GENERATION OF MOBILE NETWORK

A Seminar Report

Submitted by

ATHAK SRIVASTAVA

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT

At

APRIL, 2019

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Seminar has an important role in exposing real life situation in our

industry.

Now, I would like to thanks the people who guides me and have
been a constant source of inspiration throughout the tenure of my
Sumer training.

I am sincerely grateful to Mr. Krishna Kumar Mishra (Lecturer, EEE

Dept.) at BBDNITM who rendered me his valuable assistance,
constant encouragement and able guidance which made this seminar
actually possible. I would also like to thank Mr Rafeeq Ahmad,
(H.O.D.) Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Babu
Banarasi Das National Institute of Technology & Management,
Lucknow, and other faculty members of department, for their regular
encouragements and support. Without their support, completion for
this B.tech course would not have been possible. They were the
driving force and also the source of inspiration to me.

Last but not the least; I would like to thanks my parents and my
friends for their indomitable patience, sacrifice and support without
which the successful completion of this work would have been a
distant dream.

Submitted by –
ATHAK SRIVASTAVA (1605421007)

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 ABSTRACT

There has been a vast advancement in mobile wireless

communication since the last few decades. This innovation consists
of a number of generations and is still going on. The journey of
mobile wireless communication began with 1G followed by
2G,3G,4G,and under research upcoming generations 5G. In this
report an attempt has been made to provide an overview of
evolution of mobile generations by comparing the standards, data
rates, capacity, primary service, challenges and features provided by
each generation and explaining how improvements have been made
from earlier generation to the next one. Also the light thrown on the
new emerging technology 5G, its concept, requirements, features,
benefits and hardware and software requirements.

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1G or (1-G) refers to the first generation of wireless
telephone technology (mobile telecommunications). 2G (or 2-G)
provides three primary benefits over their predecessors: phone
conversations are digitally encrypted; 2G systems are significantly
more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone
penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile. 3G
technology provides an information transfer rate of at least
200 kbit/s. Later 3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also
provide mobile broadband access of
several Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop
computers. 4G provides, in addition to the usual voice and other
services of 3G, mobile broadband Internet access. 5G is a generation
currently under development. It denotes the next major phase of
mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-
Advanced standards.NGMN Alliance or Next Generation Mobile
Networks Alliance define 5G network.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………………1
 ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………2
 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………..5
 EVOLUTION………………………………………………………………………………6
 First Generation(1G)…………………………………………………………………7
 Second Generation (2G)……………………………………………………………9
 Third Generation (3G)…………………………………………………………….11
 Fourth Generation (4G)………………………………………………………….13
 Fifth Generation (5G)……………………………………………………………..15
 COMPARISION OF NETWORK………………………………………………….16
 WHAT IS 5G?.............................................................................17
 FEATURES OF 5G…………………………………………………………………….19
 CHALLENGES FACING 5G…………………………………………………………21
 5G SPECIFICATION………………………………………………………………….22
 APPLICATIONS OF 5G……………………………………………………………..23
 5G HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE…………………………………………….25
 CURRENT RESEARCH………………………………………………………………27
 KEY CONCEPTS OF 5G…………………………………………………………….29
 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………….30
 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………31

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 INTRODUCTION

In the last few decades, Mobile Wireless Communication networks

have experienced a remarkable change. The mobile wireless
Generation (G) generally refers to a change in the nature of the
system, speed, technology, frequency, data capacity, latency etc.
Each generation have some standards, different capacities, new
techniques and new features which differentiate it from the previous
one. The first generation (1G) mobile wireless communication
network was analog used for voice calls only. The second generation
(2G) is a digital technology and supports text messaging. The third
generation (3G) mobile technology provided higher data transmission
rate, increased capacity and provide multimedia support. The fourth
generation (4G) integrates 3G with fixed internet to support wireless
mobile internet, which is an evolution to mobile technology and it
overcome the limitations of 3G. It also increases the bandwidth and
reduces the cost of resources. 5G stands for 5th Generation Mobile
technology and is going to be a new revolution in mobile market
which has changed the means to use cell phones within very high
bandwidth. User never experienced ever before such high value
technology which includes all type of advance features and 5G
technology will be most powerful and in huge demand in near future.

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 EVOLUTION

Mobile communication has become more popular in last few years

due to fast reform from 1G to 5G in mobile technology. This reform is
due to requirement of service compatible transmission technology
and very high increase in telecoms customers. Generation refers
change in nature of service compatible transmission technology and
new frequency bands. In 1980 the mobile cellular era had started,
and since then mobile communications have undergone considerable
changes and experienced massive growth.

FIG 1 - EVOLUTION OF MOBILE NETWORK

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 First Generation(1G)
………………….

These phones were the first mobile phones to be used, which was
introduced in 1982 and completed in early 1990. It was used for voice
services and was based on technology called as Advanced Mobile
Phone System (AMPS). The AMPS system was frequency modulated
and used frequency division multiple access (FDMA) with a channel
capacity of 30 KHz and frequency band of 824- 894MHz. Its basic
features are:

 Speed-2.4 kbps

 Allows voice calls in 1 country

 Use analog signal.

 Poor voice quality

 Poor battery life

 Large phone size

 Limited capacity

 Poor handoff reliability

 Poor security

 Offered very low level of spectrum efficiency

It introduces mobile technologies such as Mobile Telephone System

(MTS), Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS), Improved

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Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), and Push to Talk (PTT). It has low
capacity, unreliable handoff, poor voice links, and no security at all
since voice calls were played back in radio towers, making these calls
susceptible to unwanted eavesdropping by third parties.

FIG 2 - Architecture of Advance Mobile Phone System

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 Second Generation (2G)

2G refers to the second generation based on GSM and was emerged

in late 1980s. It uses digital signals for voice transmission. Main focus
of this technology was on digital signals and provides services to
deliver text and picture message at low speed (in kbps). It use the
bandwidth of 30 to 200 KHz. Next to 2G, 2.5G system uses packet
switched and circuit switched domain and provide data rate up to
144 kbps. e.g. GPRS, CDMA and EDGE. [5]. The main features of 2G
and 2.5G are : Second generation, 2G:

 Data speed was upto 64kbps

 Use digital signals

Enables services such as text messages, picture messages and

MMS(Multimedia message)

 Provides better quality and capacity

 Unable to handle complex data such as videos.

 Required strong digital signals to help mobile phones work. If there

is no network coverage in any specific area, digital signals would
weak.

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2.5 G :
The GSM technology was continuously improved to provide better
services which led to development of advanced Technology between
2g and 3g

 Provides phone calls

 Send/receive e-mail messages

 Web browsing

 Speed : 64-144 kbps

 Camera phones

 Take a time of 6-9 mins. to download a 3 mins. MP3 song.

FIG 3 - GSM System Architectur

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 Third Generation (3G)

3G is based on GSM and was launched in 2000. The aim of this

technology was to offer high speed data. The original technology was
improved to allow data up to 14 Mbps and more using packet
switching. It uses Wide Band Wireless Network with which clarity is
increased. It also offers data services, access to television/video, new
services like Global Roaming. It operates at a range of 2100MHz and
has a bandwidth of 15-20MHz used for High-speed internet service,
video chatting. The main features of 3G are:

 Speed 2 Mbps

 Typically called smart phones

 Increased bandwidth and data transfer rates to accommodate web-

based applications and audio and video files.

 Provides faster communication

 Send/receive large email messages

 High speed web/more security/video conferencing/3D gaming

 Large capacities and broadband capabilities

 TV streaming/mobile TV/Phone calls

 To download a 3 minute MP3 song only 11 sec-1.5 mins time

required.

 Expensive fees for 3G licenses services

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 It was challenge to build the infrastructure for 3G

 High bandwidth requirement

 Expensive 3G phones

 Large cell phones

3G mobile system was called as UMTS(Universal Mobile

Telecommunication System) in Europe, while CDMA2000 is the name
of American 3G variant. Also the IMT2000 has accepted a new 3G
standard from China, i.e TD-SCDMA. WCDMA is the air-interface
technology for UMTS.

FIG 4 - WCDMA Network Diagram

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 Fourth Generation (4G)

4G offers a downloading speed of 100Mbps. 4G provides same

feature as 3G and additional services like Multi-Media Newspapers,
to watch T.V programs with more clarity and send Data much faster
than previous generations [3]. LTE (Long Term Evolution) is
considered as 4G technology. 4G is being developed to accommodate
the QoS and rate requirements set by forthcoming applications like
wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS),
video chat, mobile TV, HDTV content, Digital Video Broadcasting
(DVB), minimal services like voice and data, and other services that
utilize bandwidth. The main features of 4G are :

 Capable of provide 10Mbps-1Gbps speed

 High quality streaming video

 Combination of Wi-Fi and Wi-Max

 High security

 Provide any kind of service at any time as per user requirements

anywhere

 Expanded multimedia services

 Low cost per-bit

 Battery uses is more

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 Hard to implement

 Need complicated hardware

 Expensive equipment required to implement next generation

network

FIG 5 - 4G Network Architecture

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 Fifth Generation (5G)

5G refer to Fifth Generation which was started from late 2010s.

Facilities that might be seen with 5G technology includes far better
levels of connectivity and coverage. The main focus of 5G will be on
world-Wireless World Wide Web (WWWW). It is a complete wireless
communication with no limitations. The main features of 5G are :

 It is highly supportable to WWWW (wireless World Wide Web)

 High speed, high capacity

 Provides large broadcasting of data in Gbps.

 Multi-media newspapers, watch TV programs with the clarity(HD

Clarity)

 Faster data transmission that of the previous generation

 Large phone memory, dialing speed, clarity in audio/video

 Support interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, internet

and other

 More effective and attractive

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 COMPARISION OF NETWORK

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 WHAT IS 5G?

5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G

technology has extraordinary data capabilities and has ability to tie
together unrestricted call volumes and infinite data broadcast within
latest mobile operating system. 5G technology has a bright future
because it can handle best technologies and offer priceless handset
to their customers. May be in coming days 5G technology takes over
the world market. 5G Technologies have an extraordinary capability
to support Software and Consultancy. The Router and switch
technology used in 5G network providing high connectivity. The 5G
technology distributes internet access to nodes within the building
and can be deployed with union of wired or wireless network
connections. In near future 5G technology provides a cell phone
which is like a PDA and then the whole office will be in our finger
tips/in our phone. In a few years, we may be able to download a full-
length HD movie in six seconds, while 4G require seven minutes and
3G require more than an hour to download the same. Also video
chats will be so immersive that it will feel like we can reach out and
touch the other person right through the screen. 5G is a packet
switched wireless system with wide area coverage and high
throughput. 5G wireless uses OFDM and millimeter wireless that
enables data rate of 20 mbps and frequency band of 2-8 GHz. The 5G
communication system is envisioned as the real wireless network,
capable of supporting wireless World Wide Web (wwww). The

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uncertainty around 5G is because it’s still largely a concept at this
point, and the wireless industry hasn’t settled on any standards
around the new network. But it’s looking to achieve some key goals
with 5G:

 Significantly faster data speeds: Currently, 4G networks are capable

of achieving peak download speeds of one gigabit per second, though
in actual practice it is never that fast. With 5G, this would increase to
10Gbps.

 Ultra-low latency: “Latency” refers to the time it takes one device

to send a packet of data to another device. In 4G, the latency rate is
around 50 milliseconds, but 5G will reduce that to about one
millisecond. This will be very much important for industrial
applications and driverless cars.

 A more “connected world”: The Internet of Things (smart home

appliances, connected cars etc.) is expected to grow exponentially
over the next 10 years, and it will need a network that can have
capacity for billions of connected devices. 5G will provide capacity
and bandwidth as per the needs of user.

 The technology is still a long way from becoming a reality, but it has
the potential to completely change the way we interact with wireless
devices, from the Smartphone in our pockets to the cars we drive.

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 FEATURES OF 5G

The current trend of 5G technology has a following feature.

 The 5G technology is providing up to 25 Mbps connectivity speed

 5G technology offer high resolution for cell phone user and bi-
directional large bandwidth sharing.

 5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit

which supporting almost 65,000 connections.

 The uploading and downloading speed of 5G technology touching

the peak

 The 5G technology also support virtual private network.

 The 5G terminals will have software defined radios and modulation

schemes as well as new error control schemes that can be
downloaded from the Internet.

 The development is seen towards the user terminals as a focus of

the 5G mobile networks. E.g. The advanced billing interfaces of 5G
technology makes it more attractive and effective,

 The 5G technology network offering enhanced and available

connectivity just about the world The terminals will have access to
different wireless technologies at the same time and the terminal
should be able to combine different flows from different
technologies.

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 The vertical handovers should be avoided, because they are not
feasible in a case when there are many technologies and many
operators and service providers

 In 5G, each network will be responsible for handling user-mobility,

while the terminal will make the final choice among different
wireless/mobile access network providers for a given service. Such
choice will be based on open intelligent middleware in the mobile
phone.

 The remote diagnostic is a great feature offered by 5G, through

which a user can get better and fast solution.

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 CHALLENGES FACING 5G

A. Integration of various standards: One of the big challenges facing

5G is standardization. There are already multiple groups working to
come up with standards around interoperability, backward
compatibility with older technologies (4G, 3G), and making sure the
network will be future-proof.

B. Common Platform: There is no common architecture for

interconnecting various engineering practices. One common
governing body is required, which creates a common platform for all
engineering practices to regularize the interconnectivity issues as
well as knowledge sharing.

C. Building the infrastructure: It is a huge task, with issues around

spectrum and installing new antennas. 5G is likely going to rely, at
least in part, on higher-frequency bands. There is more space in those
airwaves available, but at such high frequencies, signals can’t travel
nearly as far as they can over the frequencies used for 4G, resulting in
a poor connection.

D. Obstacles: Like buildings, trees and even bad weather can also
cause interference. To offset that, carriers will need to install more
base stations to ensure better coverage, and use antenna
technologies like MIMO.

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 5G SPECIFICATION

Although the standards bodies have not yet defined the parameters
needed to meet a 5G performance level yet, other organizations have
set their own aims that may eventually influence the final
specifications. Typical parameters for a 5G standard may include:
5G Wireless Performance (Suggested)

PARAMETER PERFORMANCE (SUGGESTED)

Network Capacity 10000 times current Network
Peak Data Rate 10 Gbps
Cell Edge Data Rate 100 Mbps
Latency <1 Mbps

These are some of the ideas being put forwards for a 5G standard,
but they are not accepted by any official bodies yet.

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 APPLICATIONS OF 5G

Applications of 5G are beyond our imagination. User never

experienced ever before such high value technology which includes
all type of advance features. Some of the applications of 5G are:

 We can able to charge our mobile using our own heart beat

 We can able to feel our grandmother’s sugar level with our mobile

 We can able to know the exact time of our child birth in nano
seconds.

 Our mobile rings according to our mood.

 We can vote from our mobile

 We can able to visualize lively all the planets and universe. Also we
can able to navigate a train for which we are waiting.

 We can able to view our residence in our mobile when someone

enters and also when some once opens our intelligent car.

 We can able pay all our bills in a single payment with our mobile

 We can able to sense Tsunami/Earthquake before it occurs.

 We can access our office desktop, Laptop, car, bike using our
mobile,

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 We can identify our stolen mobile within nanoseconds

 Our mobile can share our workload, identify the best server and
also intimate us before the call drops

 We can able to expand our coverage using mobile phones.

 We can able to fold our mobile as per our desire.

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 5G HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

I. 5G HARDWARE
 Ultra wideband networks (UWB).
It is already known that Wi-Fi, Wi-Max and cellular wide area
communications are long-range radio technologies. But systems
like WPAN need short-range radio technology, which helps in
achieving higher bandwidths (around 4000 Mbps) but at low
energy levels (UWB network) for relaying data from host
devices to devices in the immediate vicinity, i.e., distances of
around 10 metres or so. This higher bandwidth (4000 Mbps)
level is almost 400 times faster than today’s wireless networks.
Each network will be responsible for handling user-mobility
while the user terminal will make the final choice among
different wireless/mobile access network providers for a given
service.
 Smart antennae :
These include the following:
Switched beam antenna:
This type of antenna supports radio positioning via angle of
arrival (AOA). Information is collected from nearby devices.
Adaptive array antennae:
Such antennae promise to improve the capacity of wireless
systems by providing improved safety through position-location
capabilities. This technique rejects interference through spatial-
altering-position location through direction-ending

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 measurements and developing improved channel models
through angle-of-arrival channel sounding measurement.
CDMA (code division multiple access) technique:
This technique converts audio analogue input signals into digital
signals (ADC) in combination with spread spectrum technology.
The signal is transmitted using modulation according to some
predefined code (pattern), and is demodulated using the same
pattern since there can be billions of code patterns which can
provide privacy and sufficient security.

II. 5G SOFTWARE
5G will be a single unified IP standard of different wireless
networks and a seamless combination of broadband, including
wireless technologies, such as IEEE802.11, LAN, WAN, PAN and
WWWW. 5G will enable software-defined radio, packet layers,
implementation of packets, encryption flexibility, etc.

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 CURRENT RESEARCH

There are several key areas that are being investigated by research
organizations. These include:

A. Millimeter-Wave technologies:
Using frequencies much higher in the frequency spectrum opens
up more spectrums and also provides the possibility of having
much wide channel bandwidth - possibly 1 - 2 GHz. However this
poses new challenges for handset development where maximum
frequencies of around 2 GHz and bandwidths of 10 - 20 MHz are
currently in use. For 5G, frequencies of above 50GHz are being
considered and this will present some real challenges in terms of
the circuit design, the technology, and also the way the system is
used as these frequencies do not travel as far and are absorbed
almost completely by obstacles.

B. Future PHY / MAC:

This area presents many possibilities from the use of new
modulation formats including GFDM, Generalized Frequency
Division Multiplexing, as well as FBMC, Filter Bank Multi-Carrier,
UFMC, Universal Filtered Multicarrier and other schemes to the
management of the multiple access schemes. All these need to be
developed. Higher levels of processing that will be available by the
time 5G is launched mean that multicarrier systems will not
require to be orthogonal as in the case of OFDM. This provides
considerably more flexibility.
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C. Massive MIMO:
In many applications from LTE to Wi-Fi, etc, MIMO is used. Using
microwave frequencies opens up the possibility of using many
tens of antennas on single equipment becomes a real possibility
because of the antenna sizes and spacing in terms of a
wavelength.

D. Dense networks:
Dense networks reducing the size of cells provide a much more
overall effective use of the available spectrum.

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 KEY CONCEPTS OF 5G

Key concepts of 5G wireless communications are:

A. Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Network (DAWN), essentially identical

to Mobile adhoc network (MANET), Wireless mesh network
(WMN) or Wireless grids, combined with smart antennas and
flexible modulation.
B. Internet Protocol Version6 (IPv6), where a visiting Care of
mobile IP address is assigned according to location and connected
network.
C. High altitude stratospheric platform station (HAPS) systems.
D. Real wireless world with no more limitation with access and
zone issues.
E. User centric network concept instead of operator-centric (as in
3G) or service-centric (as in 4G) Worldwide wireless web
(WWWW), i.e. comprehensive wireless based web applications
that include full multimedia capability beyond 4G speeds.

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 CONCLUSION

The world of mobile wireless communication is rapidly developing.

The last few years have experienced a remarkable growth in wireless
industry. 5G technology going to be a new mobile revolution in
mobile market. There are many new techniques and technologies
that will be used in the new 5G cellular or mobile
telecommunications system. These new 5G technologies are still
being developed and the overall standards have not yet be defined.
However as the required technologies develop, they will be
incorporated into the new system which will be defined by the
standards bodies over the coming years. Attempts are being made to
reduce the number of technologies to a single global standard
resulting in 5G. Trials have already started on 5G which may lead to
its commercial availability around 2020. The world is trying to
become completely wireless, demanding uninterrupted access to
information anytime and anywhere with better quality, high speed,
increased bandwidth and reduction in cost.

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 REFERENCES

1. Ms. Anju Uttam Gawas, An Overview on Evolution of Mobile

Wireless Communication Networks: 1G-6G, JRITCC, VOLUME 3
ISSUE 5, MAY2015.
2. Meenal G. Kachhavay et al, International Journal of Computer
Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.3 Issue.3, March- 2014.
3. Ms. Reshma S ,5G Mobile Technology JARCET,Volume 2, Issue
2, February 2013 International Journal of Modern Trends in
Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 02, Issue 10,
[October – 2015] ISSN (Online):2349–9745 ; ISSN (Print):2393-
8161 @IJMTER-2015, All rights Reserved 290.
4. http://www.scribd.com/doc/22050811/5g-Wireless-
Architecture-v-1.
5. Akhilesh Kumar Pachauri 1 and Ompal Singh ,“5G Technology –
Redefining wireless Communication in upcoming years” ,
International Journal of Computer Science and Management
Research ,Vol 1 Issue 1,Aug 2012.
6. Singh, Sapana, Pratap Singh, "Key Concepts and Network
Architecture for 5G Mobile Technology.", International Journal
of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology,1.5,2012.
7. Ms. Neha Dumbre, 5G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES-Still 4G
auction not over, but time to start talking 5G International
Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research
(IJSETR) Volume 2, Issue 2, February 2013.
8. electronicsforu.com

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