), portato articulation and melodic ornamentation specific for the but-
ton accordion, as well as constant forte dynamics (see more in Ranisavljević
2013: 272−273). Some versions of kolo u tri known generally as retka kola (lit.
sparsely kolos) can be also performed in slower tempo (in andante, between
76 and 108 MM, most often around 90 MM).3 In order to differentiate from
retka kola, kolos in faster tempo are often colloquially termed kolca (lit. little
kolos). Because of all this, it is possible to speak about srpsko kolo as complex
and comprehensive dance genre.
Paradigmatic features of the invariant step pattern of kolo can be verbally
described as progressing to the right (circling counterclockwise), hopping on
the same spot, progressing to the left (circling clockwise) and hopping on the
same spot, while constantly stretching-bending the knees slightly. Although a
symmetrical movement along a circular line can be observed, the rightward
(counterclockwise) progression is more pronounced because steps are longer
while moving to the right.
Ljubica and Danica Janković verbally described and notated this step pat-
tern in their dance notation in 1934 for the first time (Janković and Jankov-
ić 1934: 62−64).4 There is also an established tradition of its notation in the
Laban system of notation (kinetography) in ethnochoreology in Serbia since
1984 when Olivera Vasić defined it as kolo u tri and notated its eight versions
(Vasić 1984: 155). In the following decades, numerous kolos u tri have been
prescriptively notated in kinetography by many researchers (for example, Ba-
jić 2005: 112; Karin 2018: 254) or, rarely, descriptively, in a mode of a detailed
transcription of the particular performance (Rakočević 2011: 395−398).
The basic feature of kolo step pattern is a laterally symmetric eight-mea-

3 Some of popular melodies of retka kola are composed by the accordionist Radojka
Živković (Radojkino kolo, čarapansko kolo and Tinetovo kolo) but also other accordion
players, for example Miodrag Todorović Krnjevac (Krnjevčevo kolo). Kolo melodies in
andante tempo and with specific style of phrazing and articulating metro-rhythmical
patterns gained popularity after World War II in Serbia. Even though they can be treated
as a kind of subgenre of kolo in general, they have not been discussed in scholarly liter-
ature with the exception of some overall comments by the ethnomusicologist Zdravko
Ranisavljević (Ranisavljević 2014a: 60).
4 The Janković sisters notated Žikino kolo, Potam, povam, and kokonješte in their first

book of Narodne igre [Folk dance] (Janković and Janković 1934: 62−64). However, they
did not included this step pattern in their seminal article devoted to the “types” of tradi-
tional dances (cf. Janković and Janković 1949: 45−53). The reason for this is that maybe
they considered it as a “newer” one in Serbian dance tradition.

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 Rakočević, S.: Bouncing as a Distinguishable Structural Feature of Srpsko kolo...

sure long structure.5 The aspects of possible micro-structural and formal

shaping of this step pattern has already been the subject of ethnochoreolog-
ical analysis among Serbian researchers (Bajić 2005: 101-103; Ranisavljević
2014b: 421−439). However, visually the most recognizable feature of per-
forming kolo – movements of stretching and bending the supporting legs that
affect the continuous and uniform vertical motions of the center of gravity
of the body, has not been analyzed so far, but only sporadically mentioned.
These movements, also known as bouncing, are recognized as an inherent
feature of the “Serbian” way of performing. For example, although they did
not link it with the versions of kolo step pattern, it is important to point out
that the Janković sisters claimed that “soft bending of knees” [in Serbian:
meko savijanje kolena] is the unique characteristic of, to quote them, “our”
[in Serbian: naše, that means Serbian], “folk technique” [in Serbian: narodne
tehnike] (Janković and Janković 1951: 7), especially in the region of the Kol-
ubara river (Central Serbia) (Ibid: 8). Describing the performance style of
dancing moravac, Olivera Mladenović also points out that the knee should
be “movable and with vibrations to get the flickering of the body, but not per-
manently but in the waves” [in Serbian: pokretljiva i sa vibracijama tako da se
dobija izrazito treperenje tela, ali ne permanentno, nego u talasima] (Mlade-
nović 1968: 106). Asserting the importance of vertical motions in identifying
an ethnically specific, that is “Serbian” dance style on the territory of pres-
ent-day Vojvodina, choreographer Milorad Lonić wrote that “Serbian danc-
ing is with very short steps, vibrant and temperamental, with a very small
vertical motions” [Serbian: Srpsko igranje je sitno, treperavo i temperament-
no, sa izrazito malom vertikalom] (Lonić 1994: 89).
Even though they discussed structural and formal characteristics of kolo
step pattern, later researchers did not discuss the possibilities of shaping, to
use Doris Humphrey’s and Milorad Lonić’s term, the “design” of kolo move-
ments (Humphrey 1987 [1959]: 46; Lonić 2018: 53). In other words, they
did not analyze all spatial and temporal possibilities of its kinetics and thus
vertical motions that arise from movements of knees. The aim of this article
is to extend the possible approaches to the analysis of this dance genre and,

5 Among Serbians in Romania, particularly in the area of Danube Gorge, this eight
measure structure is asymmetrical (4 measures are performed through moving to the
right, 2 measures at the spot and 2 measures to the left) which is regional, and possibly
archaic peculiarity of performing this step pattern among this ethnic group in foremen-
tioned region.

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therefore, to explore some of performance and notational aspects of stretch-

ing and bending leg movements in srpsko kolo.6 It is important to emphasize,
however, that leg movements involving bending are also present as an im-
portant performing quality in other traditional dances, especially those from
the Central Serbia (for example, šetnja, polomka, rudničanka, or city dances
such as ruzmarin, romunka, Gružanka, Srba, bojerka, and many others), al-
though they have a different structure of step patterns. In this sense, stretch-
ing and bending leg movements stand out as an important and recognizable
performance marker of traditional dance heritage that has historically been
shaped as ethnically different, that is, Serbian. Although this paper will focus
on the forms of occurrence of stretching and bending leg movements involv-
ing bending in srpsko kolo, some of the conclusions could potentially have a
wider application since bouncing is a more general performing feature.

Aspects of identification of stretching and bending leg movements

in srpsko kolo
As already indicated, while notating a srpsko kolo step pattern, researchers
have not paid full attention to stretching and bending leg movements that
is one of the most distinguishable features of performing it. They most of-
ten simply marked its appearance as a knee movement without paying atten-
tion to any other peculiarities of its performance (direction of motion, met-
ro-rhythmical patterns and/or energy/dynamics). In their dance notations,
they signified it with the space measurement sign for a so-called bent knee, in
the leg gesture column of the kinetogram (Figure 1).
However, since stretching and bending leg movements are a distinguish-
able marker of kolo performing style recognized as ethnically distinctive, it
seems necessary to analytically identify their appearance. The identification
of particular characteristics of stretching and bending leg movements while
dancing srpsko kolo emanates from the analysis of video recordings repeated

6 This article was presented at the 4th meeting of the International Council for Tradi-

tional Music Sub-Study Group of Movement Analysis devoted to “Vertical motions of the
center of gravity and the so-called svikt-analysis” led by Siri Maeland and János Fügedi.
The meeting was organized by the Department for Ethnomusicology at Faculty of Music
in Belgrade during the weekend 15−17 March 2019. The initial analysis of vertical pul-
sation caused by stretching and bending leg movements, its notation and presentation
to thirteen scholars from various countries of Europe was done together with the ethno-
choreologist Vesna Karin and dancer Milorad Mirčič.

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 Rakočević, S.: Bouncing as a Distinguishable Structural Feature of Srpsko kolo...

Figure 1. Usual way of notating bending leg movement within the

triple-step

at different speeds of many individual performances from various periods of

time during the last few decades, my own experience of performing, teaching,
notating and dancing it, but also from many discussions with ethnochoreolo-
gists, experienced dancers, and choreographers.7
Firstly, leg movements that involve stretching and bending that create ver-
tical motion that rises and lowers the center of gravity occur as independent
movement patterns. Although they appear only while the body is supported
on the legs, they are independent from direction or duration of the supports.
Secondly, stretching and bending leg movements primarily arise from
knee movements but careful observation of the performance details of this
motion point to the fact that while dancing srpsko kolo movements, the an-
kles and, as a consequence, hip joints are also included. The motion of the
ankles are important and these contribute to achieving the “Serbian” style of
kolo performance in mutual accordance with knee movements.
Thirdly, stretching and bending leg movements that create vertical mo-
tion in srpsko kolo can be generally defined as downward movements because
the lowest point of bending with the highest amount of energy is placed on
the beat, which corresponds to taking the weight of the body and is congru-
ent with the musical pulsation. Simultaneously, that means that preparation
for bending, that is resilient extending the supporting legs and consequent re-
lease of weight, happens before the beat in a form of anacrusis or up-beat mo-
tion. In some older versions of kolo u tri which should be performed in slow-

7 The comments of Vesna Karin and Milorad Mirčić, many discussions with the cho-
reographer Milorad Lonić have given insight into many peculiarities of the kinetical as-
pects of kolo performance, also conversations with my colleague Zdravko Ranisavljević
about the formal shaping of the kolo step pattern and specifities of kolo music, as well as
various reflections of other ethnochoreologists during the Sub-Study Group of Move-
ment Analysis meeting also contributed greatly to the articulation of the dilemmas and
possible conclusions expressed here.

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er tempo such as arapsko kokonješte, as well as during performances of retka

kola, downward motion could not be placed on the beat but afterwards, on
the “contra” beat. In those cases, the preparation for knee bending is placed
on the beat. This accentuation corresponds with the musical accentuation
and provides a special performing manner.
Fourthly, while dancing srpsko kolo, stretching and bending the support-
ing legs are performed mostly in continuous pulsation in a (more or less)
small range. Its metro-rhythmical flow can be realized within continuous
repetition of particular metro-rhythmical patterns with possible agogic vari-
ations (diminishing and augmenting individual durations). Since they are
downward movements, notation of their metro-rhythmical patterning signi-
fies the lowest points of bending, that is the flexing of the leg. Due to the fact
that the points of bending are not identical in the energy involved and the
level of lowering, the lowest point is signified with the tenuto sign.
As an integral up-beat preparation for this motion, the duration of ex-
tending is short and there is no need for its notation in metro-rhythmical
patterns. However, if we want to indicate the movement of stretching in met-
ro-rhythmical patterning, it could be indicated with a grace note.
In 2/4 meter, a and b metro-rhythmical patterns of the supports more of-
ten occur during progression through the space (moving to the right or left),
while c and d are used while dancing on the spot; metro-rhythmical pattern e
is characteristic for “contra” beat bouncing (Figure 2).8
In triple meter, two main metro-rhythmical patterns are most often vi-
brantly used both during progression through the space, and dancing on the
spot (Figure 3).
Fifthly, stretching and bending leg movements can be performed while
the dancer takes weight on the whole foot or on the front half of the foot (1/8
ball) without the heel making contact with the floor.
Finally, but not lastly, stretching and bending of the knees together with
ankle and hip movements are performed smoothly, in a soft and resilient
manner, that is in legato articulation, which is the most recognizable quality
of this movement.
All of aforementioned characteristics of stretching and bending the sup-
porting legs that create vertical motions while performing srpsko kolo should
be appropriately notated. Along with defining the identification features of

8 Metro-rhythmical patterns are ordered according to their presence in traditional

dance practice.

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 Rakočević, S.: Bouncing as a Distinguishable Structural Feature of Srpsko kolo...

Figure 2. Most present met- Figure 3. Most present metro-rhythmical pat-

ro-rhythmical patterns of bending terns of bending leg movements in triple meter
leg movements in double meter (3/8, or dactyloid form of 7/16: long-short-
(2/4).9 short)

stretching and bending leg movements themselves, it should be also point-

ed out that they are more visible (often with a larger amplitude of motion)
on the longer duration of supports (half− and quarter−notes) but they are
also inseparable from supports of shorter duration (eight−notes and even six-
teenths).9

Terminological issues

Since terminology for dance analysis is not standardized in Serbian ethno-

choreology, the most usual colloquial expression for stretching and bending
leg movements that create vertical motion while dancing kolo is “bouncing”
(Serbian: pocupkivanje). Considering the fact that in technical terms it arises
from metro-rhythmically constant movement pairs − resilient extending and
flexing supporting legs − it could be generally signified as a type of vertical
pulsation as defined by János Fügedi (Fügedi 2016: 73; 2019).10 According to

9 If we want to indicate both stretching and bending movements, it should be notated in

the following way:

10 In his earlier article Fügedi also discussed a broad concept of “spring” of Mária Szent-

pál as “a dual and inseparable phenomena of releasing and taking weight” (Fügedi 1999:
160). As suggested by this author springs can be realized with or without leaving the floor
and can be classified in three main categories (Ibid: 180−181). Regardless the fact that
bending leg movements in srpsko kolo corresponds to some types of springs as defined

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this concept, vertical pulsation is “the rhythmic vertical change of level of the
body (or center of gravity) that pulsates with the beats of the accompanying
music” (Fügedi 2019). It includes two types of pulsation – downward and up-
ward. In downward pulsation “the center of weight moves at the beginning of
the musical beat then it returns to a higher level to be able to repeat the se-
quence” (Ibid). On the other side, when discussing vertical shifts of the cen-
ter of gravity, Albrecht Knust and Ann Hutchinson use the term bouncing.
Knust indicated these movements with “strength measurement signs” as early
as 1956 (Knust 1997: Part I, 280−281), while Hutchinson defined them as “re-
peated up-down movements”, which “mainly take place through relaxed re-
actions in the ankles, knees and hip joints” (Hutchinson and Kolff 2003: 42).
All three concepts, Fügedi’s for vertical pulsation and, Knust’s and
Hutchinson’s for bouncing,11 correspond to stretching and bending leg move-
ments in srpsko kolo. However, since the basic characteristic of stretching and
bending leg movements in srpsko kolo is smooth (elastic) legato performance,
which is already notified as dynamic quality of bouncing in general (Szentpal
1978, see also Fügedi 2016: 99; Knust 1997: Part I, 280; Hutchinson 2005:
428) and considering the fact that this term is colloquially used in Serbian
in recent years, I suggest that the term bouncing could be used as an ethno-
choreologically grounded expression, along with the term vertical pulsation.
However, since vertical pulsation covers broader spectrum of changing of the
vertical level of the center of weight and that it does not refer to dynamic
quality of motions, it seems that expression bouncing suits more for defining
stretching and bending leg movements in srpsko kolo.

by Fügedi, it seems that in his later work he proposed a more distinct general term for
changing the center of weight and that is vertical pulsation.
11 Albrecht Knust also introduced the term bouncing in 1956 (Fügedi 2016: 99). Al-

though he proposed notations both for downward and upward bouncing movements he
introduced them within “strength measurement signs” (Knust 1997: Part I, 280−281) not
defining them in relation to parts of the body which are producing them or changing of
center of weight.

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 Rakočević, S.: Bouncing as a Distinguishable Structural Feature of Srpsko kolo...

Notation issues

Short overview12

As it is already mentioned, the usage of kinetography has a long history in

Serbian ethnochoreology (see more in Karin 2018: 830−833). As Vesna Kar-
in explains, it was the mixture of two streams of the system: the notational
tradition of Europe, the so-called Kinetography Laban introduced by the au-
thor in 1928 and upgraded by Albrecht Knust in the following decades, and
the “American” style of writing dance movements – Labanotation, introduced
and developed by Ann Hutchinson since 1954 (Ibid: 830). This fact is import-
ant because within those two streams of the system, the approach to bounc-
ing is different (see more in Fügedi and Misi 2009: 36). As already indicated,
while according to Knust, it is a kind of repeated accented movement and
should be notated as “strength measurement signs” (Figure 4) for “various
types of elasticity” next to the supports (Knust 1997: Part I, 281, fig. 716),
Ann Hutchinson Guest treats it as a displacement of the center of weight
(Hutchinson Guest and Kolff 2003: 42−43) and notates it on left side of the
staff as the movement of the center of weight (Figure 5a). For signifying elas-
ticity (resiliency) in bouncing movements, Hutchinson Guest also developed
a special notational sign (Hutchinson Guest 2005: 428) (Figure 5b).

Figure 4. Signs for “various types of elasticity” according to Albrecth Knust (Knust 1997:
Part I, 281, figure 716.

12 Fügedi has written more about the history of approaches to movement notation in

kinetography (Fügedi 2019). The precise description of the mechanism of vertical move-
ments in dance locomotion (the so-called svikt analysis) was also discussed by Norwe-
gian scholars Jan-Petter Blom in 1960s (Blom 1961: 101-114) and, later on, Egil Bakka
who published a system for writing vertical movements (more in Bakka 2007: 103-112).
Since Norwegian scholars did not use kinetography, they work will not be discussed here,
although they have made a major contribution to general understanding the vertical
movements of the body and their correspondence with music.

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Figure 5. a) “A downward bounce” according to Hutchinson Guest (Hutchinson Guest

and Kolff 2003: 43);
b) A double bounce on each step performed elastically (Hutchinson Guest 2005: 428).

Along with his proposed signs for elasticity, Knust also mentions a solu-
tion for “bouncing” of the Hungarian dance notator Maria Szentpál (Knust
1997: Part I, 391, fig. 989) (Figure 6) (see more in Fügedi 2019).

Figure 6. Downward and upward accented movements of bending the knees according
to Maria Szentpál (Knust 1997: Part I, 391, fig. 989).

Mária Sentpál’s solution is accepted in contemporary kinetography by

János Fügedi, who, as it is already mentioned, treats bouncing actions as “ver-
tical pulsation” movements (Fügedi 2016: 173). The following signs are in-
troduced by Sentpál and accepted by Fügedi with a sight graphical change (a
“week” sign is without the curve) (Figure 7).

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 Rakočević, S.: Bouncing as a Distinguishable Structural Feature of Srpsko kolo...

Figure 7. Downward vertical pulsation (Fügedi 2016: 73).

Notation proposal
Regardless the fact that all of aforementioned approaches could be used, it
seems that Szentpál’s solutions are more suitable for notating bouncing in
srpsko kolo, because the displacement of the center of weight while dancing it
(Hutchinson Guest’s solution) is only a consequence of stretching and bend-
ing leg movements, which should be primarily signified within the kineto-
graphic staff. Contrary to Knust, Szentpál and Fugedi’s proposals separate
straightening and bending motions are also important feature of bouncing
movements.
However, in the aim of an analytical identification of a smaller or larger
range of bouncing that appear as a consequence of the amount of energy in-
volved, two different signs for accented movements could be used (Figure 8a
and b). Along with differentiation of various ranges of bouncing, it is import-
ant to indicate that movements of smaller spatial range often occur only from
the ankle as a kind of “bouncing” in the ankle (more in Fügedi 2019). This
should also be signified in notations (Figure 8c).13

Figure 8. Proposal for notation of the bouncing in srpsko kolo: a) accented movement
with lower level of bending b) light bending with a smaller range c) light bending with a
smaller range from the ankle.13

13 In this graphical solution, the curved lines within dynamic signs which indicate

stretching (the so-called a “weak” signs) are used with the aim to be analogous to signs
indicated in Figure 7.

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Along with the signification of various levels of bending the knees and
the different energy involved in this, it is necessary to notate those move-
ments in a metro-rhythmically precise way, that is in the so-called specific
timing. Namely, since its beginnings, kinetography is based on the so-called
unit timing of rhythmic beats of movements where metro-rhythmic flow of
motion is simplified with the aim of being “adjusted” to the beats within the
kinetographic staff. This relationship to the metro-rhythmic component of
movements was first supported by Albrecht Knust and Ann Hutchinson, but
Knust significantly upgraded it by the introduction of the so-called specific
or exact timing in 1956 (see more in Fügedi and Misi 2009: 34), which later
was generally accepted (see, e.g., Hutchinson Guest 2005: 183−184). The no-
tational tradition in Serbia is based on the mixture of these two approaches to
movement rhythm − unit and specific timing − as it is defined and proposed
by János Fügedi and Gábor Misi as the most appropriate way of notating,
where direction symbols describe the rhythm of the movement in a easily
recognizable way (Fügedi and Misi 2009: 34).
In this regard, when notating bouncing it is important to use the method
of specific timing in which the approach to duration of movements is phys-
ically “realistic” in the graphical writing (more in Hutchinson Guest 2005:
183−184; Fügedi and Misi 2009: 34). According to this method, the leg ex-
tension symbol is written in the form of anacrusis at the moment when the
movement really begins, that is before the beat (and before the beginning
of the measure), and the accent symbol for leg bending (triangle) is written
at the moment when it is physically finalized, that is at the beat (and at the
beginning of the measure). As it is already indicated, the extension always
appears as an up-beat motion, which is an integral preparation for short du-
ration flexing no matter which leg will proceed. By using the specific timing
approach, the notation of metro-rhythm of bouncing corresponds to the tim-
ing of the notation of the supports, which seems necessary, since bouncing
and supports form an unbreakable whole during performance.
Metro-rhythmical patterns of bouncing could be specified more in the
optional additional note line in which the metro-rhythm of the supports or
any other movement could also be notated (Figures 9 and 10).

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 Rakočević, S.: Bouncing as a Distinguishable Structural Feature of Srpsko kolo...

Figure 9. Prescriptive notations of bouncing in srpsko kolo in the specific timing of 2/4
in most present motives14

Figure 10. Prescriptive notations of bouncing in srpsko kolo in the specific timing of tri-
ple meter (3/4 and 7/16) in most present motives 15

14 Parts of the feet are not indicated because they can vary: supports can be performed
on whole foot, front part of it (1/8 ball), in combination of these two, but also the heel
can be used.
15 Parts of the feet are not indicated because they can vary: supports can be performed

on whole foot, front part of it (1/8 ball), in combination of these two, but also the heel
can be used.

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Analysis of particular performances

As already mentioned, metro-rhythmical pattering of bouncing, its dynamic
articulation and levels of lowering are independent of the duration and direc-
tion of supports that all together can be versatile depending on multifarious
reasons: the regional performing style, quality of accompanying music, age,
gender, and performing skills and experience of dancers, but also their cur-
rent motivation for dancing. With the aim of observing bouncing in srpsko
kolo in specific dance situation, it is necessary to provide descriptive notation
of particular performances. An analysis of the performance of moravac (Fig-
ure 15), during the competition in kolo dancing organized by Savez kultur-
no-umetničkih društava Srbije (SKUDS, Union of Cultural-Artistic Societies
of Serbia) as part of the event, Svetski dan srpskog kola (World day of srpsko
kolo), held in November 2018 in Novi Sad has been made. The final danc-
ing of the best performers was treated as the most representative. Among ten
performers, two males srand out with their variety of variations: Kosta Jocić
and Miloš Lukić, members of the Folklore ensemble “Vila” from Novi Sad.16
Since both Kosta Jocić and Miloš Lukić have been traditional dancers for
many years,17 their dancing skills and creativity in varying the basic step pattern
of Srpsko kolo are very versatile.18 With the aim to show the diversity in the
possible ways of structuring this pattern, I chose to notate several repetitions of
Kosta and Miloš’s dancing: the introductory pattern (A) in Kosta’s performance,
when the leading melody was played by violin in the accompanying musical
arrangement and its variation (Av) accompanied by frula as a leading instru-
ment (Figure 11), and Miloš’s dancing accompanied by bagpipes (Figure 13).19

16 In dancing srpsko kolo, the dancing by men is often more pronounced and richer in

variation than female performances.

17 Kosta Jocić (born in 1995) started to dance in the age of 7. He danced in several

cultural-artisic societies before he become a member of “Vila” ensemble in 2015. Miloš

(born in 1995) started to dance later at the age of 17. His dancing career is linked only to
“Vila” where he started to dance in 2012.
18 Video examples are available online at the official New Sound YouTube channel:

https://youtu.be/Onp3iEgJcGQ, https://youtu.be/F-q32coEpmU
19 Regardless of the fact that all segments of musical accompaniment (rhythm, melody,

tempo, dynamic, form, phrasing, arrangement, etc.) have a great influence on dancing,
only the main melody of the version of moravac of one of the well-known Serbian vio-
linists, Vlastimir Pavlović Carevac (1895−1965) will be included this time. The accordi-
on player, Dragan Narančić, leader of the folk orchestra “Vila”, made an arrangement of
this melody for the competition in kolo dancing. Dragan’s arrangement includes different
leading instruments (violin, frula, bagpipes, and accordion) and it involves a gradual in-
creasing of the tempo in order to initiate various responses in dancing. Unfortunately,

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 Rakočević, S.: Bouncing as a Distinguishable Structural Feature of Srpsko kolo...

In all cases, the kolo pattern is performed in a laterally symmetrical structure.

Figure 11. Descriptive notation of moravac performed by Kosta Jocić. Novi Sad,
November 2018.

the relationship between music and kinetics cannot be explored this time because of the
limited scope of this paper.

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New Sound 54, II/2019

In its introductory exposure of moravac (A) Kosta used its “basic” vari-
ant typical for the starting tempo (andante, 80 MM): his progression through
the space was performed by “walking” steps while the usual leg gestures in
dancing at the spot were enriched with foot rotations. Due to the faster tempo
(96 MM) in the following, variant (Av) moving to the right was extended by
small supports performed in small triplets in iambic rhythm (short-long) af-
ter which the so-called “crossing-step” motif has been used while dancing on
the spot.20 In this variant, moving to the left was performed with the so-called
“hop-up” motif followed by triple steps performed on the spot. Crossing-steps
and triplets were performed with repetitive turns to the female partner from
his left side with whom Kosta communicated all the time.
All supports were performed with continuous bouncing movements of
the knees and ankles. In progressing through space segments of both vari-
ants, bouncing was performed in “contra rhythm”, although through slightly
different metro-rhythmical patterns: in the introductory variant, downward
bouncing was performed from ankles in eight notes, while in the next one,
it was resiliently performed in triplets. During dancing on the spot in both
variants, bouncing was performed in dactylic figure “quarter-eight-eight”
(long-short-short), this repetition was the most striking visual impression of
Kosta’s dancing (Figure 12).

Figure 12. Metro-rhythmical patterns of bouncing of Kosta Jocić’s performance.

The segment of Miloš’s variation is quite different in selected motifs and

style of performance than Kosta’s. The faster tempo (120 MM) initiated more
engaged dancing with springs and higher lifting of knees in leg gestures. The
chosen motifs in the first phrase are customary for srpsko kolo: after the “hop-
up” motif, which is typical as an initial movement in kolo step pattern, he used

20 Classification of typical motifs in Serbian traditional dances is made by Olivera Vasić

and Zdravko Ranisavljević (Vasić and Ranisavljević 2011: 81−85).

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 Rakočević, S.: Bouncing as a Distinguishable Structural Feature of Srpsko kolo...

Figure 13. Descriptive notation of moravac performed by Miloš Lukić. Novi Sad,
November 2018.

triple steps. However, his dancing is unique in performance style because the
usual motifs are performed with small “jumps” and they are enriched with
constant turns and leg gestures with bent knees. In the second phrase, Miloš

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New Sound 54, II/2019

used “hop-up” motifs as the initial and finishing segments among which the
crossing of legs typical for dancing in Bačka and Banat regions were per-
formed. What unifies these quite different variations of srpsko kolo is the met-
ro-rhythm of supports and bouncing: although Miloš used triplets, the dac-
tylic structure of long-short-short prevails (Figure 14).

Figure 14. Metro-rhythmical patterns of bouncing of Miloš Lukić’s performance.

Final thoughts
Bouncing is undoubtedly an inherent and distinguishable structural feature
of srpsko kolo. The simplicity of the basic step pattern of this dance allows
versatile variations during dancing. Along with the possibility for express-
ing individual emotions, as a circle chain dance of linked performers, srps-
ko kolo gives dancers a sense of community and belonging together. While
types, duration, and dynamic articulation of supports together with possible
usage of turns can be versatile depending on various factors during particu-
lar performance, the unifying parameter among linked dancers in srpsko kolo
is undoubtedly the bouncing movement. Along with the eight-measure long
structure of the step pattern, bouncing unites all performers in joint dancing
and as a rhythmically uniform and prolonged movement that provides mu-
tual, to use William McNeil expression, muscular bonding (app. Grau 2015:
239). Since metro-rhythmical patterns of bouncing can be various, the meet-
ing point for all linked dancers is the first movement with the highest amount
on bending energy that is performed on the beat. This uniform pulsation is
congruent with the musical rhythm, which gives the dancers a sense of mo-
toricity and continuity of a dance flow. Irrespective of metro-rhythmical dis-
crepancies among dancers, this periodicity of synchronization of their leg
movements that are congruent with the musical beat, represents the phenom-
enon of inter-individual / intra-group entrainment (Clayton 2012: 51), which
implies a profound association between different individuals (Clayton, Sag-
er and Will 2004: 21). Further on, prolonged and unified rhythmical bounc-
ing of the whole group enables the possibility of euphoric fellow feeling and
shared enjoyment. Since it is joint and synchronized action, bouncing is one

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 Rakočević, S.: Bouncing as a Distinguishable Structural Feature of Srpsko kolo...

of the most visible and recognizable features of srpsko kolo, which provides a
sense of otherness and uniqueness of this dance genre. In this sense, it is not
only inseparable and the most distinguishable, but also one of its fundamen-
tal features.

Figure 15. Moravac, Vlastimir Pavlović Carevac

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https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kolo-traditional-folk-dance-01270 (accessed July 10th 2019)

Summary
Kolo or kolo in three, as it is termed by scholars, is the most widespread dance genre in
Serbia since World War II, and has been considered as a vital symbol of Serbian na-
tional identity in recent decades. The invariant structure of its movement pattern ver-
bally described as moving to the right (counterclockwise), hopping on the same spot,
moving to the left (clockwise) and hopping on the same spot, while constantly bending
the knees slightly. Although it has been notated in the Kinetography Laban system
many times by various researchers since 1984 and its microstructural and formal shap-
ing has been the subject of ethnochoreological analysis, the performing and notational
particularities of knee movements has not been discussed previously. Based on anal-
ysis of video recordings, performing and teaching experience of notating and dancing

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 Rakočević, S.: Bouncing as a Distinguishable Structural Feature of Srpsko kolo...

kolo, and also from many discussions with colleagues, the identification features of
stretching and bending leg movements in srpsko kolo can be briefly summarized in the
following: they are vertical motions of lifting-lowering the weight; they arise from
knee and/or ankle movements; they are mostly downward movements congruent with
the musical beat; they are continuous movements; they are independent from types of
supports and usage of the feet; they are performed smoothly in legato articulation.
Although stretching and bending leg movements in srpsko kolo can be generally sig-
nified as vertical pulsation motions (which is the term proposed by János Fügedi), they
can be scholarly termed with the particular expression – bouncing (Serbian: pocup-
kivanje), since this later term indicates the dynamic quality of its smooth (elastic)
legato performance and is already colloquially used in Serbian. As an inherent charac-
teristic of performing srpsko kolo, bouncing should be adequately notated in kinetog-
raphy Laban both prescriptively and descriptively, which is proposed in this article.
Since types, duration and dynamical articulation of supports together with possible
usage of turns and feet can be versatile depending on various factors during a particu-
lar performance, the unifying parameter among linked dancers in srpsko kolo is un-
doubtedly a bouncing movement. It is a continuous movement which is congruent
with the musical beat and as such the most visually recognizable feature of this dance,
which provides the dancers a sense of motoricity and continuity of a dance flow.
Language corrections of English text
Liz Mellish

Acknowledgement
As already mentioned, many individuals have contributed to the formulation of ideas
and analytical considerations expressed in this paper. However, I owe a special thanks
to János Fügedi, and Milorad Lonić who re-read the finished text and once again con-
tributed to its more precise articulation in theoretical and graphic sense (Fügedi), and
a broader and fuller understanding of the structural and semantic aspects of the kinet-
ics of srpsko kolo (Lonić).
I also owe special thanks to Liz Mellish who corrected English text and Nick Green
who gave profound elaboration of the meaning of the term bouncing in English and
some mechanical characteristic of stretching and bending leg movements in srpsko
kolo.
Open dialog with all aforementioned individuals contributed greatly to the articula-
tion of ideas expressed here.

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