SEMINAR PRESENTATION REPORT

ON
“5 G Wireless System”

SUBMITTED BY
ARunverma
B.tech(C.S.E-1)/4th year
Roll No.-1200112052
UNDER SUPERVISION OF

Mr. ANUJ SRIVASTAVA &Ms. SONALI YADAV

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of
Bachelor of technology
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY
2015

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me immense pleasure to put forward this practical
venture .But surely,it would not have been possible without
Proper guidance and encouragement .I take great pride and
Privilege to express my gratitude to my guide, Mr. Anuj
Srivastava & Ms. Sonali Yadav for expert planning, peerless
Guidance and untiring and bountiful help which inspired me
to complete my desired dissertation work .My indebtedness
is reserved for his good will and patience during the project.

My Parents being earthly Gods in my life deserves much

more than what I can weigh in words .Their silent prayers
,aesthetic love and affection and steel belief in my
capabilities have enabled me to make this endeavour see
the light of success and unending support from my is always
cherised.

ARUN VERMA
ROLL NO.(1200112052)
B.Tech(C.S.E 4TH YEAR)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ARUN VERMA Student of 4th year (7th)
Semester COMPUTER SCIENCE branch has sincerely
completed
her “SEMINAR REPORT”. Submitted it on time & has helped
to
maintain the decorum of the lab.

Mrs. Kavita Aggarwal

(HOD.DEPT.OF.CSE)

Mr.Anuj Srivastava Ms.Sonali Yadav

(ASST.PROFESSOR) (ASST.PROFESSOR)
(DEPT.OF CSE) (DEPT.OF CSE)
 ABSTRACT
5G Technology stands for 5th generation mobile technology.
5G denote the next major phase of mobile
telecommunication standards beyond the upcoming 4G
standards.
5G technology will change the way most high bandwidth
users access their phones.
With 5G pushed over a VOIP enabled device, people will
experience a level of call volumeand data transmission never
experienced before. 5G technology is offering the service
inProduct Engineering, Documentation, supporting electronic
transactions, etc..
As the customer become more and more aware of the
mobile phone technology, he orshe will look for a decent
package all together including all the advanced features a
cellularphone can have.
Hence the search for new technology always the main motive
of the leading cell phone giants to out innovate their
competitors.
The goal of a 5G based telecommunication network would
ideally answer the challenges that a 4G model would present
once it has entered widespread use.

CONTENTS
1.INTRODUCTION……….…………………..………………….............................5

2. EVOLUTION FROM 1G TO 5G NETWORKS.…………………...................6

3. 1G WIRELESS SYSTEM……………………………….………………………………..8

4. 2G WIRELESS SYSTEM …………………..………………….….........................9

5. 3G WIRELESS SYSTEM ……………………………………………………...……....10

6. 4G WIRELESS SYSTEM ……………………………………………………..…........11

7. WHAT IS 5G & WHAT IT OFFERS.…………………………………………….…12

8. BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF 5G TECHNOLOGY……………………….…..….14

8.1. UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING…………………………………………………..…14

8.2. AGGREGATOR………………………………………………………………………..14

8.3. FLATTER IP CONCEPT…………………………………………………………..…15

9. 5G NANOCORE…………………………………………………………………….……16

9.1. NANOTECHNOLOGY……………………………………………………….….....17

9.2. NANO EQUIPMENT……………………………………………………………….17

9.3. CLOUD COMPUTING………………………………………………………........18

9.4. ALL IP NETWORKS………………………………………………………….……..19

9.5. HETEROGENOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS ………………...…………….20

10. DESIGN OF 5G MOBILE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE………………….22

11. BENEFITS OF 5G TECHNOLOGY……………………………………………….23

12. CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………….…24
13.ACRONYMS……………………………………………………………………………25

1.INTRODUCTION
The present cell phones have it all. Today phones have everything
ranging from the smallest size, largest phone memory, speed dialing,
video player, audio player, and camera and so on. Recently with the
development of Pico nets and Bluetooth technology data sharinghas
become a child's play. Earlier with the infrared feature you can share
data within a line of sight that means the two devices has to be
aligned properly to transfer data, but in case of blue tooth you can
transfer data even when you have the cell phone in your pocket up
to a range of 50 meters. The creation and entry of 5G technology
into the mobile market place will launch a new revolution in the way
international cellular plans are offered. The globalmobile phone is
upon the cell phone market. Just around the corner, the newest
5Gtechnologies will hit the mobile market with phones used in China
being able to access and call locally phones in Germany.

Truly innovative technology changing the way mobile phones will be

used. With theemergence of cell phones, which are similar to a PDA,
you can now have your whole office within the phone. Cell phones
will give tough competitions to laptop manufacturers and normal
computer designers. Even today there are phones with gigabytes of
memory storage and the latest operating systems .Thus one can say
that with the current trends, the industryhas a real bright future if it
can handle the best technologies and can produce affordable
handsets for its customers. Thus you will get all your desires
unleashed in the near future when these smart phones take over the
market. 5G Network's router and switch technology delivers Last
Yard Connectivity between the Internet access provider and building
occupants.5G's technology intelligently distributes Internet access to
individual nodes within the building.

2. EVOLUTION FROM 1G-5G NETWORKS

Cell phones are used millions and billions of users worldwide. How
many of us know the technology behind cell phones that is used for
our communication? I have also intrigued about the type of
technology used in my phone. What are 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G
technologies?

1G, 2G, 3G & 4G ("G" stands for "Generation") are the generations of
wireless telecom connectivity. In 1945, the zero generation (0G) of
mobile telephones was introduced.

Mobile Telephone Service, were not officially categorized as mobile

phones, since they did not support the automatic change of channel
frequency during calls. 1G (Time Division Multiple Access and
Frequency Division Multiple Access) was the initial wireless telecom
network system. It's out-dated now. The analog “brick phones” and
“bag phones” are under 1G technology. Cell phones era began with
1G.The next era, 2G has taken its place of 1G. Cell phones received
their first major upgrade when they went from 1G to 2G. This leap
effectively took cell phones from analog to digital. 2G and 2.5G were
versions of the GSM and CDMA connections. And GSM is still the
most popular technology, but with no internet.

Fortunately, GPRS, an additional service, is provided over GSM for

the purpose of internetaccess. GPRS has been developed and thus,
EGPRS was created. It's more secure and fasterthan GPRS.

Then 3G came, the new Wireless CDMA technology. It is the first

wireless telecom technology that provides broadband-speed internet
connection on mobile phones. It has been specially made for the
demand of internet on smart phones. Further development led to
the creation of 3.5G, which provides blazing fast internet connection
on phones, up to the speed of 7.2 MBPS.
A smart phone can be connected to a PC to share its internet
connection and 3G and 3.5G are ideal for this. But, as this WCDMA
technology is not available in all regions, its not as popular as GSM
yet. Before making the major leap from 2G to 3G wireless networks,
the lesser-known 2.5G was an interim standard that bridged the gap.
Following 2.5G, 3G ushered in faster data-transmission speeds so you
could use your cell phone in more data-demanding ways. This has
meant streaming video (i.e. movie trailers and television), audio and
much more. Cell phone companies today are spending a lot of
money to brand to you the importance of their 3G network.

The above systems and radio interfaces are based on kindred spread
spectrum radio transmission technology. While the GSM EDGE
standard("2.9G"), DECT cordless phones and Mobile Wi MAX
standards formally also fulfil the IMT-2000 requirements and are
approved as 3G standards by ITU, these are typically notbranded 3G,
and are based on completely different technologies.

4G, which is also known as “beyond 3G” or “fourth-generation” cell

phone technology, refers to the entirely new evolution. Developers
are now going for 4G (OFDMA), which will provide internet up to the
speed of 1 GBPS! It is said to be able to overcome the problems of
weak network strength and should provide a much wider network,
making sure that the users get high-speed connectivity anytime
anywhere. No doubt, 4G will open new doors of revolutionary
internet technologies, but for now, 3G and 3.5G are the best.

4G will allow for speeds of up to 100Mbps. 4G promises voice, data

and high-quality multimedia in real-time form all the time and
anywhere.

3. 1G WIRELESS SYSTEM
First Generation wireless technology (1G) is the original analog(An
analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time
varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some
other time varying quantity), voice-only cellular telephone standard,
developed in the 1980s.

The main difference between two succeeding mobile telephone

systems, 1G and 2G,is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are
analog, while 2G networks are digital.

Although both systems use digital signalling to connect the radio

towers(which listen to the handsets) to the rest of the telephone
system, the voice itself during a call is encoded to digital signals in 2G
whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency, typically 150
MHz and up. One such standard is NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone),
used in Nordic countries, Eastern Europe and Russia. Others include
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) used in the United States,
TACS (Total Access Communications System) in the United Kingdom,
JTAGS in Japan, Radio com 2000 in France, and RTMI in Italy. Analog
cellular service is being phased out in most places worldwide.

1G technology replaced 0Gtechnology, which featured mobile radio

telephones and such technologies as Mobile Telephone System
(MTS), Advanced Mobile Telephone System(AMTS), Improved Mobile
Telephone Service (IMTS), and Push to Talk (PTT)

o 1G was old analog system and supported the 1st generation of

analog cell phones speed up to 2.4kbps
o Advance mobile phone system (AMPS) was first launched by
the US and is a 1G mobile system.
o Allows users to make voice calls in 1 country.

4. 2G WIRELESS SYSTEM
2G is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology.
Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially
launched on the GSM standard in Finlandin 1991.

2G network allows for much greater penetration intensity. 2G

technologies enabled the various mobile phone networks to provide
the services such as text messages, picture messages and MMS
(multimedia messages). 2G technology is more efficient.

2G technology holds sufficient security for both the sender and the
receiver. All text messages are digitally encrypted. This digital
encryption allows for the transfer of data in such a way that only the
intended receiver can receive and read it. Second generation
technologies are either time division multiple access (TDMA) or code
division multiple access (CDMA). TDMA allowsfor the division of
signal into timeslots. CDMA allocates each user a special code to
communicate over a multiplex physical channel. Different TDMA
technologies are GSM, PDC, iDEN, IS-136. CDMA technology is IS-95.
GSM has its origin from the Group special Mobile, in Europe. GSM
(Global system for mobile communication) is the most admired
standard of all the mobile technologies.

Although this technology originates from the Europe, but now it is

used in more than 212 countries in the world. GSM technology was
the first one to help establish international roaming. This enabled the
mobile subscribers to use their mobile phone connections in many
different countries of the world’s is based on digital signals ,unlike 1G
technologies which were used to transfer Analogue signals. GSM has
enabled the users to make use of the short message services (SMS)
to any mobile network at any time. SMS is a cheap and easy way to
send a message to anyone, other than the voice call or conference.
This technology is beneficial to both the network operators and the
ultimate users at the same time. In comparison to 1G's analog
signals, 2G's digital signals are very reliant on location and proximity.
If a 2G handset made a call far away from a cell tower, the digital
signal may not be enough to reach it. While a call made from a 1G
handset had generally poor quality than that of a 2G handset, it
survived longer distances. This is due to the analog signal having
asmooth curve compared to the digital signal, which had a jagged,
angular curve. As conditions worsen, the quality of a call made from
a 1G handset would gradually worsen, but a call made from a
2Ghandset would fail completely. Data transfer in speeds is up to
64kbps.
 5. 3G WIRELESS SYSTEM
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT--2000), better
known as 3G or 3rdGeneration, is a generation of standards for
mobile phones and mobile telecommunications services fulfilling
specifications by the International Telecommunication Union.

The use of 3G technology is also able to transmit packet switch data

efficiently at better and increased bandwidth. 3G mobile
technologies proffers more advanced services to mobile users. The
spectral efficiency of 3G technology is better than 2G technologies.

Spectral efficiency is the measurement of rate of information

transfer over any communication system. 3G is also known as IMT-
2000.

o Transmission speeds from 125kbps to 2Mbps.

o In 2005, 3G is ready to live up to its performance in computer
networking. (WCDMA,WLAN and Bluetooth) and mobile
devices area (cell phone and GPS).
o Data are sent through technology called packet switching.
o Voice calls are interpreted using circuit switching.
o Access to Global Roaming.
o Clarity in voice calls.
o Fast Communication, Internet, Mobile T.V, Video Conferencing,
Video Calls, Multi Media Messaging Service (MMS), 3D gaming,
Multi-Gaming, etc. are also available with3G phones.
 6. 4G WIRELESS SYSTEM
4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is
a successor to 3G and 2G families of standards. The nomenclature of
the generations generally refers to a change in the fundamental
nature of the service, non-backwards compatible transmission
technology, and new frequency bands.3G technologies make use of
TDMA and CDMA.

The basic feature of 3G Technology (Third Generation Technology) is

fast data transfer rates. However this feature is not currently
working properly because, ITU 200 is still making decision to fix the
data rates. It is expected that 2 Mbit/sec for stationary users, while
348 Kbits when moving or travelling. ITU sell various frequency rates
in order to make use of broadband technologies. Network
authentication has won the trust of users, because the user can rely
on its network as a reliable source of transferring data.

3G technology is much flexible, because it is able to support the 5

major radio technologies. These radio technologies operate under
CDMA, TDMA and FDMA.CDMA holds for IMT-DS (direct spread),
IMTMC (multi carrier). TDMA accounts for IMT-TC (time code), IMT-
SC (single carrier).

FDMA has only one radio interface known as IMT-FC or frequency

code. Third generation technology is really affordable due to the
agreement of industry. This agreement took place in order to
increase its adoption by the users. 3G (Third Generation Technology)
system is compatible to work with the 2G technologies. 3G (Third
Generation Technology) technologies holds the vision that they
should be expandable on demand.
The aim of the 3G (Third Generation Technology) is to allow for more
coverage and growth with minimum investment. The bandwidth and
location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications
not previously available to mobile phone users.

o Mobile TV- a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the

subscriber's phone whereit can be watched.
o Video on demand- a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's
phone.
o Video conferencing- subscribers can see as well as talk to each
other.
o Tele-medicine a medical provider monitors or provides advice
to the potentiallyisolated subscriber.
o Mobile ultra-broadband(gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier
transmission.
 7. WHAT IS 5G & WHAT IT OFFERS
5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G
technology has changed the means to use cell phones within very
high bandwidth. User never experienced ever before such a high
value technology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced
features which makes 5G technology most powerful and in huge
demand in near future.

The gigantic array of innovative technology being built into new cell
phones is stunning. 5G technologies which are on hand held phone
offering more power and features than at least 1000 lunar modules.
A user can also hook their 5Gtechnology cell phone with their Laptop
to get broadband internet access. 5G technology including camera,
MP3recording, video player, large phone memory, dialling speed,
audio player and much more you never imagine. For children rocking
fun Bluetooth technology and Pico nets has become in market.

As per the present status all over the world WCDMA is commercially
launched .Some nations has planned to launch LTE within next
quarter. Operator is looking ahead for widescale deployment of LTE
in 2012. Operators will also find that the timing is right to make the
switch because much of the first generation of 3G equipment will
need to be upgraded soon.

LTE networking equipment and handsets, already under

development, will become available in 2010, and should be rolled
out in large quantities in Europe by 2012. clearly shows that within
2020 LTE will become the latest trend for wireless communication all
over the world. But yet our question remains unanswered. Why
there is a need for 5G.
Even though LTE provides wide range of growth for present wireless
telecommunication. People are not in a circumstance to make use of
those benefits in an effective manner LTE might be rigorously used in
Commercial/Industrial areas. But think of a common man who
utmost utilize LTE for downloading a movie or make a video call. Fact
is that there is no such ground-breaking application exists in real
world to be utilized by a common man. You might doubt how this
verdict is applicable for current innovative world,where have
enormous splendid real time applications. Concern is that our
present wireless telecommunications is bottlenecked to use those
applications in an effective manner. This paper mainly focuses on
how a 5G network can provide more approach to a common man to
utilize his available possessions in an immense way to make him to
feel the real progress.

o If you can able to pay all your bills in a single payment with
your mobile.
o If you can able to sense Tsunami/earthquake before it occurs.
o If you can able to visualize lively all planets and Universe.
o We can lock our Laptop, car, Bike using our mobile when you
forgot to do so.
o Our mobile can share your work load.
o 5G Mobile can identify the best server.
o Mobile can perform Radio resource management.
o If your mobile can intimate you before the call drops.
o Mobile phone get cleaned by its own. Can able to fold your
mobile as per your desire.
o If you can able to expand your coverage using your mobile
phones.
o If you can able identify your stolen mobile with nanoseconds.
o Mobile can estimate the quality of your new build house.
 8. BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF 5G TECHNOLOGY
8.1. Ubiquitous Computing

5G would be about "ubiquitous computing", that is, having the ability

to access the applications want from any platform, anywhere, any
time. To create such an environment, one needs to integrate various
applications, emerging from various engineering practices.

Human life will be surrounded by intelligent sensors, which will bring

radical change to human life’s daily approaches of doing things, as:

o Your intelligent car will send SMS to your cell phone, from your
car.
o Your home security camera is attached to secured internet. So
that you can view your sitting room on your laptop/mobile
phone screen, by accessing secure website.
o You are receiving regular MMS from your hospital about your
medication need and next doctor appointment.

8.2. Aggregator

Existing telecom networks are fashioned in hierarchical way, where

subscriber traffic is aggregated at aggregation point (BSC/RNC) and
then routed to gateways. (As shown in figure).Flat IP architecture will
lessen burden on aggregation point and traffic will directly move
from Base station to Media gateways. Vision of Super Core is based
on IP platform.

All network operators (GSM, CDMA, Wimax, and Wireline) can be

connected to one Super core with massive capacity. This is
realization of single network infrastructure. The concept of super
core will eliminate all interconnecting charges and complexities,
which is right now network operator is facing. It will also reduce
number of network entities in end to end connection, thus reducing
latency considerably.

8.3. Flatter IP concept

At regular interval, semiconductor manufacturers advance to a new

generation with smaller feature sizes. This allows them to
incorporate more functions into a given area of silicon and, hence,
more features or new capabilities into electronic devices like cell
phones, Increased processing capacity will be allow Mobile devices
(cell phones, PDAs, etc.) to domore tasks (instructions per minute)
then before. This will lead to even the Flatter IP network. As Flat IP
has shifted some of the BSC/RNC’s radio resource functions to Base
station, Flatter IP will shift some of the RR functions, to Mobile
devices from Base station.

Finally your cell phone will not be just access device but, it will also
perform some of the Radio Resource Management functions.

With the shift to flat IP architectures, mobile operators can

o Reduce the number of network elements in the data path to

lower operations costs and capital expenditure.
o Partially decouple the cost of delivering service from the
volume of data transmitted to align infrastructure capabilities
with emerging application requirements.
o Minimize system latency and enable applications with a lower
tolerance for delay; upcoming latency enhancements on the
radio link can also be fully realized.
o Evolve radio access and packet core networks independently of
each other to a greater extent than in the past, creating greater
flexibility in network planning and deployment.
 o Develop a flexible core network that can serve as the basis for
service innovation across both mobile and generic IP access
networks.
o Create a platform that will enable mobile broadband operators
to be competitive, from a price/performance perspective, with
wired networks.

9. 5G : Nano Core

Sophisticated technology has enabled an age of globalization.

Technological convergence isthe tendency for different technological
systems to evolve towards performing similar tasks. What Nicholas
Negroponte labelled the transformation of "atoms to bits," the
digitization of all media content. When words, images and sounds
are transformed into digital information, it expands the potential
relationships between them and enable them to flow across
platforms.

The 5G Nano core is a convergence of below mention technologies.

These technologies have their own impact on exiting wireless
network which makes them in to 5G.

• Nanotechnology.

• Cloud Computing.

• All IP Platform.

9.1. Nanotechnology:

Nanotechnology is the application of Nano science to control process

on nanometerscale. i.e. between 0.1 and 100nm.The field is also
known as molecular nanotechnology(MNT). MNT deals with control
of the structure of matter based on atom-by-atom and molecule by
molecule engineering. The term nanotechnology was introduced by
NoriTaniguchi in 1974 at the Tokyo international conference on
production engineering.

Nanotechnology is the next industrial revolution, and the

telecommunications industry will be radically transformed by it in a
few years. Nanotechnology has shown its impact on both mobile as
well as the core network. Apart from this it has its own impact on
sensor as well as security. This is considered as a most significant in
telecommunication. We will be discussing the same in our further
slides.

9.2. Nano Equipment (NE):

Mobile phone has become more than a communication device in

modern world it has turned into an identity of an individual. In 5G
Nanocore these mobile are referred as Nano Equipment as they are
geared up with nanotechnology. One of the central visions of the
wireless industry aims at ambient intelligence: computation and
communication always available and ready to serve the user in an
intelligent way. This requires that the devices are Mobile. Mobile
devices together with the intelligence that will be embedded in
human environments – home, office, public places – will create a
new platform that enables ubiquitous sensing, computing, and
communication

Specifications of Nano Equipment are given as follow:

• Self Cleaning – the phone cleans by itself

• Self powered – the phone derives its energy/power from the sun,
water, or air.

• Sense the environment – the phone will tell you the weather, the
amount of air pollution present, etc.

• Flexible – bend but not break

• Transparent – “see through” phones

9.3. Cloud Computing:

Cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet and central

remote server to maintain data and applications. In 5G network this
central remote server will be our content provider. Cloud computing
allows consumers and business to use applications without
installation and access their personal files at any computer with
internet access. The same concept is going to be used in Nanocore
where the user tries to access his private account form a global
content provider through Nanocore in form of cloud. The
development of cloud computing provides operators with
tremendous opportunities.

Since cloud computing relies on the networks, it shows the

significance of networks and promotes network development. Italso
requires secure and reliable service providers, capabilities that
operators have deepexpertise in. Operators can enter the cloud
computing market and create new value-added services and
experiences by integrating industry content and applications in the
digital supermarket model.

This could make our user to obtain much more real-time application
to utilize his 5G network efficiently. Secure and reliable service can
be provided with the help of quantum cryptography. Cloud
computing customer avoids capital expenditure for the Nano core
thereby also reducing the cost of purchasing physical infrastructure
by renting the usage from a third party Provider(Content Provider).
The Nanocore devours the resources and pay for what it uses.

Segments of Cloud Computing:

Cloud computing has three main segments which are as follows:

1. Applications – It is based on, on demand software services. On

demand software services come in different varieties. They vary in
their pricing scheme and how the software is delivered to the end
users. In the past, the end-user would purchase a server that can be
accessed by the end user over the internet.

2. Platform - The platform segment of cloud computing refers to

products that are usedto deploy internet. Net Suite, Amazon, Google,
and Microsoft have also developedplatforms that allow users to
access applications from centralized servers. Google, Net Suite, Rack
space cloud, amazon.com and sales force are some of the active

3. Infrastructure – The third segment in cloud computing, known as

the infrastructure, is the backbone of the entire concept.
Infrastructure vendors G environments such as Google gears allow
users to build applications. Cloud storage, such as Amazon’s S3, is
also considered to be part of the infrastructure segment.

5G Nanocore will efficiently utilizes all the above 3 segments to

satisfy his customer demands. The concept of cloud computing will
reduce the CAPEX of 5G network deployment. In turn this will create
a less billing to the end user for all kinds of services that he utilizes
through Nanocore.
9.4. All IP Network:

As already discussed for converging different technologies to form a

single 5G Nanocore, We require a common platform to interact, Flat
IP architecture act as an essential part of 5G network. The All-IP
Network (AIPN) is an evolution of the 3GPP system to meet the
increasing demands of the mobile telecommunications market. To
meets customer demand for real-time data applications delivered
over mobile broadband networks, wireless operators are turning to
flat IP network architectures. Primarily focused upon
enhancementsof packet switched technology, AIPN provides a
continued evolution and optimization of thesystem concept in order
to provide a competitive edge in terms of both performance and
cost.

The key benefits of flat IP architectures are:

• Lower costs

• Universal seamless access

• Improved user experience

• Reduced system latency

• Decoupled radio access and core network evolution

The drive to all IP-based services is placing stringent performance

demands on IP based equipment and devices, which in turn is
growing demand for multicore technology.

There is strong growing demand for advanced telecommunications

services on wired and wireless Next Generation Network (NGN)
infrastructures, and fast growing demand for the same in the
enterprise too. Within a few years, more than 10 billion fixed and
mobile devices will be connected via the Internet to add to the more
than one billion already connected. All these services are going to be
deployed over full IP-based architecture.

9.5. Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Interoperability

The challenge in the design of the terminals is connected to the

management of tradebetween the flexibility of how to use the
spectrum and needed space and power to givenplatform. New
methods for partial reconfigurable offer design dimensions that
allow the system to adapt to the opportunities and requirements of
the terminals in a manner that shall maximize the spectral efficiency
and also maximize the battery power. As a result of growing level of
acceptance of the wireless technologies in different fields, challenges
and types of wireless systems associated with them are changing. In
heterogeneous wireless networks the concept is "always best
connected" (always associated with the best quality), aimed at client
terminals, and is proposed in different researches.

Reviewing the concept of heterogeneous networks inevitably raises

the question of inter-working among the radio access technologies in
a newly designed system, which will not demand changes in the
RATs, but only introduction of control functionalities the core
networks. In terms of the user or user applications, heterogeneous
system or a heterogeneous network is considered as a unified
network and access a single segment which will place the connection
with the application servers in and out of operator’s network. To
meet the relevant requirements of the user applications are
generally considered two possible models for interoperability
between building blocks of radio access technologies within the
heterogeneous system. First one refers to a centralized operator
access, while the second onedefines the Internet model of
interoperability. The first model involves introducing a certainlevel of
integration between the radio access technology through which
mobile access terminal, in this direction have been made different
analysis and developed different standards that should define the
levels of architecture connectivity for realizing vertical handover
between different access technologies involved in the construction
of heterogeneous domain. The introduction of this model implies
interoperability protocol interoperability of lower levels of
communication in the field of radio access. The second model is
called the Internet model, which represents a focus for further
development in this paper and refers to providing continuity of
customer service in case of independent radio access technologies
available to the mobile terminal by connecting on the network level.
In this case, interoperability between network technologies is done
on the upper (network) protocol levels, i.e. at a level that is common
to all access technologies for communication between user
applications with the appropriate application servers. The ultimate
goal of both models for interoperability is the same and it is
providing a transparent transfer of user information between client
applications and related application servers without impact on the
diversity of access technologies in the communication process and
providing continuity of user sessions in the communication process.
The main difference between the two models concerns the way in
providing interoperability. Apart from this difference, very important
arevertical handover between access technologies and the
conditions or circumstances whichtrigger handovers. The first
method provides an integrated architecture of radio access
technologies that builds heterogeneous network, and as such is
applicable in cooperative networks or in networks where the radio
access technologies are owned by the same operator or operators
who have cooperation. In such networks are strictly defined rules for
vertical handovers, mainly dictated by conditions in the radio
accessnetworks, or by the operator's preference, while user
preferences are taken into cooperative architectures. The second
method is more general and relates to interoperate regardless of the
user’s operators, which provide access technology for the user
equipment. In these methods, generally speaking, vertical handover
is accomplished as a result of the conditions under which user
applications see main qualitative parameters of service or experience
to the user.
 10. DESIGN OF 5G MOBILE NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE

Fig 2

Figure shows the system model that proposes design of network

architecture for 5G mobile systems, which is all-IP based model for
wireless and mobile networks interoperability. The system consists
of a user terminal (which has a crucial role in the newarchitecture)
and a number of independent, autonomous radio access
technologies. Withineach of the terminals, each of the radio access
technologies is seen as the IP link to the outside Internet world.
However, there should be different radio interface for each Radio
Access Technology (RAT) in the mobile terminal.
 11. BENEFITS OF 5G TECHNOLOGY
o High speed, high capacity, and low cost per bit.
o Support interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video,
Internet, and other broadband services, more effective and
more attractive, Bi directional, accurate traffic statistics.
o Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services.
o The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to
avoid error.
o 5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit
which supporting almost 65,000 connections.
o 5G technology offer transporter class gateway with
unparalleled consistency.
o Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user
can get better and fast solution.
 12. CONCLUSION
The development of the mobile and wireless networks is going
towards higher data rates and all-IP principle. Currently, there are
many available radio access technologies, which provide possibility
for IP-based communication on the network layer, as well as there is
migration of all services in IP environment, including the traditional
telephony and even television, besides the traditional Internet
services, such as web and electronic mail as most used among the
others. On the other side, mobile terminals are obtaining each year
more processing power, more memory on board, and longer battery
life for the same applications (services). It is expected that the initial
Internet philosophy of keeping the network simple as possible, and
giving more functionalities to the end nodes, will become reality in
the future generation of mobile networks, here referred to as 5G.

The architecture of 5G includes introduction of software agents in

the mobile terminal, which will be used for communication with
newly defined nodes called Policy Routers, which shall be placed in
the core network. The Policy Router creates IP tunnels with the
mobile terminal via each of the interfaces to different RATs available
to the terminal. Basedon the given policies, the change of the RAT,
i.e., vertical handover, as well as performance measurement
obtained by the user equipment via new defined procedure for that
purpose in this paper, called Quality of Service Policy based Routing .

The proposed architecture for future 5G mobile networks can be

implemented using components of the shelf (existing and
standardized Internet technologies) and its implementation is
transparent to the radio access technologies, which makes it likeable
solution for the next generation mobile and wireless networks.
 13. ACRONYMS
1G: Old-fashioned Analog mobile phone systems capable of handling
very limited or no data at all.

2G: Second generation voice-centric mobile phones and services with

limited data rates ranging from 9.6 kbps to 19.2 kbps.

2.5G: Interim hardware and software mobile solutions between 2G

and 3G with voice and data capabilities and data rates ranging from
56 kbps to 170 kbps.

3G: A long awaited digital mobile systems with a maximum data rate
of 2 Mbps understationary conditions and 384 kbps under mobile
conditions. This technology is capable of handling streaming video
two way voice over IP and Internet connectivity with support for high
quality graphics.

3GPP: Third Generation Partnership Project. 3GPP is an industry

body set up to develop a 3G standard based upon wideband CDMA
(WCDMA).

3GPP2: Third Generation Partnership Project 2. 3GPP2 is an industry

standard set up to develop a 3G standard based upon CDMA-2000.

3.5G: Interim systems between 3G and 4G allowing a downlink data

rate upto 14 Mbps.

Sometimes it is also called as High Speed Downlink Packet Access

(HSDPA).

4G: Planned evolution of 3G technology that is expected to provide

support for data rates up to 100 Mbps allowing high quality and
smooth video transmission.
5G: In evolutionary view it will be capable of supporting wwww
allowing highly flexible dynamic adhoc wireless networks. In
revolutionary view, this intelligent technology is capable of
interconnecting the entire world without limits.

Bluetooth: It is a wireless networking protocol designed to replace

cable network technology for devices within 30 feet. Like IEEE
802.11b, Bluetooth also operates in unlicensed 2.4GHzspectrum, but
it only supports data rates up to 1 Mbps.

CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access, also known as CDMA-ONE or

IS-95 is a spread spectrum communication technology that allows
many users to communicate simultaneously using the same
frequency spectrum. Communication between users are
differentiated by using a unique code for each user. This method
allows more users to share the spectrum at the same time than
alternative technologies.

EDGE: Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution technology gives

GSM and TDMA the capability to handle 3rd generation mobile
phone services with speeds upto 384 kbps. Since it uses the TDMA
infrastructure, a smooth transition from TDMA based systems such
as GSM to EDGE is expected.

GPRS: General Packet Radio Service provides data rates upto 115
kbps for wireless Internet and other types of data communications
using packet data services.

GSM: Global Systems for Mobile Communication is a world-wide

standard for digital wireless mobile phone systems. The standard
was originated by the European Conference of Postal and
Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) who was responsible for
the creation of ETSI. Currently ETSI is responsible for the
development of GSM standard.

Mobile phones: Mobile communication systems that uses radio

communication and conventional telephone switching to allow
communication to and from mobile users.

PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network is a regular voice

telephone network.

Spread Spectrum: It is a form of wireless communication in which

the frequency of the transmitted signal is deliberately varied over a
wide range. This results in a higher bandwidth of the signal than the
one without varied frequency.

TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access is a technology for sharing a

medium by several users by dividing into different time slots
transmitting at the same frequency.

UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System is the third

generation mobile telephone standard in Europe that was proposed
by ETSI.

WAP: Wireless Application Protocol defines the use of TCP/IP and

web browsing for mobile systems.

WCDMA: Wideband CDMA is a technology for wideband digital radio

communications of multimedia and other capacity demanding
applications. It is adopted by ITU under the name IMT-2000 direct
spread.

WWWW: A world wide wireless web is capable of supporting

comprehensive wirelessbased web application thatincludes full
graphics and multimedia capability at beyond 4G speeds.